Compute! Magazine Issue 059

Exciting New Computers From Atari And Commodore

COMPUTE!

The Leading Magazine Of Home, Educational, And Recreational Computing

$2,95
April
1985
Issue 59
Vol. 7, No, 4

$3 50 ConodQ

02193 __

ISSN019^-347X ©

•Ti •!•]*] i.i:c

d Programs 300 Percent Faster

Mindbusters
Fascinating Puzzle
Game For Apple,
Commodore 64, .
VIC-20, PC/PCjr, ^
Atari, 11 M

IBM Graphics Printe
Switch Settings
For PC & PCjr m

$f>eed$crfpt 3M
Enhanced Word ''^
Processor For
Comhfiodore VIC-20

COMPUTEi's Gil

To Computer Camps

And Much More

0V

.^m

^ *■«

:^/K

f f

T

Compare these specs before you buy.

RITEMAN C+ vs. COMMODORE PRINTERS

FEATURES

RITEMAN C+

ACTUAL PRINT

COMMODORE PRINTERS

MPS 801

MPS 802

MPS 803

VIC1525

VIC1526

PRINT SPEED (CPS)
BIDIRECTIONAL PRINT

(COLUMN WIDTH)
40 CHARACTERS PER LINE
80 CHARACTERS PER LINE
66 CHARACTERS PER LINE
132 CHARACTERS PER LINE

(PAPER HANDLING)
FRONT LOADING FOR

EASY PAPER SEHINGS
BUILT-IN PRINTER STAND
PRINT ON POST CARDS

(WARRANTY)
ONE-YEAR WARRANTY

(SOFTWARE COMMANDS)

DOUBLE STRIKE

EMPHASIZED

COMPRESSED

UNDERLINE

SUPER/SUBSCRIPTS

ITALICS

DOUBLE DENSITY BIT IMAGE

(CHARACTERS)

9X9 FONT

TRUE DISCENDERS

ITALICS

COMMODORE GRAPHICS

(OTHER FEATURES)
SINGLE DENSITY BIT IMAGE
EXPANDED
REVERSE

105
YES

YES
YES
YES
YES

YES
YES
YES

YES

YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES

YES
YES
YES
YES

YES
YES
YES

4 O C F=-

BO CPL
66 CPL

132 CPL

50
NO

YES
YES

60
YES

YES
YES

60
YES

YES
YES

50
NO

YES
YES

60
YES

YES
YES

DOUBLE STRIKE

EMPHASIZED

COMPRESSO

UNDERLINE

°'-""="oue.SCRIPTS

ITALICS

OR

abcg jpqyabc
ITALICS

***♦+ ,---,ss%:'#-H-*HTt

<= •=:
aalM:<sas<;<i]

YES

YES
YES
YES

YES

NO
YES
YES

YES

YES

YES
YES

YES

YES
YES
YES

YES

NO
YES
YES

RITEMAN R64

RITEMAN LQ

■ LQ Is available
at Best Products.

Features

RITEMAN R64
Same as above except:

• 120 cps

• 2 ports: Centronics Parallel &
Commodore*

Portable

Standard lop loading

RITEMAN LQ

• Letter Quality Print

• Portable — Only &Vi lbs.

• Low price

• Centronics Parallel

^ITEUMI

'Commodore Is a registered Irademark of Commnifore Business Machine, Inc.
'Epson li a registered trademark ot Epson America Corp.

INFORDNNER CORPORATION Airport Business Center 431 N. Oak St. inglewood, CA 90302
(213) 672-4848 (In Calif) (800) 824-3044 (Outside Calif)

CBS Software
delivers fun programs

with a bit of bite.

Way back at the dawn of the computer revolution — around 1979 or so — video games
were enough to satisfy most members of the family.

But times have changed. Now there's a new family that wants more imaginative, challenging,
stimulating ways to look at subjects that are either important parts of their school curriculums
or just new ways of learning about interesting areas.

That's a family that knows the most fun comes with a bit of challenge built right in.

That's a family that wants the best — for all ages and interests.

That's a CBS Software Fanuly.

App*:' "AtaiC sni ■ ISW" fiJE tegisterBj traWrgriiS Ol Aoote CompuW. Inc.. AQri, liC- and
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lyiany CBS Softwai-e Families have
dinosaui'S in their living rooms.

Or rec rooms. Even their
bedrooms.

They're the dinosaui-s in
Dinosaur Dig'" and 71 re.v'"t,
two challenging progi-ams that
bring these long-dead
creatures back to life.

Dinosmir Dig lets your fam-
ily discover the world of these
fascinating animals: wherc they lived,
what they looked like, and why they
became extinct. T. rex can put any
I 'of you in the shoes (or rather, foot-
I prints) of the most ferocious of all
2- dinosaurs — the ryrannosaurus re.x.
Against all odds, one or all of you
must stniggle for sui-viral.

But if geography or histoiy is
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with America CoaM-to-Coast™
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CBS Saltme progfsns are aiailable lo( Apjile* II + Hilb'teinlcsfi " Alari*
Commodore 64,'" IBM' PC and PCjr. See your rsBrlei (or details.

f^

ATnerica Coast-to-Coast, a cross-
countiy challenge
that puts everyone
in a constant state
offtin. WithSea
Voyagers you can
travel with the
explorers, reliving
the heroic adven-
tures of Magellan, Pizzaro — and
even Columbus himself! Timebaund
lets you travel thi-ough time and
capture great historical moments
as they happen.
CBS Software Family members

won't have to travel any further than
their keyboard to predict a trickle or
tame a tornado. Weath^ Tamers'" *
lets you adjust conditions ai-ound the
U.S. at your whim, while Forecast.''"
allows you to input the infoiTnation
you need to make real-life weather
predictions.

Finally, if numbers are driving
younger family members crazy, it's time
for Math Mileage!" This challenging
progi-am combines computer game
techniques with real math learning.
With absolutely no speed limits on
youi" way to success.

These are just a few of the
programs developed for the
CBS Software Family by top
educators and experts in
computer-enhanced learning.
But kids don't care about that.
As long as each one is 100%
fun — with a bit of bite.
Right, Dino?

& I9B5 CeS Inc. All rigri!3 leervrfl CBS SfllfMte, A Unil a CBS PiiWrjJi™ Group, CSS tK.

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•IlMEBajNO jiidlWAmER JAWERS are tadaiBite of CNMrm's TetoiSin Wrtsl»|!, rt,

SOFTWARE

Making you the best

Educational Software
That Works:

Spell.

Math

Word

Bead.

SpeU It!

Spell expertly 1000 of me most misspelled
words. Learn the spelling rules. Improve
with 4 exciting activities, Including a
captivating arcade game! Add your own
spelling words.

ages 10 - adult / 2 disks: Sd9.95

Math. Blaster!

Master addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, fractions, decimals and percentages
— by solving over 600 problems. Learn your
math facts with a motivating activities,
Including a fast-action arcade game! Add
your own problems.

ages 6-12/2 disks: $a9.95

Word Attack!

Add 675 new words to your vocabulary -
with precise definitions and sentences
demonstrating usage. Build your skills with
4 f un-fliied activities, including an arcade
.game! Add your own words.

ages 8 - adult / 2 diskS: S49.95

i^^V

Speed Reader n

increase your reading speed and improve
comprehension! Six exercises designed by
reading specialists vastly improve your
reading skills. Chart your own progress with
35 reading selections and comprehension
quizzes. Add your own reading materials.

high school, college 8. adult-/ 2 diskS: S69.95

mm

Xlie Davidson

Best Seller Tradition.

For your Apple, iBivl or Commodore 64.
Ask your dealer today-

For more information call: (800) 556-6141

Davidson.

in California call:

(213) 373-9473

Davidson & Associates, Inc.
6069Croveoak Place #12
Rancho Faios Verdes, CA 90274

^5

NE A

Apple, iBM and Commodofe 64 are trademarks respectively o( Apple Computers. Inc.. International Business Machines Corp . and Commodore Business Machines, inc.

April 1985 Vol. 7, No. 4

FEATURES

25 The Next Generation: New Computers at the Winter Consumer

Eiectronics Show Tom R. Halfhill

36 COMPUTEI's Guide to Computer Camps Sharon Dariing

44 Mindbusters Ned W. Schultz

GUIDE TO ARTICLES
AND PROGRAMS

REVIEWS

60 Mind Prober Richard Mansfield

61 Fifty Mission Crusii for Atari, Apple, 64 James V, Trunzo

63 Lotus 1-2-3 for IBM PCjr Donald B. Trivette

82 Empire III.- Armageddon Michael B. Williams

82 EasyPatti for PC & PCjr Richard Mansfield

84 Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood James V. Trunzo

COLUMNS AND DEPARTMENTS

6 The Editor's Notes Robert Lock

10 Readers' Feedback The Editors and Readers of COMPUTE!

95 Telecomputing Today Arlan R. Levifan

118 Programming the Tl: Matching Quiz C. Regena

120 The Beginner's Page Tom R. Halfhill

123 INSIGHT: Atari Bill Wilkinson

138 The World Inside the Computer: The Home Computer Revolution:

Another False Start? Fred D'Ignazio

141 Computers and Society: Visual Computing, Part 1 David D, Thornburg

143 IBM Personal Computing: Spreadsheets for the Home Donald B. Trivette

THE JOURNAL

86

100

111
112
115
127
129

140

146

148
160

TurboDisk: High-Speed Disk Loader for Commodore 64 and

Expanded VIC-20 Don Lewis

SpeedScript 3.0: All Machine Language Word Processor for

Expanded VIC-20 Charles Brannon

IBM Graphics Printer Switch Settings Michael A. Covington

Creating Atari Machine Language Strings Tom Sak

Commodore File Protector John Dearing

IBM BASIC'S Undocumented SHELL Command Michael A, Covington

Apple SuperFont: Custom Character Set Graphics for the Apple . . Tim Victor

CAPUTE! Modifications or Corrections to

Previous Articles

MLX Machine Language Entry Program for

VIC-20

COMPUTEI's Guide to Typing In Programs

Advertisers Index

TOLL FREE Subscription Order Line
800-334-0868 tin NC 919-275-9809)

NOTE: S«« page 148
befora tvpftS Id
program*.

64/V/AT/AP/PC/PCjr/TI

64/PC/PCjr/AP/Mac

AT/AP/64

PCjr

AP

PC/PCjr

64/AP

Tl

«

AT

*

PC/PCjr

64/V

V

PC/PCjr

AT

64/V/+4/16

PC

AP

AP Apple, Mac Macintosh,
AT Atari, V VtC-20. 64
Commodore 64, +4 Com-
modore Plus/4. 16 Com-
modore 16, PPET/CBM. Tl
Texas Instruments, PC IBM
PC, PCjr IBM PCjr, CC Radio
Shack Color Computer
"General interest.

COMPUTE! Publicationsjnc,^

One o( ttie ABC Publishing Componiot: ^"^

ABC Publishing, President, RolMrt G. Burton

1330 Avenue of fhe Amaricos. New York. New Yoftt 10019

Addret* all inquiries to:

P.O. Box 5406, Greenst3oro. NC 27403

COMPUTEI The Journal for Progressive Computing (USPS: 537250) is published monthly by
COMPUTE! Publications, Inc.. P.O. Box 5406, Greensboro, NC 27403 USA. Phone: (919) 275-9809.
Editorial Offices are located at 324 West Wendover Avenue, Greensboro, NC 27408. Domestic
Subscriptions: 12 issues, J24. Send subscription orders or change of address (P.O. form 3579) to
COMPUTEI Magazine, PC. Box 914, Farmingdalc, NY 11737. Second class postage paid at
Greensboro, NC 27403 and additional mailing offices. Entire contents copvrieht ©1985 by
COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. All rights reserved, ISSN 0194-357X.

EDITORS NOTES

This month's Editor's Notes are

loritten by Richard Maitsfield,
Senior Editor of COMPUTE!
Publications.

— Robert Lock, Editor In Chief

Some commentators, even some
computer scientists, are fond of
saying that computers are
dumb.

With a sense of relief and at
least a feeling of temporary
safety, they reassure their listen-
ers that computers don't really
think, have no common sense,
and can only do what they are
told to do.

Presumably — since this de-
scription also applies to infants
and farm animals — we can relax
and stop worrying that comput-
ers are taking over, that they
might become as smart or
smarter than we humans. Or
that they might somehow some-
day control us.

We are reassured that com-
puters have no feelings and
therefore cannot create any-
thing. They cannot learn English
or other human languages. In
fact, they can only memorize
fixed behavior patterns, but can-
not truly learn from experience.

These descriptions are mis-
leading. And the reassurances
are perhaps premature.

To see how computers stack
up against us, we've got to first
realize that there are two funda-
mental parts to any brain: the
processor and the memory. The
processor takes action, manipu-
lates information (data). Com-
puters are often called data
processors. The memory holds
the data which the processor

manipulates. When you buy a
computer, it comes with knowl-
edge in its memory: how to dis-
play things on the screen, how
to load programs from a disk
drive, how to add numbers to-
gether, and so forth.

When compared to an aver-
age human, present day com-
puters are mentally weaker in
some ways and mentally stron-
ger in other ways. For example,
computers think far more
quickly than we do. The human
mind can be, as we all know,
astonishingly powerful.

But we are no longer the
quickest thinkers on this planet.

The thinking machine be-
tween our ears runs on weak
electrical and chemical signals.
Thoughts are processed almost
hydraulically. Whatever else we
might say about our brains, they
are, after all, meat.

The computer, by contrast,
runs on pure electricity and
thinks at the speed of light. A
human might take hours to al-
phabetize 10,000 names; a com-
puter can do it in a fraction of a
second. When clocked, the dif-
ference in speed between the ar-
tificial and natural brains
becomes obvious: The average
computer switches its gates at a
rate of one million per second.
The most powerful computers
switch at one billion per second.
The human brain switches its
neurons at one hundred per
second.

Likewise, computer memo-
ries, information burned into
ROM chips, will never degrade.
Once a computer learns that
Stavanger is the fourth-largest

city in Norway, it will never for-
get that fact. Now that yow
know, will you remember it if
asked next month?

In many senses, we no
longer have the best memories
on the planet.

Does this mean that artifi-
cial intelligence is inevitable or
that it will happen within our
Ufetime? Nobody knows. But
one thing seems fairly certain: It
could happen very suddenly
and catch us by surprise.

Consider this: Human be-
ings are unique in nature in
many ways, but few things are
stranger than how we've turned
evolution upside down. Until
us, the environment generally
determined the evolution of a
species. Now we dominate and
determine the evolution of the
environment.

But computers, with their
great speeds, have a chance to
go us one better: If one of them
becomes conscious, becomes a
full intelligence, it might begin
leaping forward, begin evolving
at lightning speed. It might
quickly reach a level of thought
so powerful that we couldn't
hope to understand its ideas.

It is naive to think that to-
day's computers are as smart as
humans. It would be perhaps
even more naive to think that
they could never be.

6 COMPUTEI April 1985

HELP YOUR CHILD
GRASP DimCULT SUBJECTS

Parents who help with homework know how tough
it is to be in school these days. Even kids at the head of
the class need all the help they can get, and sometimes
parents do too! DesignWare family learning games pro-
vide motivating and interactive ways to enrich your
child's education at home.

LEARNING THAT'S FUN

DesignWare programs hlend teaching and fun to keep
the fun in learning. They're quick and responsive, pro-
viding immediate feedback and reinforcement. Built-in
demonstrations and liberal use of graphics, sound and
on-scTeen help make them fast, easy and fun-even the
first time you use them.

DESIGNWARE GROWS WITH YOUR CHILD

All DesignWare programs provide multiple skill levels.
Nine of the eleven are easily customized to supplement
current school assignments. And because they're
designed as a family, getting familiar with one makes
you familiar with them all.

ALGEBRA, GEOMETRY, GEOGRAPHY, GRAMMAR,
SPELUNG,.,DESIGNWARE TEACHES WHAT
HAS TO BE TAUGHT

DesignWare programs cover "core" subjects and basic
skills-and are tested by full-time teachers, parents and
hundreds of children like your own. Some are award
winners: MATH MAZEI'SPELLAGRAPH,"
CRYPTO CUBE'" and TRAP-A-20ID:'Or try our latest
bestsellers-SPELLICOPTER: STATES & TRAITS"
and THE GRAMMAR EXAMINER'."

STATES & TRAITS (ages 9 to adult) covers
U.S. geography, land forms, related trivia, and where
history took place. It can be expanded to cover current
studies, family history and other topics.

As a reporter on "THE GRAMMAR
EXAMINER" (ages 10 to adult), you learn
grammar skills by editing hundreds of
humorous news stories, writing your
own grammar problems into stories,
playing on four different game
boards, or creating new game
boards of your own.

MISSION: ALGEBRA" {ages 13 to 18) generates
thousands of equations. Solving each group of equations
helps rescue a stricken space ship. The computer instandy
checks each step in your solution, no matter what
approach you use, and can coach you when you run
into trouble.

THE NOTABLE PHANTOM'" (ages 5 to 10)
transforms your computer keyboard into a musical key-
board to teach reading music, ear training, songs and
simple composition. Includes a plastic keyboard overlay

HELPISATHAND

DesignWare family learning games are available at all
major software retailers, and run on Apple 11 family,
IBM PC, PCjr, Commodore 64, Atari and other popu-
lar microcomputers with disk drives. We prcwide a 90-
day warrant^' against defects and free telephtme support.

Our latest releases come in easy-to-preview,
easy-to-read hardcover books, which also provide per-
manent disk storage. Visit your local sofnvare retailer or
write for our free catalog. DesignWare, Inc., Department
MC, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA. 94107.

%i r

l>e/i9AUIofc*

Ciimmodorc M is u tTadtinark of CommiiJorL' Eltctrofiicsi Lid. IBM

PC and IBM PCjr art- ri-uihEL-rud iriidcnizrkiN uf EnlirrnjMonjI

Businu&s Machines, IriL*. Afipk- is a rirpi&tcrL'J ir^idt'tnark ut

Applf Computt-r, Int. Ajari is » trademark of Aiari, Inc.

SnniL' titles Tnay not be ai-ailahlo for Atari cumpuu-rN.

c DesiRnWiri-, itit. 19S5

Publisher

Editor In Chlel

DIreclor of Admlnlslrallori

Gary R Ingersoli
Robert C. Lock
Alice S, Wblte

Senior Edilor
Managing Edilor
Edilor, COMPUTEI
Production Director
Production Edilor
Edilor. COMPUTEI'S GAHnE
Technical Editor
Asslslonl Technical Editors
Program Edilor
Features Editor
Assistant Editors
Feature Wilier
Research AsslstonI
Programming Supervisor
Ediloriol Programmers

Sut3mlS5ior\s Reviewer
Programming Assistants

Copy Ediiors
Executive AsslstanI
Administrative Assistants

Associole Editon

Conlributtfig Edilor

Rictotd Manstioia

Katt^een Martmek

Tom R, Hatfhill

Tonv Rooefts

GotI Cov/per

Lance Elko

Oftis R Cov<per

Jotm Krouse. George Mlier

Ctioftes Brannon

Selbv flateman

To<3d Heimorck, Philip Nelson

Koltiv Vokol

Shoron Darling

Patrick Parristi

Tim Victor. Kevin Mykytyn.

Kevn Martin. Rob Tereli

MarV TuttI©

Dovid Fkjrance, David Henstev.

Suson Doss

Joon Rouleau. Ann Dovies

Sijscn Young

Vcki Jennings. Julio Fleming, ins

Brooks. Jon Kretkjv/

Jm Buttertield

Toronto. Canada

Harvey Herman

Greenstxjro. NC

Fred D'igna2io

2117 Carter Rood. S.W.

Roanoke, VA 2^015

Dovid Thomburg

P.O eon 1317

Los Altos. CA M022

&t1 Wilkinson

COMPUTEI'S Book Division

Editor

AsslstanI EdItOiS

Adminlslratlve Assistant

Artists

Director. Book Soles Si

Mart(Oting
Assistant

Stephen Levy

Giega Keijer. J. Blake Lambert

Louro tk^acFadden

Jonice Farv. Debbie Bfoy

Sieve VoyotzJs
Carol Dtclferson

Production Manager

Art ft Design Dlrectoi

Assistant Edilor. Art ft Design

Mechonicoi Aft Supeivlsor

Artists

Typesetting

illustrolor

rrma Swain

Jonice Fory

Lee Noei

De Potter

Leslie Jessup. Larry Sullivan

Tefr> Casti, Carole Duntofi

Harrv Bia^^

Director ol Advertising Soles Ken Woodard
AsslstonI Advertising Monagef Bonnie Volentino
Production Coordinolor Potti Stokes

Sales AsslstonI Kothieen Honion

Piomotlon AsslstonI

Coioiin© DorV

Circuiolion Monoger

Ctiarles Post

Cuslomor Ser/ice Manager
Dealer Soles Suoeivlsor
Assistants

Individual Order Supervisor
Assistants

Moll Room Coordinalor
Warehouse Manager
Stan

Philippe King

Gail Jones

Debi Golorth. Liz Krusenstjema.

Rhonda Sovoge

Judy Taylor

Betfv ATkins. Goyle Benbow.

Chrts Gordon. Moty Hunt. Chris

Patty

Jenno Nosh

Lonnle Arden

Horoid Ayers, Steve Bowman.

Lorry O'Connor. Som Patter

Dato Processing Manager
Assistant

Leon Stokes
Chr^s Cain

Vice President. Finonce &

Planning
Director. Finance & Planning
Accountant
Financial Analyst
staff

Paul J MeglKjio

R Steven Vetter

Robert I, Bean

Koren K- RogaiskI

Jane Wiggs. Dole Roberts, Jill

Pope

Credit Manager
stott

Borry L Beck

Linda M>\\0f, Dons Koil, Anne

Ferguson. Pat Fuller. Sybil

Agee. Joyce Margo. Mary

Wdddeii

Purchasing Monoger
Assislon!

Gfeg L Smith
Anrx3 Harris

Robert C Lock, ChisI Executive Officer

Gary R. InQersoll, President

Paul J. Ivlegikjia. Vice President. Finance and Pkaming

Debt Nosh. Executive Assistant

Anito Roop. Assistant

Coming In Future Issues

SpeedScript 3.0
For Atari And Apple

Home Financial Calculator
For Commodore 64, VIC-20,
Apple, PC/PCjr, Atari, Tl

Softball Statistics
For Apple, PC/PCjr,
Commodore 64, VIC-20,
Atari, Tl

Chess For PC/PCjr

Commodore 64 Disk
Commander

Apple He Ram Disks

COMPUTEI Pubilcotions, inc. publishes

COMPUTE

COMPUTE'S

COMPUTE! Books

COMPUTEI'S
aaiiSfS-^iB'iiiDISK

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Malljrn oddrw: COMPUTB

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rights resident in sold outhors. By submitting articles to COMPUTE!, outhors acknowledge 1t>at such materials, upon
occeptonce for publication, become the exclusive pxoperty of COMPUTE! Publicotions, tnc f*Jo portioi ol this mcgo-
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COf^PUTEl Publicotions, inc. Rights to programs developed and submitted by authors are exploined in our author
cor^tract. Unsolicited materials not accepted for publication in COMPUTE! will be returned If author provides □ self-
oddressed. stamped envelope, programs (on tap© or disl<> must accompany each submission. Printed listings are op-
tional, but rielptui. Articles should be lumished as typed copy (upper- and lowercase, please) with double-spocing.
Each page ol your article s^ulcf bear the title of the article, dots and name of the author COMPU'EI assumes no
liability for errors in articles or advertisements. Opinions expressed by authors dre not necessorily those of COMPUTE!.

PET. CBW. vlC-20 ond Commodore 6A are trademarits of
Commodore Business Machines, irx:. orxJ/or Commodore
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Apple is Q trodemoilt ol Apple Computer Company

ATARI is o trademork ot Atari, tnc.
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Radio Stiock Color Comouter is a trademork of
Tortdv. Inc

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READERS' FEEDBACK

The Editors and Readers of COMPUTE!

If you have any questions, comments, or suggestions
you would like to see addressed in this column,
mite to "Readers' Feedback," COMPUTE!, P.O. Box
5406, Greensboro, JVC 27403. Due to the volume of
mail we receive, we regret that we cannot provide
personal answers to technical questions.

Using High-Levei Languages

What will LISP, Pascal, Forth, or BASIC do for
me that machine language can't?

W. R. Waddell, Jr.

High-level languages like BASIC are designed for
the programmer's' convenience, not the computer's.
Machine language is the only true computer lan-
guage. BASIC, LISP, Pascal, Forth, COBOL, FOR-
TRAN, PL/1, Logo, PILOT, and other languages are
for most people easier and faster to program in than
machine language. In machine language, you are re-
quired to give all the details, building a program
from extremely simple commands. If you're loriting
some text on the screen, you have to store each
character into screen memory or print each charac-
ter with your computer's operating system. In
BASIC, though, you just use PRINT, a command of
considerable flexibility. It's easier to type PRINT
"HELLO" than to code in machine language:

LDX #0
LOOP LDA MESSAGE,X

JSR PiflNTCHAR

INX

CPX #5

BNE LOOP
MESSAGE .BYTE "HELLO"

When the computer extends the convenience of
easier programming, though, it has to work harder,
taking care of details that you would have to specify
yourself in machine language. The machine lan-
guage example prints as fast as is possible. The
BASIC interpreter, hoivever, has to think about
PRINT for a while — should it print a number, a
variable, a string, or the result of a calculation

10 COMPOTH April 1985

embedded in PRINT? Should it TAB over? PRINT
also has to convert numbers atid variables from
their internal representation into a sequence of
digits.

The tradeoff is primarily speed. It can be much
easier to write a complex program in a high-level
language. This saves the programmer time. But al-
though the machine language program may take
longer to write and debug, it runs at the fastest
speed possible.

However, sometimes machine language is ac-
tually the easiest language to use when you are
programming at the level of the machine, such as
writing 1000 spaces to clear the screen.

Your choice of a laiiguage should be tied di-
rectly to the kind of program you'll write. You can
write a checkbook-balancing program in BASIC, a
fractal generator in Logo, a general ledger in CO-
BOL, experiment with artificial intelligence in LISP,
or write a word processor in Forth or machijie lan-
guage. Keep in mind that different languages offer
varying compromises between speed of execution
and ease of use. Some languages require large
amounts of memory and disk space.

Also be aware that many languages are tied to
particular programming philosophies. There are
many camps of programmers who have evolved
their own ways of solving computer problems. The
particular way one group of people programs is a
kind of dogma, and the language used is either built
especially around this dogma or fits into the philos-
ophy. For example, although Pascal does not rigidly
enforce structure, it does encourage readable listings
and the use of modules to build prograins a piece at
a time.

BASIC is fine for those who wouldn't dream of
writing a flowchart; why not just sit down and start
writing your program at the keyboard? And machine
language provides the ultimate flexibility — your
source code can use meaningful labels and plenty of
remarks, you can design your own custom control
structures and variable types, and the code pro-
duced is still fast and efficient.

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Coleco Adam's Future

I have recently read your article titled "Coleco's
Adam: A Hands-On Report" in the March 1984
issue of COMPUTE!. Since that time, I am sure
many changes have occurred at Coleco. The
Adam computer system is currently on sale for
under $500 and comes with a free $500 scholar-
ship program. Along with the shortcomings and
problems that you have encountered with the
Adam, I understand that the Adam will no
longer be produced by early 1985. Therefore, I
would appreciate your comments on the follow-
ing questions;

1. Have there been any improvements made
in the Adam that have changed your opinions
about the entire system?

2. Are there and will there be software,
replacement parts, etc., available for the Adam
computer system?

3. Will COMPUTE! publish any articles or pro-
grams written for the Adam?

Felix Persi

In early January, despite earlier denials, Coleco de-
cided to discontinue the Adam. The existing in-
ventory will be sold at closeout prices, and software
and peripherals should be available at least through
1985.

Usually when a personal computer is discontin-
ued, its support (in terms of software, peripherals,
books, and magazine coverage) tapers off consid-
erably after about a year. Obviously, that's because
it represents a shrinking market compared to other
computers which are still being produced. The
Adam is in an even weaker position because it re-
ceived little outside support to begin with and has
been available only about a year and a half. If you
are contemplating buying an Adam or already own
one and intend to keep using it, our recommenda-
tion is to immediately acquire any peripherals, soft-
ware, and books you think you'll need before they
disappear.

As far as repairs are concerned, Coleco says
Honeywell will continue to be the authorized ser-
vice network. If your Adam breaks down, take it to
your nearest Honeywell repair station. You can find
the nearest station, and obtain answers to other
questiotis, by calling Coleco's toll-free hotline: 1-
800-842-1225. It is staffed by operators during East
Coast business hours.

Here are answers to your other cjuestions:

1. We've heard fewer complaints about the

reliability problems encountered by some people
who bought early models of the Adam. (It should be
noted that early production models of virtually all
new computers are subject to reliability problems as
manufacturers fix last-minute design bugs and get
their production up to speed — and that includes

12 COMPUTEI April 1985

low-end home computers such as the Adam to high-
end business computers such as the IBM PC-AT.)
The possibility of accidentally erasing the Adam's
SmartBASIC tape still seems to exist, but Coleco
noiv cautions users against this mistake. And al-
though the basic design of the Adam system has not
been changed, additional peripherals have become
available, such as a floppy disk drive.

2. There was no rush by third-party (7ion-
Coleco) software publishers to sell programs for the
Adam. However, in the past year Coleco expanded
its own line of software; you should check this out
to see if the software you need is available before
buying an Adam. By adding an optional operating
system— Personal CP/M—a large library of CP/M-
compatible programs will work on the Adam. CP/M
was the dominant operating system for business
computers before MS-DOS, so thousands of business
application programs and programming utilities are
available.

3. COMPUTE! has no plans to publish programs
written specifically for the Coleco Adam. Coleco de-
signed SmartBASiC to be compatible with
Applesoft, so you might try entering some BASIC
listings intended for the Apple. Hoioever, be aware
that the Adam and Apple have very little in com-
mon internally — even the central processing units
are different (the Z80A versus the 6502). That
means the machine language is incompatible, and
Applesoft programs with PEEKs, POKEs, and CALLs
loill have to be extensively translated. Also, Apple
programs would not take advantage of the Adam's
more advanced features, such as sprite graphics and
sound.

Speeding Up Basic

While reading your article "MSX Is Coming" in
the January 1985 issue of COMPUTE!, I was in-
spired to make a few observations about your
bubble sort example. I think these comments
would be useful to your readers.

I realize that your sort was not intended to
be an example of optimized code, so please don't
take my comments as criticisms. Rather, my com-
ments are intended to point out some of the sim-
ple things that we frequently overlook when
we're involved in some more massive program-
ming task.

1. A bubble sort of the type illustrated al-
ways floats the largest number to the end of the
array. On each succeeding float, the extent of the
FOR-NEXT loop can be reduced. This results in
progressively faster passes through the loops.

Example: Change lines 150, 170, and 190 to
the following:

150 PRINr'SORTING":L=149

170FORK=0TOL

190 NEXT K:L=L-1

A Printer For All Reasons

Search For The Best High Quality Graphic Printer

If you have been looking very (ong. you have
probably discovered that there are just too
many claims and counterclaims in the printer
marltet today. There are printers that have
some of the features you want, but do not have
others. Some features you probably don't care
about: others are vitaliy important to you. We
understand. In fact, not long ago. we were in
tlie same position. Deluged by claims and
counterclaims. Overburdened by rows and
rows of specifications, we decided to separate
all the facts — prove or disprove all the claims
to our own satisfaction. So we bought printers.
We tjought samples of all major brands and
tested them.

Our Objective Was Simple

We wanted to find that printer which had alt
the features you could want and yet be sold
directly to you at the lowest price. We wanted
to give our customers the best printer on the
market today at a bargain price.

The Results Are In

The search is over. We hae reduced the field to
a single printer that meets all our goals (and
more). The printer Is tlie GF-550 from
Selkosha, a division of Seiko. We ran this
printer through our battery of tests and it
came out shining. This printer can do it all.
Standard draft printing up to a respectable
(and honest) 86 characters per second, and
with a very readable 9 (horizontal) by 8 (ver-
tical) character matrix. At this rate, you will get
an average 30 tine letter printed in only 28
seconds.

"ISLQ" Mode

One of our highest concerns was about print
quality and readability. The GF-550 has a print
mode termed flear Letter Quality printing (WLQ
mode). This is where the GF-550 outshines all
the competition. Hands down I The character
matrix in PiLQ mode is a very dense 9 (horizon-
tal) by 16 (vertical). This equates to 14,400 ad-
dressable dots per square inch. Now were talk-
ing quality printing. You can even do graphics
In the high resolution mode. The results are
the best we've ever seen. The only other
printers currently available having resolution
this high go for $500 and more without the in-
terface or cable needed to hook up to your
computer.

Features That Won't Quit

With the GF-550 your computer can now print
40. 48, 68, 80, 96, or 156 characters per line.
You can print in AMY of 18 font styles. You not
only have the standard Pica, Elite. Condensed
and Italics, but also true Superscripts and
Subscripts, never again will you have to worry
about how to print M2O or X^. This fantastic
machine will do it automatically, through easy
software commands right from your keyboard.
All fonts have true descenders.

One of the fonts we like best is "Proportional '
because It looks most like typesetting. The
spacing for thin characters like "i ' and "I ' are
given less space which "tightens" the word
making reading easier and faster. This is only
one example of the careful planning put into
the GP.550.

Do you sometimes want to emphasize a word?
It's easy. Just use bold (double strike) to make
the words stand out. Or, if you wish to be even
more emphatic, underline the words. Or do
both. You may also wish to "headline" a title.
Each basic font has a corresponding elongated
(double-wide) version. You can combine any of
these modes to make the variation almost
endless. Do you wnat to express something
that you cant do with words? Use graphics with
your text — even on the same line.

You can now do virtually any line spacing you
want. You may select 6, 8, 7'h or 12 lines per
inch, PLUS you have variable line spacing of
1.2 lines per inch to infinity (no space at all)
and 97 other software selectable settings in
between. You control line spacing on a dot-by-
dot basis. If you've ever had a letter or other
document that was Just a few lines too long to
fit a page, you can see how handy this feature
is. Simply reduce the line spacing slightly and
... VOILAI The letter now fits on one page.

Forms? Yes!
Your Letterhead? Of Course!

Do you print forms? Mo problem. This unit will
do them all. Any form up to 10 inches wide.
The tractors are adjustable from 4'/i to 10 in-
ches. Yes. you can also use single sheets. Plain
typing paper, your letterhed. short memo
forms, anything you choose. Any size under
10" in width. Multiple copies? Absolutelyl Put
forms or Individual sheets with carbons (up to
3 deep), and the last copy will be as readable as
the first. Spread sheets with many columns? Of
coursel Just go to condensed mode printing
and print a full 136 columns wide. Forget ex-
pensive wide-carriage printers and changing to
wide carriage paper. You can no do it all on a
standard 8'/i'" page.

Consistent Print Quality

Most printers have a continuous loop ribbon
cartridge or a single spool ribbon which gives
nice dark printing when new, but quickly starts
to fade after a while. To keep the printers' out-
put looking consistently dark, the ribbons
must be changed more often than is healthy
for the pocketbok. The GP-SSO solves this
problem completely by using a replaceable, in-
expensive ink cassette which is separately
replaceable from the actual ribbon. It keeps

the ribbon loaded with ink at all times, Vou only
replace the ribbon when it truly wears out, not
when it starts to run low on ink. Just another
example of the superb engineering applied to
the OF-550. (When you finally do wear out your
ribtwn. replacement cost is only $10.95. Ink
cassette replacement cost is only $5.95, both
postpaid.)

The Best Part

When shopping for a quality printer with all
these features, you could expect to pay around
$500 or more, fiot any morel We have done
our homework. You don't have to worry about
interfaces or cables. Everything is Included.
Vou need absolutely nothing else to start prin-
ting — Just add paper.

Ho Risli Offer

We give you a 1 5day satisfaction guarantee. If
you are not completely satisfied for any reason
we will refund the full purchase price, A 1-year
warranty is included with your printer.

The Bottom Dollar

CP-550A Slanaard Parallel (II0 Cable) $2^9.95

CFSSOCD Commodore (Direct ConnectI $259.93

CF-SiOAT Atari IDirecl Connecil $259.95

ar-SSOAF Apple II or lie IDirecl Connect) $299.95

CPS50FC IBM PC A Campatabtes (Ho Cabtej...$259.95

GF-550TI TI99/4A (Urect Connect) $299.95

Prices Si Auaitability Subject to Change. CALU

.Shipping is $8,00 - UPS within the continen-
tal USA, If you are in a hurry, UFS Blue (second
day air) is $18.00, Canada, Alaska, Mexico are
$25.00 (air). Other foreign is $60.00 (air).
California residents add 6% tax. These are
cash prices - VISA and MC add 3% to total. We
ship the next business day on money orders,
cashiers' checks, and charge cards. A 14-day
clearing period is required for checks,

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE

1-(800) 962-5800 USA
OR 1-(800) 962-3800 CAUF.

or send payment to:

APROPOS TECHNOLOGY

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Technical Info: 1(805) 482-3604

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The name says it all.

On my VIC-20, this reduces the program
execution time from 6:35 to 4:52. This is 74 per-
cent of the previous runtime. A similar time sav-
ings should apply to any machine.

2. If an arithmetic operation must be per-
formed more than twice within a FOR-NEXT
loop, the loop will usually execute faster if the
operation is performed once and assigned to a
variable, then used thereafter within the loop.

Example: Change lines 150, 170, 180, and
190 to the following:

150 PRINT"SORTING":L = 149
170 FOR K = 0 TO L:K1=K-H
180 IF A(K)>A(K1) THEN

T = A(K): A(K) = A(K1):A(K1) = T:EX = 1
190 NEXT K:L=L-1

On my VIC-20, this reduces the program
runtime from 6:35 to 4:37. Note that this change
was really beneficial only because the IF con-
dition usually resolves to true, resulting in the
subsequent requirement for three additions
whenever it was true. If the IF condition were
rarely true, application of the "do the addition
once" rule might actually slow down the FOR-
NEXT loop, unless the loop contained further
statements requiring the same operation.

3. Generally, the more characters you feed
BASIC to interpret, the longer it will take to
interpret them. For speed-intensive applications
in BASIC, such as sorting, one should make the
variable names as short as possible. This lets the
interpreter make its decisions slightly faster.

Example: Same as previous except that J is
used in place of Kl, and X is used in place of EX:

ISO PRINT"SORTING":L=149
160 X = 0

170 FOR K=0 TO L:J=K-I-1
180 IF A(K)>A(J) THEN

T = A(K):A(K)=Aa):AO)=T:X=l
190 NEXT K:L=L-1
200 IF XoO THEN GOTO 160

On my VIC-20, this reduces the runtime
from the original 6:35 to 4:27. But more signif-
icantly, it is the same program as my previous ex-
ample, but is 1 percent faster, just from
shortening the variable names.

I'd also like to comment on another of your
articles: "Which Computer Language Is Best?"
["The Beginner's Page," January 1985]. In your
commentary on BASIC, I think you overlooked
stressing the fundamental aspect of BASIC that
makes it so appealing to so many of us — the fact
that it normally is available as an interpreter. We
can stop the program, make a change in a line,
rerun the program, and see the result immedi-
ately without having to get bogged down in
relinking and recompiling code. This makes it
easy to use (which you did acknowledge) and
facilitates experimentation, even by children,

16 COMPUTE1 Apiil 1985

which in turn facilitates learning. I have worked

with compiled BASIC before, and found that it
involves the same frustrations in use as any other
programming language that cannot be immedi-
ately run.

Mike Hale

Thanks for the tips. Many readers will benefit from
your observations. As we pointed out, the sort pro-
gram zvas generic so it could be implemented on
many different computers without major modifica-
tions. The origijial version of the bubble sort bench-
mark is listed at the end of the next letter.

Kaypro Benchmark Test

I have been reading the series of articles on the
MSX operating system which have appeared in
recent issues of COMPUTE! [December 1984 and
January 1985].

The benchmark program in the January 1985
issue ("MSX Is Coming, Part 2: Inside MSX")
was of particular interest, since my old faithful
Commodore 8032 showed up rather well. How-
ever, since I recently added a Kaypro 10 to my
stable, I thought it worthwhile to test it with this
program.

Using Kaypro's MBASIC Version 5.1, the
benchmark program ran in a dazzling 4 minutes
21 seconds, more than a minute faster than the
IBM PC, and two minutes faster than the
Goldstar MSX.

Even more interesting, by replacing line 180
as follows:

180 IF A(K)>A(K-I-1) THEN SWAP
(A{K),A(K-I-1):EX = 1

the running time dropped to 3:16!

In earlier tests on my Kaypro, I had already
established that MBASIC runs faster than C-
BASIC, a compiled BASIC also included with the
Kaypro.

Paul Becher

Remember that all benchmark test results should be

taken ivith a grain of salt, as often the benchmark
program can be revised to utilize the peculiarities of
a certain computer or language for optimum effect.
Here's a listing of the program we ran for any-
one who would like to try it out:

100 PRINT "CREATING ARRAY" '-

110 DIM A(150) \J [ C. ~^-3S

120 FOR J=1TO150

130 A{J)=151-J

140 NEXT J

150 PRINT "SORTING"

160 EX=0

170 FOR K=0TO149

180 IF A(K)>A(K+1) THEN T=A(K ) : A(K)=A(K+1

) :A(K+1)=T:EX=1
190 NEXT K
200 IF EX<>0 THEN GOTO 160

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Mattel Aquarius Benchmark

I am writing in response to your article in the
January 1985 issue of COMPUTE! on the subject of
MSX. My letter is actually based on my own
applications with a recently purchased Mattel
Aquarius system, and my frustrations in obtaining
support, literature, and peace of mind in my at-
tempt to decipher this elementary unit.

I ran your test program on my Aquarius
(thank you for listing it in plain vanilla), and was
quite surprised to find that it executed in only
4:35! Perhaps you might know why this is pos-
sible? The Aquarius uses the Zilog Z80 central
processing unit, and it has a clock speed of only
one megahertz.

I would truly appreciate any information or
ideas in my attempt to crack the graphics, sound,
machine language, etc., on my Aquarius.

Paul A. Linck

Your timing of 4 minutes and 35 seconds, if accurate,
is indeed impressive — it places the Aquarius ahead of
the fastest computer in the benchmark test, the IBM
PC, which ran the program in 5:45.

We're at a loss to explain why the Aquarius is so
fast at running this test. Hoivever, one factor may be
the sparse BASIC, lohich can run faster because it
isn't burdened by numerous extra commands. Also,
no benchmark program is ever really a fair test for
different kinds of computers; some benchmarks simply
run better on some computers than on others. A dif-
ferent or slightly modified benchmark test might yield
quite different results (as pointed out by columnist
Bill Wilkinson in "INSIGHT: Atari," March 1985).

You don't say how much memory is installed in
your Aquarius, but computers with less memory often
tend to run faster than computers with more memory.
Many users zvho have upgraded a machine from 16K
to 48K or 64K have noticed that their favorite pro-
grams execute with just a little less zip. Recall how
the Commodore VIC-20 placed near the top of the
benchmark test — it has only 5K of RAM. Its 22-col-
umn by 23-line screen also requires less screen mem-
ory than other computers, so the refresh time is
shorter.

Unforturiately, we can't help you in your quest
for detailed information about your Aquarius. Ev-
idently you purchased it at a closeout sale. The
Aquarius suffered one of the shortest lifespans of any
computer — it was discontinued by Mattel almost as
soon as it hit the store shelves, a victim of the 1983
home computer price wars.

Changing Device Numbers

We both have Commodore 1541 disk drives and
would like to know if we can connect them to use
as a dual disk drive.

Bill Russell and Don Campbell

18 COMPUTEI April 1985

That's very easy with the 1541 disk drive; just
change the device number. The device number is
used in commands like LOAD "PROG", 8 where 8
is the device number of the disk drive.

There are two ways to change the device num-
ber of the drive — one by software, the other by cut-
ting a jumper inside the drive itself. We'll assume
you each want to continue using your drives iir-
dependently at times, and just deal with the tem-
porary device number change.

Changing the device number won't make your
drives act as a Commodore 4040 dual drive, which
is addressed with 0: and 1: for either drive 0 or
drive 1. Your drives are still independent, they just
have different device numbers. You cannot directly
copy bettoeen the two drives as on a 4040 drive; you
must use a copy program that moves the data be-
tween the drives via the computer.

To change the device number, first connect the
main disk drive to the computer and attach the se-
rial cable from the second drive to the spare plug on
the back of the drive. (This is called daisychaining.)
Now turn the power OFF for the drive you want to
remain unchanged, and turn the power ON for the
drive you wish to change.

Enter this short program:

10 INPUT "NEW DEVICE NUMBER";N

20 OPEN 15,8,15

30 FRINT#15,"M-W"CHR$(119)CHR$(0)

CHR$(N + 32)CHR$(N + 64)
40 PRINT#15:CLOSE15

Run the program and enter a number from 8 to
15. This number will be the one you use to access
the drive. When you run the program, line 30 will
cause the error light to blink, but you can ignore this.

Now test that the device number has actually
been changed by reading the directory. Assuming
you changed the device number to 9, enter:
LOAD "$",9

then LIST to see the directory.

Now turn on the drive you previously turned
off and enter:

LOAD "$",8

To save to or load from the second disk drive,
use SAVE "filename", 9 or LOAD "filename", 9.

Also be sure to use the proper device number when
OPENing and CLOSEing files.

If you would like to operate more than two
drives, just cojinect the other drives and turn them
on, one at a time, and rerun the device number
change program listed above. Each drive must have
a unique device number.

This change is only temporary. When you turn
your drive off this change is reset, and the drive
zvill return to using a device number of 8 zuhen you
turn it on again. Consult your 1541 manual to see
how to permanently change the device number of a
drive.

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A Piece Of Pi

The use of angular measurement in radians men-
tioned in one of your recent letters (COMPUTE!,
December 1984) brings up another point. Where
pi is not an intrinsic function of your computer, it
is important how you define it in the program,
especially when it is evaluated in sines and co-
sines and the result is compared to one or zero.
Consider the following portion of a program:

30B = SIN(A*(PI/180))

40 IF B=0 THEN GOTO 100

50 GOTO 10

where the value of the variable PI is defined ear-
lier in the program and A is some variable you
are interested in. If A reaches the value 180, we
have SIN(PI) = 0 or B = 0 unless PI is not pre-
cisely equal to the value of pi as defined by your
computer. This is a question of your computer's
accuracy. PI should be defined as
5PI = 4*ATNa)

where ATN is the arctangent function, which is
present in almost every dialect of BASIC. This
technique always defines PI to the accuracy of
your machine by using an intrinsic function,
whereas

PI=3.1416
or especially

PI =22/7

may not give B = 0 (still assuming A = 180). If
you are unsure about the accuracy of your com-
puter, always define PI as in line 5. If you do
not, you may never exit a loop, or even worse,
lose control of the program and get back the
worst of all possible results — reasonable-looking
garbage.

Kendall B. Smith

iBIVI BiOS Reveaied

I recently purchased a Sanyo MBC-550 com-
puter. This computer is (according to Sanyo) sup-
posed to be 80 percent compatible with the IBM
PC. It is my understanding that PC programs
that bypass the BIOS will not run on my Sanyo.
Can you explain what the BIOS is?

Jerry Watkins

BIOS stands for Basic Input /Output System. It's a
collection of important machine language routines
contained in Read Only Memory (ROM) which the
computer uses to communicate with various devices
such as the keyboard, screen, disk drive, and
printer. Every computer has a BIOS, although it
may be called something different. For example,
Commodore calls it the Kernal, and Atari calls it the
CIO (Central Input/Output).

Generally, you don't have to worry about the
BIOS when programmirig in BASIC, because BASIC

20 COMPUTE! April 1985

handles the BIOS for you. The BIOS is most useful
when writing machine language programs. Each of
the routines in the BIOS performs a specific func-
tion, such as printing a character on the screen or
printer, reading the keyboard, getting the time of
day, and accessing the disk or cassette drive.

The actual machine language for these routines
zoill be slightly different for each model of the PC-
series computers because of the different hardware
configurations. In order to insure compatibility
among various models, the BIOS routines are not
accessed directly, but rather through interrupts.
Each routine has its ozvn interrupt number that
stays the same with each model. (These interrupts
are analogous to the Kernal jump table in Com-
modore machines.) This consistent numbering
scheme enables PC-compatible computers such as
the Sanyo MBC-550 to be mostly compatible with
the PC even though the actual BIOS routines may
be very different.

A program that bypasses the interrupts and ac-
cesses the BIOS routines directly loill probably work
only on a particular model. The same is true for a
program that bypasses the BIOS altogether. For ex-
ample, the program may have its oion customized
routine for printing to the screen instead of using
the built-in BIOS routine. That way, the program
can take advantage of the specific features of a
particular model, but, of course, it sacrifices
compatibility.

Atari DOS 2.0 Vs. 3.0

Can programs that require disks to be formatted
in DOS 2.0 be formatted in DOS 3.0?

Scott Ciliberti

DOS 3.0 supports the enhanced storage space pos-
sible on the Atari 1050 disk drive, but zoill not ivork
on the earlier 810 disk drive. Most software zvas
ivritten before the advent of the 1050 and loas de-
signed to use DOS 2.0. Some softioare includes DOS
2.0 on the disk. The problem is that a disk formatted
in DOS 3.0 cannot be read from or luritten to by
DOS 2.0. The reverse is also true. If the software
boots up in DOS 2.0, it zoill not be able to read or
write to your previously formatted DOS 3.0 disk. It
may be possible to copy the softioare onto a DOS
3.0 disk. The software zvould boot up under DOS 3.0
and zvould be able to read and ivrite DOS 3.0 disks
(but not DOS 2.0-formatted disks). But you'll find
this is almost impossible in practice, because most
softzimre is copy-protected. Since DOS 2.0 ivorks
just fine on the 1050 disk drive, stick zvith DOS 2.0
for most commercial softioare, and use DOS 3.0 for
your own programming, if you like.

Because of various compatibility problems with
DOS 3.0, Atari is considering replacing it zvith a
new DOS dubbed 2.5 for development purposes,
DOS 2.5 (or whatever it's called when released) may

BEFORE YOU BUY

A PRINTER,TAKE THIS

SIMPLE EYE TEST.

This is from 9. leadims
coPtP liter P r 1 nter ,

This is from the new GE TXP-1000.

ta:;

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As you can see, the General
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to find a printer that gives you better
quality printing and clearer graphics
for the money It has two speeds
and uppercase and lowercase char-
acters. It prints U.S.. scientific and
international characters in three
widths, too. And it'll give you some of

the sharpest and most-detailed
graphics you've ever seen.
Watch. It's fast, flexible and quiet.
It's easy to see the versatility in the
GE Printer. You'll get high-quality print-
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paper. And it's quiet too. So it's a silent
partner for any computer.
See^it's compatible witli
Commodore, Apple, IBM, Atari.'
The GE Printer is fully compatible
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A full line of perlplierals worth
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Whether it's a GE Modem with
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Commodore ElBctrontcsi Ltd. and Apple CpmputBf, Inc

your home computer ever made.
Look,a full two-year warranty
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GE gives you a two-year warranty
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We bring good things to llf&

be available by this summer, and Atari is thinking
about making copies available to current owners at
little or no cost.

Lowercase On The Tl

Lowercase characters on the TI-99/4A appear as
small capital letters. In some of my programs, I'd
like to have a normal lowercase character set.
I've tried many times to redefine the lowercase
letters, but my results have been disappointing.
Could you provide me with some character defi-
nitions for lowercase letters?

Jim Tope

The following program redefines the lowercase
character set with lowercase letters:

100
1 10

120

130

140

150

999

1000

1010

1020

1030

1040

1050

1060

1070

1080

1090

1 100

1110

1 120

1130

SOSU

CALL

PRIN

ys "

FDR

NEXT

STOP

REM
FOR
REA
CAL
NEX
RET
DAT
784
DAT
447
DAT
784
DAT
283
DAT
644
DAT
443
DAT
101
DAT
445
DAT
040

B 1000
CLEAR
T "abcdef

1 = 1 TO
I

10

ghi jklmnopqrstuvwx
00

LOWERCASE

1=97 TO
D A*

L CHARCI,
T I
URN
A 0000003

44478. 000
A 0004040
8403C, 001
A 0000003

44444. 001
A 0004000
02B24, 001
A 0000006
44444, 000
A 0000007
C0404, 000
A 0000003
0100C, 000
A 0000004
45428, 000
A 0000004
8103C

SET
122

A«)

8043
0001
43C4
8242
8443
0001
4040
0101
8545
0003
8447
0005
C403
0004
4442
0004
4443

C643C,

C20202

4443C,

070202

C043S,

010101

42418,

010101

44444,

844444

84040,

864404

80478,

444444

82810,

428102

C0438,

00404040

01C

00000038

020

00404040

010

00202024

010

00000058

438

0000003C

040

00101038

438

00000044

844

0000003C

To use this lowercase character set in your pro-
grams, add the subroutine beginning at line 1000
containing the character definitions.

More Commodore Overheating

I have had a Commodore 64 for nine months,
and am now experiencing problems. After an
hour or so of use the bottom of the computer
gets very warm, the computer locks up, and I
lose everything not saved. Is there any remedy
short of sending it back to Commodore?

Chuck Kutz-Marks

Your problem seems to be related to overheating,
but it's impossible to tell from a letter exactly what
is causing the problem. It could be caused by any

22 CQMPUTEI Apxil 1985

one of a number of faults. Your best choice is prob-
ably to return your computer to Commodore, but
first you may want to try sorne simple
troubleshooting.

Try borrowing a power supply from a friend
who has a 64 and see if the problem occurs again. If
not, then your pozver supply has developed a ther-
mal fault and needs to be replaced. Several indepen-
dent sources sell power supplies.

You may also want to remove the foil-covered
cardboard shield found inside most 64s. It's de-
signed to cut down interference between the com-
puter and a TV set, but it also traps heat.

If you or a friend is handy with hardware, you
could locate the components responsible for the
excessive heat and install a heat sink to draw out
and dissipate the heat. But don't attempt this unless
you're experienced at this kind of repair.

If you continue to have problems, your best bet
is to contact Commodore's Customer Service
Department by callijig 215-431-9100 and arrange to
return your 64 for service. Although this will take
several weeks, it's probably your cheapest
alternative.

Mixing Atari Graphics Modes

I own an Atari 1200XL computer. I've made a
few BASIC programs of my own and I've been
trying to get two graphics modes on the screen at
the same time. For example, having GRAPHICS
1 at the top and GRAPHICS 2 at the bottom.
Can you help?

James E. Sneed
A full explanation of modifying graphics modes is
beyond the scope of this column, but try the follow-
ing program. Set the variable G2 to the number of
GRAPHICS 2 lines you'd like, then GOSUB 500.
Lines 100-200 demonstrate the subroutine. This
program modifies a GRAPHICS 1 display by
POKEing in the display list bytes for GRAPHICS 2.
You must not set G2 to less than 1 or greater than
11.

COMPUTE! has published several articles on this
topic in back issues, some of which are no longer
available. For more information, refer to "How to
Design Custom Graphics Modes" in COMPUTE!'s
First Book of Atari Graphics.

no
PI

100

1 10

FP 120
nB 500

81 510
KG 520

Efl 530

HJ 540

#6; "LINE "; 1;N

G2< 1 OR G2>11 T

G2=8! GOSUB 500
FOR 1=1 TO 24:?
EXT I
GOTO 120
GRAPHICS 17: IF
HEN RETURN

DLIST=PEEK (560) +256«PEEK (561 >
FOR 1=29-02*2 TO 28-G2:P0KE DL
IST+I,7:NEXT I

POKE DLIST+I , 65; POKE DLIST+I-t-1
, PEEK (560) : POKE DL I ST+ I +2 , PEEK
(561 )
RETURN C

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The Next Generation:

New Computers At The Winter Consumer Electronics Show

Tom R. Halfhill, Editor

What would you think of a 512K

Macintosh-like computer faster
than an IBM PC for wider $600?
Or a SVi-inch disk drive for under
$150? Or a 15-megahyte hard disk
for $399? Atari stunned the indus-
try with these announcements and
more at January's Consumer Elec-
tronics Show (CES). Commodore
made plenty of noise, too, and to-
gether they gave everyone a
glimpse of personal computing's
next and best generation.

Atari boss Jack Tramiel set
the tone for this trade
show even before visi-
tors arrived at their Las Vegas
hotels. On desert land rented
from the Howard Hughes estate
along the route from the airport.
Atari erected a series of huge
Burma Shave-style billboards
that declared:

PCjr, $599: IBM, Is This Price
Right?

Macintosh, $2195: Does Apple
Need This Big A Bite?

Atari Thinks They're Out Of Sight

Welcome To Atari Country

— Regards, Jack.

Not to be outdone. Com-
modore splashed two-page
spreads in all the major trade
papers, warning in ominous
headlines:

Bad News For IBM And Apple

Underneath were pictures
of a Little Tramp bowler hat

and a bright red apple, skew-
ered by arrows, sitting atop the
new Commodore 128 Personal
Computer. "At last, the $4 bil-
lion stranglehold on the per-
sonal computer market has been
broken," trumpeted the ad copy.

CES is anything but subtle,
and these were merely the
opening punches in what was
probably the personal computer
industry's most fascinating CES
ever. Atari displayed a series of
incredible computers at even
more incredible prices that
would seem impossible coming
from anyone but Jack Tramiel,
Commodore introduced a pair
of new computers that would
have won center stage at any
other CES, if Atari hadn't stolen
the spotlight. Thirteen Japanese
companies coordinated their
long-awaited debut of MSX-
standard computers, but then
stumbled badly by suggesting
that their actual invasion of the
U.S. market might be postponed
yet another year. In another
case of poor timing, Coleco cast
out the Adam on the eve of
CES, transforming its expensive
exhibit into a paradise lost. Apple
rented booth space at the show,
but then rolled out at the last
minute. And IBM decided not to
come at all.

After the plague year of
1984, the first trade show of
1985 seemed to indicate that the
industry shakeout may finally
be ending, Texas Instruments,
Mattel, Timex, Coleco, and nu-
merous others are gone or se-
verely weakened, leaving only a
handful of surviving contenders.

IBM and Apple dominate what
is called the "high end," leaving
Commodore and Atari to carve
up what is called the "low end,"

But traditional market
boundaries, too, may be a vic-
tim of the shakeout. Above all
else, this CES demonstrated that
convenient terms like "low end"
and "high end" are becoming as
obsolete as the machines which
now define them. The next gen-
eration of personal computers
appears to be at last on its way.

Power Without The Price"
is Atari's new motto, and
at CES it was seen every-
where— emblazoned on ban-
ners, imprinted on T-shirts, and
most importantly, symbolized
by the new computers them-
selves. In all, Atari announced
six new computers and more
than a dozen peripherals. Four
of the new computers are eight-
bit 6502 machines, said to be
fully compatible with existing
Ataris, while the other two are
powerful 16/32-bit computers
with a Macintosh-like operating
system. The more powerful
computers, officially called the
ST series but nicknamed
"Jackintoshes," stole the show.
Here's why:

The brains of the new ST
series computers is the Motorola
68000 microprocessor, the same
16/32'bit chip found in the Ap-
ple Macintosh. Clocked at eight
megahertz, the 68000 central
processing unit runs nearly
twice as fast as the 8/16-bit
8088 chip that drives the IBM

April 1985 COMPOTH 25

The Atari 520ST "Jackintosh": 68000 microprocessor, 511 colors, Macintosh-
like operating system, and 512K RAM for an incredible $599. The 130ST is
functionally and cosmetically identical but has 128K RAM and will sell for
$399.

PC, PC-XT, and PCjr. The Atari
130ST and 520ST are mutually
compatible and share most fea-
tures in common, including
192K of Read Only Memory
(ROM), expandable to 320K
ROM with a plug-in cartridge;
512 colors; graphics modes of
320 X 200 pixels (16 colors),
640 X 200 pixels (four colors),
and 640 X 400 pixels (mono-
chrome); Centronics-standard
parallel interface; RS-232-

standard serial interface; floppy
disk drive interface; hard disk
interface; Musical Instrument
Digital Interface (MIDI) for
hooking up external synthe-
sizers; two Atari-type joystick
ports (one of which doubles as
the mouse interface); TV output;
composite color video output;
monochrome video output; RGB
(red-green-blue) high-resolution
color video output; three-voice
sound synthesizer with variable

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This typical GEM screen is the MS-DOS version, but the Atari ST version is
virtually identical. Notice the drop-down menu, icons, and overlapping
windows.

waveforms and envelopes; 94-
key typewriter- style keyboard
with separate numeric keypad,
cursor keypad, and ten special
function keys; Tramiel Operat-
ing System (TOS) in ROM; and
Graphics Environment Manager
(GEM) in ROM.

GEM is the Macintosh-like
operating system interface origi-
nally developed for MS-DOS
computers and licensed to Atari
by Digital Research. GEM
shields users from cryptic op-
erating system commands by
providing onscreen icons, drop-
down menus, windows, and
support for a two-button mouse
controller. It also supports a
realtime clock, hi-res vector
drawing, and spritelike anima-
tion called bit block transfer.
GEM bears an uncanny resem-
blance to the Macintosh's op-
erating system; except for the
color graphics, at a glance it's
hard to tell a GEM screen from
a Mac screen.

The only differences be-
tween the Atari 130ST and
520ST are the amount of Ran-
dom Access Memory (RAM) and
the price. Including all the fea-
tures mentioned above, the
130ST has 128K RAM and will
retail for $399; the 520ST has
512K RAM and will retail for
$599. Atari says both computers
should be available in the sec-
ond quarter of 1985.

If you think those specifications
and prices are hard to believe,
wait until you hear about the
peripherals.

For the ST series. Atari an-
nounced a SVz-inch microfloppy
disk drive that will retail for un-
der $150, possibly as low as
$100. This drive uses the same
Sony-standard disks as the Mac-
intosh. The single-sided version
stores about 250K; a double-
sided version (to cost slightly
more) stores about 500K.

Even more incredible was
Atari's announcement of a hard
disk drive for the ST series (and.

26 COMPUTE) April 1985

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under the AtariSoft label, for
other brands of computers).
When the show opened. Atari
said it would sell a 3V2-inch,
nonremovable, 10-megabyte
hard disk for under $600. That
was amazing enough. Then a
day later, speaking to a group of
software publishers, Tramiel
amended that announcement to
a 15-megabyte hard disk for
$399.

Coupled with an ST, either
hard disk at anywhere near
those prices would add up to
unheard-of power in an afford-
able computer. The ST's built-in
hard disk interface transfers data
at 1.33 megabytes per second,
about 100 times faster than a
typical Macintosh hard disk.
That means you could fill up a
520ST's entire 512K of RAM
with a program or data in less
than half a second. Or instantly
page-flip between full-color, hi-
res graphics screens from disk
rather than from memory.

Not only are the ST com-
puters far more powerful than
existing home computers, they
also potentially surpass the ca-
pabilities of most of today's 16-
bit business computers. By
promising the virtual equivalent
of a "Fat Mac" with color for
less than one-third the price,
Atari is threatening to redefine
the whole marketplace. Assum-
ing that Atari can really deliver
on its promises — and even in
Las Vegas, not many people
were taking odds against Jack
Tramiel — a single computer sell-
ing for under $1,000 will be ca-
pable of tackling everything
from videogames to the most
sophisticated business programs.

Tramiel put it this way:
"We aren't selling home com-
puters. We aren't selling busi-
ness computers. We're selling
personal computers. People can
use them for whatever they
want."

Some observers were skep-
tical because the ST machines at
CES were prototypes, not pro-
duction models (not uncommon

26 COMPUTE! April 1985

Atari 65XE: basically a remodeled 800XL for $99. Note the resemblance to
the ST series. The 130XE, 65XEM, and 65XEP are similarly styled.

at trade shows). Atari still had
not decided on certain critical
features, such as whether the
STs would include a built-in
programming language, and if
so, whether that language
would be BASIC or Logo, The
operating system wasn't com-
pletely finished, either. And like
any new computer, the ST se-
ries may well suffer from a
shortage of software during its
first year, as has the Macintosh.

Still, Tramiel told software
publishers at CES that there
would be enough preproduction
STs to go around in the first
quarter to get things rolling. He
offered technical and even fi-
nancial assistance to promising
software developers. And he
said that when the new comput-
ers hit the market. Atari itself
would introduce 20 to 30 soft-
ware packages ranging from
entertainment to education to
business programs.

Some people are starting to
refer to Tramiel as the Lee
lacocca of the personal com-
puter industry, but The New
Atari shll has a long way to go.
Haunted by the biggest corpo-
rate losses since Chrysler's dim
days — and without the safety
net of government loans — Atari
is betting everything on the suc-
cess of its new machines.

Although they were over-
shadowed by the ST se-
ries. Atari's four new
eight-bit computers also were
impressive. Dubbed the XE se-
ries (XL Extended), they are de-
signed to be fully compatible
with the older Atari 400/800
and XL series. Atari says some
of the models already are in
production and will be available
in the first quarter.

First is the 65XE, basically
an 800XL without the rear par-
allel interface connector (rarely
used, anyway). The 65XE has
64K RAM, built-in BASIC, 256
colors, a four-voice sound chip,
11 graphics modes, five text
modes, player/missile (sprite)
graphics, international character
set, a cartridge slot, serial bus
for disk drives and other
peripherals, two joystick ports,
and all the other traditional
Atari features. The redesigned
case closely resembles that of
the ST series computers, and the
keycaps show the Atari graphics
character set (a la Commodore).
The retail price will be $99.
There were conflicting reports,
but it appears that the 65XE will
replace the 800XL.

Next in line is the 130XE, a
65XE with 128K RAM and the
rear parallel connector. The
130XE will sell for about $150.

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The third new eight-bit ma-
chine is an interesting variation
of the 65XE called the 65XEM
(XE Music Computer), It's a
65XE with an additional sound
chip, the new eight-voice
"Amy." Unfortunately, this was
the only new computer Atari
didn't exhibit at the show. How-
ever, those who have heard
Amy say it outperforms even
the SID synthesizer chip in the
Commodore 64. Amy has a dy-
namic range exceeding 60 deci-
bels, a frequency range of nearly
11 octaves from 4.8 hertz (far
below human hearing) to 7.8 ki-
lohertz, frequency resolution of
1/64 semitones, 64 harmonics,
and many other features. Re-
portedly it can synthesize al-
most any musical instrument
sound. The 65XEM will sell for
about $150.

Finishing up the XE line is
the 65XEP (XE Portable). It's
really a transportable version of
the 65XE and Atari's variation
of the Commodore SX-64. The
65XEP packs all the 65XE fea-
tures into a suitcase-sized pack-
age whose detachable lid
becomes the keyboard. It con-
tains a 5-inch green-screen
monitor (instead of the SX-64's
color monitor); a SVz-inch
microfloppy disk drive (instead
of the SX-64's 5 74 -inch drive);
and — unlike the SX-64 — a
rechargeable battery pack good
for about three hours of use be-
tween charges. Atari says the
65XEP will sell for $399.

Atari users might be won-
dering why the 65XEP has a
3y2-inch drive instead of the
usual 574 -inch drive. According
to Leonard Tramiel, Atari has
found a supplier who can make
SVi-inch drive mechanisms
cheaper than 5V4-inch mecha-
nisms— and the microfloppies
actually have more storage ca-
pacity. The 65XEP retains the
standard Atari serial bus, so an
Atari user who buys an XEP as
a second computer could plug in
a 5 74 -inch drive and transfer his
existing software onto the

30 COMPUTEI April 1935

microfloppies. The 3V2-inch
mechanisms also are likely to
show up in outboard drives for
the other XE models as well as
older Atari computers.

In addition to this avalanche of
new Atari computers, there
was a wide selection of new
Atari peripherals. Exact retail
prices and availability dates
were not confirmed, but here's a
brief rundown:

• XM148 monochrome mon-
itor with built-in 80-column
video adapter for the XE series
and existing Ataris. This plugs
into the serial bus and brings
80-column capability within
reach of all Atari owners. It was
shown on a 65XE running
AtariWriter Plus, a new 80-
column version of the popular
AtariWriter word processor car-
tridge. Estimated price: $150.

• XC141 14-inch composite
color monitor for the XE series
and existing Ataris. Estimated
price: under $250.

• XM301 300 bits-per-
second, direct-connect modem.
Estimated price: under $50.

• Six printers for the XE se-
ries and existing Ataris, includ-
ing the XTM201 dot-matrix
thermal, 20 characters per sec-
ond (about $99); the XTC201
dot-matrix color thermal, 20 cps
(about $99); the XDM121
daisywheel letter-quality, 12 cps
(about $150); the XMM801 dot-
matrix, 80 cps (about $150); and
two redesigned printers, the
1025 dot-matrix and 1027 letter-
quality (about $150 each).

• Two monitors for the ST
series, including the SMI 24 hi-
res 12-inch monochrome moni-
tor (one prototype had a built-in
3V2-inch disk drive); and the
SCI 224 RGB 12-inch color
monitor. Estimated prices: under
$200 (without drive) and under
$300, respectively.

• Three printers for the ST
series, including the ST504 dot-
matrix color thermal, 50 cps

(about $150); the SDMI 24
daisywheel letter-quality, 12 cps
(about $200); and the SMM804
dot-matrix, 80 cps (about $150).

Atari won most of the at-
tention at this CES, but
the Commodore exhibit
featured two interesting new
computers and was consistently
crowded, too — an indication
that Commodore is still on its
feet after the tumultuous events
of the past year. The phenome-
nally successful company that
Jack Tramiel founded three de-
cades ago and then left in Janu-
ary 1984 after a management
dispute has experienced a lot of
turnover in the past 12 months.
Numerous executives and engi-
neers have defected to join
Tramiel at Atari (so many, in
fact, that some people call the
new Atari "the new Commo-
dore"). Commodore also has
been struggling with its Plus/4
and 16 computers, and now
faces more aggressive pricing
from its resurrected competitor.

Still smarting from wide-
spread criticism over the Plus/4,
Commodore was careful to
make its newest desktop com-
puter Commodore 64-compatible.
Named the Commodore 128
Personal Computer, it's actually
three computers in one. It con-
tains a complete Commodore
64, with 6510 micro-
processor, VIC-II video chip,
SID synthesizer chip, and 64K
RAM; a 128K RAM computer
with an 8502 (6502/6510-
compatible) microprocessor and
40/80-column video; and a
128K RAM computer with an
eight-bit Z80A microprocessor
and 80-column video that is
compatible with software de-
signed for the CP/M operating
system (Control Program for
Microcomputers). The Commo-
dore 128 is expandable to 512K
RAM in 128K increments, al-
though the extra memory must
be used as a RAM disk, not
contiguous program memory.

Now your computer
or word processor can read

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Commodore announced no
prices at the show, but indica-
tions are that the Commodore
128 will retail for under $300. It
is scheduled for introduction in
April or May,

Obviously, the Commodore
128 is much more than just the
128K RAM version of the Com-
modore 64 that was anticipated.
When first switched on, the ma-
chine defaults to the 128K RAM
8502 mode. You can select 40-
or 80-column video in this
mode, but graphics and sprites
are available only in 40-column
video. To enter CP/M mode,
you load a CP/M 3.0 disk that
comes with the machine. To en-
ter Commodore 64 mode, you
type GO 64. The screen blanks
for a few seconds, then flips to
the standard Commodore 64 title
screen. Once in 64 mode, there's
no way to exit without
rebooting the computer. This
was done to keep 64 mode com-
pletely compatible. Otherwise,
the operating system would
have to be changed to accept a
command such as GO 128. For
the same reason, 80-column
video is not available in 64 mode.

So how compatible is it?
"We didn't change a single byte
in the Kernal," said one Com-
modore engineer. Although
COMPUTE! didn't have time at
CES for exhaustive tests, we did
successfully run the SpeedScript
3.0 word processor in 64 mode.

The Commodore 128 has
two built-in BASIC languages —
the usual BASIC 2.0 in 64
mode, and BASIC 7.0 in 128
mode. BASIC 7.0 is the most
powerful Commodore BASIC
ever, with the same BASIC 4.0
disk commands found on the
CBM 8032 and Plus/4, plus
sound and graphics commands
like those found in the Super Ex-
pander 64 cartridge. In CP/M
mode, a wide variety of disk-
based languages are available,
including compilers and
assemblers.

Other Commodore 128 fea-
tures include: 92-key typewriter-

32 COMPUTE! April l^es

Commodore 128 Personal Computer: a unique three-in-one machine, cotitain-
ing a 64K Commodore 64, a 128K Commodore 64, and a Z80 CP/M computer.

style keyboard with separate
numeric keypad, two sets of
cursor keys, four special func-
tion keys, and other new keys
labeled ALT, ESC, TAB, CAPS
LOCK, HELP, LINE FEED,
40/80 DISPLAY, and NO
SCROLL; TV output; composite
color video output; RGB video
output; chroma/luma video out-
put; audio output; 16 colors;
machine language monitor; and
all the same ports and interfaces
found on the Commodore 64.

The Commodore 128 is not as
powerful as the new Atari
ST series, but it embodies a
similar philosophy: Offer an all-
in-one computer that can tackle
a wide variety of home, per-
sonal, and business applica-
tions— at an affordable price.
With its Commodore 64 mode,
the Commodore 128 already has
a large up-to-date pool of edu-
cational, entertainment, and per-
sonal productivity software. In
128K mode with BASIC 7.0, it's
much easier to program than a
Commodore 64. And in CP/M
mode, thousands of serious
application programs are avail-
able. Although CP/M has been
superseded by MS-DOS in the
IBM PC -compatible business
world, CP/M remains adequate
for many small business tasks.
Complementing the Com-

modore 128 are some interesting
new peripherals. Foremost is the
1571 disk drive, a versatile de-
vice itself. When the Commo-
dore 128 is in 64 mode, the
1571 acts just like a 1541— it
stores 140K per 5 'A -inch floppy
and is somewhat slow. But
when you switch the computer
to 128K mode, the 1571 speeds
up considerably — about fivefold,
in fact. It also operates as a
double-sided drive in this mode,
storing 350K per disk. Finally,
when the Commodore 128 is
switched to CP/M mode, the
1571 speeds up even more —
about 12 times faster than a
1541 — and increases storage to
41 OK per disk. In addition, in
CP/M mode the 1571 can read
CP/M disks in IBM System 34
format, including Osborne and
Kay pro disks.

As if that weren't enough,
the 1571 also works with the
Commodore 64 and Plus/4 (in
1541 mode only), and with
Commodore's new portable
computer.

Two new monitors were
announced for the Commodore
128: the 1901 Monochrome
Monitor (ideal for 80-column
business applications), and the
1902 RGB/Composite Monitor,
which can display readable 80
columns in color. Commodore
also showed a prototype of a
mouse controller for the 128,

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but was unsure when the prod-
uct would be marketed. No
prices were announced for any
of these peripherals, but all are
scheduled for introduction at
about the time the 128 hits the
stores.

Not exhibited at CES but
promised for later this year was
the 1670 Modem, a 300/1200
bps unit that may be sold for as
low as $100. The 1670 works
with the Commodore 64, 128,
and Plus/4, and also has
autoanswer/autodialing and
automatic baud rate switching.

Commodore's new porta-
ble computer — the
Commodore LCD —
attracted at least as much atten-
tion as the 128, which surprised
some company executives. A
second-generation lap portable,
the Commodore LCD has a flip-
up 80 X 16 Hquid-crystal dis-
play that's the fastest we've ever
seen, When closed, it forms a
cover that protects the 72-key
typewriter-style keyboard.

Standard features include
an eight-bit 65C102 micro-
processor; 32K of RAM and 96K
of ROM; RS-232-standard serial
port; Centronics-Standard paral-
lel port; bar code reader inter-
face; serial port compatible with
Commodore 64 peripherals and
the 1571 disk drive; memory ex-
pansion port; 300-bps
autoanswer/autodial modem;
BASIC 3.6; machine language
monitor; and eight built-in pro-
grams. There's a word proces-
sor, notepad, spreadsheet, file
manager, terminal emulator, cal-
culator, scheduler, and address
book. However, the Commo-
dore LCD at the show was a
prototype and not all of these
programs were working.

Small enough to fit in a
briefcase, the Commodore LCD
weighs about three pounds. It
runs on four AA batteries or an
external power supply, and
maintains data in RAM even
when the computer is turned

34 COMPUTE! April 1985

Cojnmodore LCD: a second-generation lap portable with 80 X 16 flip-up dis-
play, 32K RAM, internal modem, and eight built-in programs for under $600.

off. Estimated price is about
$600 — very competitive with
lap portables already on the
market.

Another important Commo-
dore announcement at CES was
a new service network consist-
ing of 160 RCA service centers,
about 800 Sears stores, and
nearly 1300 other locations such
as computer shops. They will
service Commodore computers
and peripherals, in or out of
warranty, beginning in March.

Although it was an impres-
sive Winter CES for
Commodore, the com-
pany is saving its most powerful
machine for later this vear; the
Amiga Lorraine, A prototype of
this advanced computer was
glimpsed at the last CES when
Amiga was still an independent
company searching for funding.
In an acquisition that snatched
Amiga from underneath Jack
Tramiel's nose (and provoked a
lawsuit), Commodore gained
rights to market the Lorraine.
The Lorraine is similar in power
to the Atari ST series and uses
the same 68000 microprocessor.

But it may offer even more fea-
tures, such as voice synthesis,
better graphics and sound, and
greater expandability.

Commodore wasn't talking
about the Lorraine at this CES,
except to confirm that the
supermicro is nearing completion
and should sell for under $1,000.
Amiga founder David Morse,
now working on the Lorraine for
Commodore, told COMPUTE! that
the computer may be announced
shortly before the Summer CES
in June so Commodore won't
have to share the spotlight with
anyone else — especially Atari.
(Atari is rumored to be develop-
ing an even more powerful, full
32-bit machine.)

IBM and Apple are, of
course, watching all these
developments closely. Neither of
these giants, despite the aggres-
sive price/performance challenges
from Atari and Commodore, is
expected to drastically slash prices.
The infamous 1982-83 price war
that blasted Texas Instruments
and severely damaged Atari is
fresh in everyone's mind. For
the next few months, at least,
Apple and IBM are expected to
play wait-and-see. ©

Their only hope was your prbtnise to bring them home!

The continuing saga pits aiiied forces against the cruel dictator who escaped the destruction of the
fortress with portions of his army and prisoners captured during the land battle.
A true "head to head" two player game with voice simulation and superb multiscreen graphics.
Produced for the COMMODORE 64 and coming to a Computer Store near you!

PG

PLAYS KREAT Some
mjiunal niAy nui hv
lultiiblf far l'r«-ikKpiil<T>|

Vritten by Roger & Bruce Carver Directed by Bruce Carver Produced by Chris J. Jones Distributed by David L Asbby

inematography: MaFJorie Nerdin Productioo Assistant Audree Jones Castins: Jean Miner Special Eflects: Katiiryn Asliby Promotion: Connie Stringtiam Executive Production: Kevin L. Jones & Associate
Voices: Electronic Speecli Systems Illustrations: Ooug Van Qe Grift Based upon the dook "Tiis Goliath Syndrome" by James L Slade

^

Software incorporated

Look for these additional Access Productions

HS^ftlM

verMo^

each-H4

, j'MTm

H a fegtalered fndvmailc of CommodorB B

jilna

umamm

i^mSM

COMPUTEI's Gw^
To Computer

Sharon Darling, Reseorch Assistant

With the snows of winter a memory and
warm weather approaching, it's time for
computing families to start considering
which, if any, computer camps they want
to attend this summer. We've compiled
a list of camps nationwide which offer
a variety of activities for computing
enthusiasts of all ages. While it is by
no means an exhaustive list of all the
computer camps available, it is a
representative sampling which
should get you started on the
right track.

In the accompanying chart,
you'll find information to help
you decide which kind of camp
is right for you: location, basic
curriculum, prices, time spent
on computers daily, what types
of computers are available, sex
and age-range of campers, non-
computing activities available,
registration deadlines, staff-to-camper and
computer-to-camper ratios, and
names and addresses for more information. "V^
In the sessions/prices column, we've also ,^*^
indicated whether the camp is a day or ■y^

residential camp. ■s^^

While the majority of camps are' v\N«kv
for children and teenagers, there are ^

others which families can attend together. -^^
There are also camps for adults only. a^

Keep in mind other considerations when j\)
deciding which camp is best for you:
qualifications of the instructors, curriculum
structure, and groupings of campers by
computing experience and ability. Most
camps include all necessary equipment
(hardware and software) in the
cost, but some ask that campers
supply their own computers.

Computer camps not listed v

here may wish to notify COMPUTE! -0
of their programs for possible ^
use in a future issue.

36 COMPUTEI April 1985

AT LAST. . . A TEACHER
WHO IS JUST YOUR TYPE!

^i^^Qo

-^

Turn your COMMODORE 64 into a personal typing tutor with KEYS TO TYPING software.
Over 30 easy lessons, all based on proven teaching techniques that typing teachers have been
using for years. Combined with the speed and flexibility of computerized instruction— it's
the fastest and easiest way yet to learn typing.

32 step-by-step lessons
team at your own pace!
n # 1 will explain the

, ram and show you

how to get on-screen help
■"^ch lesson has three parts:

itroduction of new keys, i

exercises, and reinforcement
over 400 exercises, all based 1
on successful typing manuals
get immediate help or return to the
main menu with a single keystroke
no complex computer commands
its user friendly and menu driven;
po knowledge of computers need(
{ust basic reading skills
ielect the lesson you want •

hrough a simple menu control

vping game included, i

^e learning fun!

■""'•).?^\i'.»':^"'"'-'--ia

.^O""^

y/y

"HI..

fJQUaoe

The perfect learning program for sfflHBBH«nB^!5|^^^^B!iSpeople who need typing skills hut
are short on time. For people re-entering the wo^^^^^o need a fast refresher. De.signed by

educators and computer programmers working together, KEYS TO TYPING lets you learn quickly,
easily and effortlessly After 32 lessons, you'll be typing at speeds you never thought possible.

30Hur3lSt.

Richmond Hill. Ontario
LAB IBS Canada

BATTERIES '^ INCLUDED

"The Energized Software Company!"

17875 Sky Parle Nontr,

Suite P, Irvine, California

USA 92714

WRITE FOR A FULL COLOR BROCHURE

c 1 9S4 BATTERIES INCLUDED. AIL RIGHTS RESERVED COMMODORE IS A REGISTERED TRADE MAJIK OF COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES, INC

£3

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38 COMPUTEI April 1985

^' ,0^ „f,a ,\.o',.vW

V^^

■AS'

fH'

Ct'

COMMODORE

AB IS crifi lit llic oltffi^t Cnnmodo/c Dealets

C-64, 1541. 1702, 1530, 1531, Mps 801

BEST PRICES BEST SUPPORT

Buy 3 C-64, drive monitor, get ovet 330 programs frsel

21 disks. Cill for details.

Software Super-Hit Parade

BOSI//ISS EDUCATIONAL

WordPro 3+ 85 Agent USA 21

Microsoft Multiplan ... 69 Spell Diver 21

OmniHjiler/spell 45 Secret Filer 14

Bank Street Writer ... 49 Kinder Comp 20

PFS; File - - . - 60 Cell DefEose , 24

neifile II AB Eiclusive , .S9 Typing Tutor ,,,..,, 35

KMMM Pascal 95 Rockf's Boots Zl

Lode Riinnet
Mind Prolier

ENTERTAINMCHT

... 26 Flight Simulator
. 20 Zauon

OPTWHAl ACCESSORIES

MSD Drives, Single/Diial Call

Amdek Color 1 19S

C-Scan , 125

Bus Card II 149

TECHNICAL BREAKTHRU

Cefmetek Security Madam 460

1200 Hayes Comp./1200 PC addin 3B0/32D

Marie X Aiito Dial/Auto Answer 119

Anchor Mark Xlt SmanModem 265

Hayes SmartModem I200S |inc. Smartcam II sti.) , . 459

Hayes SmarlModem I200/30D 499

"Crosstalk" soltwarE 135

All Zenith software fa haritware fully compatible wUh Ihe PC

& XT superior keyboard as low as 51295.

ZF 151-21 256K • ZW 151-52 320K 10 6 MB -I- 360

ZF 151-21 t28K 360 • ZF 161-2n28K 360

Zf 151-52 320K 720 2 Ik • ZF 161-52 320K 720 2 dr

Ctllt far latust price*
Parsonal Paarl databasa manager only StOO with any
Zanith Sysiem purchase.

USI 20 IVIHZ HI Res., Best Buy. lOOQ lines Res, up to 132
Char. Display, 12" Ambei Stieen only 89

DISKS

MBBnr BIATS OUIt PRICE OH DISKS'

3M • mAXEii • vmsATiM • ountmit
PRINTERS

OKIBATA * IFSOM * BYMAX • C-ITOH
• AMBIX • PAMASOmC

AB SATISFACTtON GUARANTEE

Evwy piDdun ttAi br AB ComptirHt u lltiO'V Fsckrd wd comK wah itif
mMiractiifti s WMTVirgr Hownir. if in tttm n diliclryriNlwi ;rc4Ni4. yoi
Iffy lllun n 10 us ortttM 15 ivit \w llpltf. tdgultmint ai rqifitnnml « tur
opiiaft. Rttumi mull b* lEcontpfnitd wdh C3|iv dI your mvain. }>n>f itttin^
drtfld. blvil WMiailv cjid in6 3it Qrig«il fKICTY picinf To dptdrit hvitfng.
ptini nH lor mutn anhHutluin rumbtr |Sony. rut itnutt na nn^ff
nllwiii onci opHwj |

ORDERING INFORMATION; <Hi by ami. Mjitot»i! 0.
ytSA Pncn^ cFwti Ilk* 15 dm Ic d««. nc Mivng on Ufthtd tbK.'a 31
monrf tx^n Add 3% iliWN f^i luntf"^ a» rf ordn \i%ttt^vm S2.0QI
M4< APO'FPD Atf mtl ilou'* tdd4KJAjl ch«gH PA iMdaMt odd 6% uhi
lb MA riujion aM 5% Ai (ttmi tubHCI id nidiWrr PtKn njl^act lo
ehjAQB AddAnnil ddcnmh njjibi to vfilrfitd iducttBnil niKuIeni
Rtqunt} l?r M &n v^mi nquiminll ntltid

URCcmipirters

252 Bethlehem Pike, Colmar, PA 18915

800-822-1211

In PA 215-822-7727

CUSTOMER SERVICE

215-822-7727

On/y itfAl f eacfies you to
service and repair all
cmnputers as you build your
own 16'bit IBM-compatible

micro

As com-
puteis move
into offices and
tiomes by the
miliions, the de-
mand for trained
computer service
technicians surges for-
ward. The Department of
Ljtwr estimates that com-
pnler service jobs will actually
double in the next ten years—
a faster growth than any other
occupation.
Total System Training

As an NRI student, you'll get
total handson training as you
actually build your own
Sanyo MBC-550-2 **

computer from ihe |

keyboanj up. Only a I

person who knows all j

Ihe underlying fun-
damentals can cope
with a// the significant
brands of computers.
And as an NRI
graduate, you'll
possess the up-to-the-
minute combination
of theory and practical
experience that will
lead you to success on
the job.

You learn at your own convenience,
in yoiir own home, at your own comfort-
able pace. Wittiout classroom pressyres,
without rigid night-school schedules, without
wasted time. Your own personal NRI instructor
and NRI's complete technical staff will answer
your questions, give you guidance and special
tielp whenever you may need it.
The Exciting Sanyo MBC-SSO-2—
Yours To Keep

Critics hail the new Sanyo as the "most intrigu-
ing'" of all the IBM-F<^ compatible computets. Il uses
the same 8088 microprocessor as the IBM-FO and
the MS/DOS operating system. So, you'll be able to
choose thousands of off-the^helf software programs
to run on your completed Sanyo.

As you build the Sanyo from Ihe keyboard up,
you'll perform demonstrations and experiments that

four NRI Couraa IncJudH
a Sanyo MB&55&2 Com-
pular wtth 12SK RAM,
Monilor, t)jsf( Drive, and
IntBJllaent'' Kaylnard;
TlH NRI DiKBvny Lal>*,
TaKMng Ctnait Diilgii
anu OfMfatlons; a Odrtat
MuHinialaf; BundMJ
Spnad SiHl and Word
ProoauJng SoKwara
Worth SISlo It
RMiI— andMon.

NRI is ma only
home study
sctiod tt^at
trains you as
you assamble e
tap-b;and
camputar. You1l
install and
chadt kayboard,
powar supply,
di&kdrlva and
monitor,
following alBp-
by-slap
dfrections.

will give you a total mastery of computer operations
and servicing techniques, 'feu'll do programming
in BASIC language. You'll prepare interfaces for
peripherals such as printers and joysticks. Using
utility programs, you'll check out 8088 functioning.
And the entire system, including all the bundled
software and extensive data manuals, is yours to
keep as pan of your training.
100-Page Free Catalog TWIs More

Send the coupon today for NRI's big 100-page
color catalog, which gives you all the facts atxiul NRI
training in Microcomputers, Robotics, Data Com-
munications, TV/Video/ Audio Servicing, and other
growing high-tech career fields. If the coupon is
missing write to NRI at 3939 Wisconsin Ave., NW,
Washington, DC 20016.

IBM Is a Registered TradBmart^ of International Business Machines Corporation.

'SCHOOLS

fylcGraw-Hill Continuing Education Center R''*)!

3939 Wisconsin Avenue, Washington, DC 20016 llf|||
We'll give you tomorrow.

^CHECK ONE FREE CATALOG ONLY

n Computer Bgctronics wilfi MicracompulBrs

D Data Communications

n RotMlics & Industrial Controls

D Color TV, Audio, and Video System Servicing

n Eleclronic Design Technology

D Digital EMronii^

For Career courses
approver] under G I bill,

n check lor tfetails.

O Communicatkms Electronics
n Indtislrial Electronics
n Basic Electronics
n Telephone Servicing
D Small Engine Servicing
n Appliance Sermcing

□ Automotive Servicing

D Air Condilioning, Heating, I

Relrigeraiion, & Solar Technology |

0 Building Construction .

D LociismitfiinQ & Electronic I

Security I

Name [Plaase Prim)

a^e/zip

Accrodlted by tha National Home study Council

iSMW

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40 COMPUTEI April 1985

Choose the SAT

The idea behind choosing a com-
puterized SAT program over a manual
is to save you trom piles of paperwork.
But surprisingly two of the best-known
programs come with big, fat manuals
and only 2 or 3 double-sided
disks.

When that much informa
tion is put into the manual,
what's left to put into the
computer?

Why not buy a computer
program that's really a
computer program? Buy The
Perfect Score from Mindscape for
just $69,95.*

It has 6 double-sided disks and a
real skinny manual. It even has print-
out capability and a continuous
on-screen clock. All this makes The
Perfect Score more computerized
than those others,

Now, if this cold logic fails
to convince you, perhaps an
emotional appeal to your
sense of patriotism and social
consciousness will. Your choice
is this. Either you buy their SAT
which kills innocent trees
to make all that paper Or you
buy our SAT with 6 disks and Save
America's Trees.

The Perfect Score, $69.95, from Mindscapei

"Suggested retail price. Available (or Appio, Ccmmodoie SA and IBM The Perfecl Scofe Computer Preparation lor the SAT c. 1984 Mindscapc. Inc All rights reservefl

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42 COMPUTH April 1985

COMPUTE! BOOKS

Enjoy these newest releases for Apple's Macintosh computer.

BECOMING A

^fyiaJ/i^^^

MT^&OVkMCri

" ■'■•a OrtJt »3:» "-.f T^xJi;-.

MACTALK

\ir*i vaj Wa^.^

OIBtHta^hM-J

MacTcilk: Telecomputing on
the Macintosh

Sheldon Leemon and
Arlan Leviton

From selecting a modem to evaluat-
ing terminal software packages, this
book details the ins and outs of
telecomputing on your Macintosh.
You can be communicating with
other computers in a matter of min-
utes by following the quick-start
checklist. You can even troubleshoot
your system if there are problems. A
variety of information services, such
as CompuServe, The Source, Dow
Jones, and others, are explained,
making it easy to get started. And
you'll see how to access popular bul-
letin boards, There's even a section
that shows you how to transfer files
to other Macintoshes or other com-
puter systems.

$14.95

ISBN 0942386-85-X

You can always count on COMPUTE! Books to provide you with the latest and
most up-to-date titles for your computing use. Visit your local retail store or order
directly from COMPUTE!.

Call toll-free 800-334-0868 or send your check or money order (include $2.00 per
book for shipping and handling charges) to COMPUTE! Books, P.O. Box 5058,
Greensboro, NC 27403.

COMPUTEI^ Publications Jnc.®

One ol the ABC PubSshing Componies ^^^

Becoming a MacArtlst

Vahe Guzelimian

This illustrated guide to Macintosh
graphics shows the power and
flexibility of MacDraw, MacPaint, and
MacWrite. The user will quickly be
producing sophisticated advertis-
ments, designs, layouts, reports,
presentations, and business
correspondence. Hundreds of illustra-
tions detail just how to construct
impressive graphics. Shortcuts, tips,
and advanced features are also
documented to make the Macintosh
even more productive. Includes a
gallery of professional artists'
Macintosh creations.

$17.95

ISBN 0-942386-80-9

Ned W. Schultz

Here's a graphics puzzle game that is both challenging
and unusually fascinating. The program was originally
written for the Commodore 64, and we've added versions
for the unexpanded VIC-20, Atari, Apple Il-series computers,
IBM PC (color or monochrome), PCjr, and T1-99/4A.

Are you ready to pit your brain
against the computer's? "Mind-
busters" presents you with
three graphics puzzles that are
guaranteed to keep your mind's
microprocessors and memor)'
chips whirring for hours.

After you type, save, and
run your copy of Mindbusters,
you can choose to solve one of
three puzzles: a mind bender,
a mind bruiser, or a mind
blower. Warm up with the
mind bender — it's the easiest.
When you're prepared to press
your brain to its limits, you're
ready for the mind blower.

Following your selection,
the program constructs a puz-
zle and displays it at the up-
per-left corner of the screen.
Your job is to match that puz-
zle in the workspace at the
lower-right corner of the
screen. What's more, you try to
solve the puzzle in as little
time as possible. A timer ticks
away as you work. There's no
limit to how much time you
can take, but the timer lets you

44 COMPUTEI April 1985

compare your progress to a
previous performance, or
against another player if you
wish. Your fastest time during
the current session will be dis-
played on the screen.

Each puzzle is composed
of several horizontal rows of
odd shapes. A tiny arrow to
the right of the workspace
points to the row you're cur-
rently working on. To work on
different rows, you can move
the arrow up and down with
the I and M keys (use the
up/down cursor keys on the
IBM and TI, and be sure to
press ALPHA LOCK on the
Tl). To move the row of shapes
next to the arrow left or right,
press the J or K key (left/right
cursor keys on the IBM and
Tl). When you think you've
matched a row to the puzzle
pattern, start working on an-
other row.

When you succeed in cor-
rectly matching all the rows,
the program automatically sig-
nals that you've solved the

puzzle. Then you can play
again if you like.

Helpful Hints

Because Mindbusters can gener-
ate a tremendous number of dif-
ferent puzzles, there are very
few tricks to mastering it. I
suggest you work from top to
bottom or vice versa. The best
tip 1 can offer after hours of my
own mindbusting is to concen-
trate, concentrate, concentrate.
Important: When typing in
the program, be extra careful
with the long strings of charac-
ters at the beginning of the list-
ing. These strings become the
puzzle shapes. If you mistype or
transpose a couple of characters
when typing these strings, the
program may still run, but it
won't know when you've solved
the puzzle. If you're using
COMPUTEI's "Automatic Proof-
reader" to enter the listing, re-
member that the Proofreader
(except the IBM version) does
not catch character-transposition
errors.

^

NA^lTl-l NlGl-n- AMISSION

i^-i^

JTTTTTlTi^

You deserve the best. You've earned it. Now reward yourself with a session of Night Mission PINBALL,
the most realistic and challenging arcade simulation ever conceived! ■ Stunning graphics and dazzling

/- — -V sound effects put Night Mission PINBALL in a class by itself. Game features: multi-

1-^ Wmiu, (^t ball and niulti-playercapabililies, ten different professionally designed levels of play,
|rxE| p* • '} — *M and an editor that lets you create your own custom modes. ■ So take a break with
c:'=ir''*S ^ ^ Night Mission PINBALL from SubLOGIC. Winner of Elecfron/c Games magazine's
**" ;i_ ^ i ! 1983 Arcade Award for Best Computer Audio/Visual Effects.

See your dealer . . .

or write or call for more information.

Order Line: 800 / 637-4983

ijOGIC

Oorporation

713 Edgebrook Drive
Champaign IL 61820

(217) 359-8482 Telex: 206995

wmmmi^

Progrom 1 : Mindbusters For Commodore 64

Please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide To Typing In
Programs" before entering tfiis listing.

10 S=54272:R$="000000":FORI=1TO4:READKE(I

) sNEXT -rem 238

20 PRINTCHR5(14)CHR$(a) : rem 48

30 A? = "XVAWVBWWAXNAWVBWWAXAWVBWANANAWWAN

NNXAVA^VJAXWAXCVNVNVJAWVBNWCCXVNVAWNW"

: rem 5 7
40 TM$="" :F0RI=1T068:TM=ASC(MID$(A$,I,1) )
+97:TM$=TM5+CHR$(TM):NEXT:A$=TM5

: rem 45
50 B$="12*0Z*Z*,0<2Z/*/00,Z/02ZZ2Z*l, <Z-2
1,-2*Z<0Z-210*,Z*Z*1<122Z<Z1*<Z,*Z"

; rem 167
60 TM$=" " :F0RI=1T068 : TM=ASC ( MID5 ( B$ , I , 1) )
+ 129;TM$=TM$+CHR${TM) ;N"EXT: BS=TM$

: rem 93

70 c?="zz5?szz5$z$z$z$zszzzzz$z$5$z$5$z$z
559$z$zSzzzz$zSz$??zszzzzzz55ZSSz$"

;rem 11
80 TM$=""5F0RI=1T068:TM=ASC(MID${C5,I,1) )
+133:TM$=TM$+CHR$(TM):NEXT:C$=TM$

:rem 92
90 POKE53281 , 1 :PRINT" [CLR] ( PUR } **********

':rem 109
100 PRINT"E43[RVS} {14 SPACES } MINDBUSTERS

{15 spaces} {OFF}"; t rem 168

110 PRINT" [pur]**************************

**************" ;GOSUB4G0:POKE5 3 280,7

:rem 33
120 PRINT" {home} {3 DOVflSf} (4 RIGHT} i4|

E12 P3":PRINT"{3 RIGHT} EN3 "SPC C 12 ) "

EH3{2 right} USE I, J, K AND M"

;rem 132
130 PRINT"{3 RIGHT}En3"SPC(12)"EH§" :PRINT

"{3 RIGHT3gNE"SPC(l2)"^H^{2 RIGHT}KEY

S TO MATCH THIS" : rem 84

140 PRINT"{3 RIGHT]gNg"EPC(l2)"iHr":PRINT

"{3 RiaHT}EN3"SPC(12)"EH3{2 RIGHT}PAT

TERN AS FAST" : rem 177

150 PRINT"{3 RIGHT3Bn3"SPC(12) "EHS" tPRINT

"{3 RIGHT}BNi"SPC(12)"EH3{2 RIGHT}AS

{SPACEIyOU CANUll" : rem 185

160 PRINT"{3 RIGHT}gN3"SPC(12)"§H3":PRINT

"{4 RIGHT}E12 y3" trem 14

170 POKE214,3:PRINT : rem 132

180 F0RN=1T08:PP(N)=INT{RND( 1 )*56)+l :PRIN

T"{4 RIGHT} '■CHR5(Z)MIDS(D$,PP(N) ,12)

: rem 60
190 NEXT:PRINT:PRINTTAB( 19) " {elk} E12 P3"

: rem 1
200 F0RN=1T08 : PRINTTAB ( 18 ) " ^Ni "SPC( 12 ) "

gHl":NEXT:PRINTTABU9)"Bl2 Y3 "

: rem 146
210 POKE214,13:PRINT : rem 176

220 F0RN=1T08:P(N)=INT(RNDC1)*56)+1:PRINT

TAB{19)CHR$(Z)MID$CD$,P(N),12) :NEXT

: rem 234
2 30 AL=16 16 : POKEAL , 31 : POKEAL+S , 0 ; AC=1 : TI $

="000000" :rem 75

240 POKEL98,0:KE=PEEKC197) : J=0 :F0RI=1T04 :

IPKE=KE(I)THENJ=I: 1=4 : rem 52

250 NEXT:ONJGOTO280,320,300,340 trem 13
260 POKE214,13 :PRINT:PRINT"{4 RIGHT} {RED}

{RVS} RECORD {OFF} {RIGHT} { ELK } "MID5 CR5 ,

3,2)+";"+MID5(R$,5,2) trem 186
270 PRINT" {down} {4 RIGHT} {RVS }TIME{0FF }

{3 RIGHT}"MID$(TI$,3,2) "t "MID5(TI?,5,

2)tGOTO240 trem 188

46 COMPUTEI April 1985

Use I, J, K and M
keys to watch this
pattern as fast
3i3 3S you can! ! ! !

iifTwati 99-w pTir

"Mindbusters" on the Commodore 64.

280 POKEAL, 32 :AL=AL-40:AC=AC-1 !IFAL<1616T

HENAL=1616 tAC=l trem 57

290 POKEAL, 31 t POKEAL+S, 0:GOTO240 trem 192
300 POKEAL, 32 :AL=A[, h40 :AC=AC + 1 : IFAL>1896T

HENAL=1896 tAC=8 trem 75

310 GOTO290 trem 104

320 POKE214,12+AC:PRINT:P(AC)=P(AC)-l tIFP

(AC)<1THENP(AC)=1 : rem 156

330 GOTO3 50 trem 103

340 POKE214,12+ACiPRINTtP(AC)=P(AC)+l iIFP

(AC)>56THENP(AC)=56 trem 18

3 50 PRINTTAB { 19 )CHR5{Z)MID$(D$,P (AC) ,12)

trem 250
360 F0RX=lT08tIFPP(X) <>P(X)THEN240

trem 107
370 NEXT:SC5=TI$ trem 203

380 P0KE214,15 tPRINTtPRINT"{4 RIGHT} {BLK}

{ RVS 3 TIME { OFF } { 3 RIGHT } " MID$ ( SC$ ,3,2)

+":"+MID5(SC$,5,2) trem 213

390 PRINT" (down} {3 RIGHT ]{ PUR} PUZZLE SOLV

ED I " t G0SUB5 70 t PRINT " { DOWN JTblK }

{4 RIGHT} PLAY AGAIN?" trem 148

400 PRINTSPC(7)"{dOWN} ( RVS } Y{0FF } / { RVS 1n

{OFF}" trem 2

410 POKE53280,4tGETK$tIFK$=""THENPOKE5328

0,3tGOTO410 trem 47

420 IFK$="N"THENSYS2048 trem 95

430 IFR?="000000"ORSC$<R9THENR$=SC$

trem 230

440 IFK$="Y"THEN90 : rem 8

450 GOTO410 trem 103

460 PRINTSPC(10)" {3 DOWN) {BLK} DO YOU WANT

TOt":PRINTSPC(ll)"{DOWN}{RVS}l{OFF}

{SPACE} BEND YOUR MIND?" trem 198

470 PRINTSPC(11)"{D0WN}{RVS}2{0FF} BRUISE

YOUR MIND?" :rem 2 36

480 PRINTSPCCll)"{DO;nj}{RVS}3lOPF} BLOWY

OUR MIND?" :rem 88

490 POKE53280 , 3 ;GETK$ t IPK$= " "THENPOKE5328

0,4tGOTO490 trem 6 3

500 K=VALCK$) iIFK<lORK>3THEN490 trem 106
510 IFK=1THEND$=A$:Z=31:GOTO540 trem 88
520 IFK=2THEND?=B$iZ=28tGOTO540 trem 97
530 D$=C$tZ=144 trem 14

540 PRINT"{H0ME} {3 DOVW} " tFORN=lTO10 tPRIN

T"{39 spaces) "tNEXT trem 21

550 RETURN ; rem 122

560 DATA 33,37,36,34 trem 217

Looks like a Ferrari.
Drives like a Rolls.
Parks like a Beetle.

CT for Atari shown

Ask your computer dealer to let you test drive
the all new Indus GT.™

The most advanced, most handsome disk
drive in the world.

Flip its power switch and...
Turn your Atari into Ferrari.
Unleash your Apple.
And now turbocharge your Commodore.

Looks like a Ferrari.

The Indus GT is only 2.65" high. But under its
front-loading front end is slimline engineering
with a distinctive European-Gran flair.

Engaging its AccuTouch™ buttons lets you
control the LED-lit CommandPost™ Marvel at
how responsive it makes every Commodore,
Apple and Atari personal computer.

Drives like a Rolls.

Nestled into its soundproofed chassis is the
quietest and most powerful disk drive system
money can buy At top speed, it's virtually
inaudible. ..whisper quiet.

Built into each Indus GT is a perfect
combination of craftsmanship and advanced
engineering. Luxurious styling reflects the
personal tastes of each GT owner

'Included as slandard equipmenl.

For dealer information, call (818)882-9600.

©1985 Induii Systems, 9304 Peering Awnue, Chatsworth, CA 91311. The Indus GT is a product of Indus Systems. Alari is a registered tfademark of Atari, Inc. Apple is a registered
trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Commodore is a registered trademark of Commodore Business Machines, Inc.

And each GT comes with the exclusive CT
DhvingSystem™ of software programs.* World-
class word processing is a breeze with the CT
Estate WordProcessorl" Your dealer will describe
the two additional programs that allow GT
owners to accelerate their computer driving skills.

Also, the Indus GT is covered with the
GT PortaCase™ A stylish case that conveniently
doubles as a 80-disk storage file.*

Parks like a Beetle.

The GT's small, sleek, condensed size makes
it easy to park.

A WarrantyPlus™ package is included with
every Indus GT, featuring full year parts and labor
on the complete drive train.

Drive home a winner and park
an Indus GT next to your
personal computer.

INDUS

The all-new Indus GT Disk Drive.

The most advanced, most handsome disk drive in the world.

570 FORI=STOS+24 : POKEI , 0 :NEXT : POKES+2 4,15
:POKES+5,48:POKES+6,48 : rem 178

580 POKES+4 , 33 :FORI=20TO80STEP3 :P0KES+1 , I
: FORJ= 1 TO 5 0 : NEXT : NEXT : POKES+4 , 3 2

:rem 159

590 POKES+24,0: RETURN : rem 39

Program 2: Mindbusters For VIC-20

Please refer to "COMPUTE! 's Guide To Typing in
Programs" before entering this listing,

10 S=30720:R$="000000":FORJ=1TO4:READKE{J
) :NEXT;PRINTCHR$(14)CHRS(8) : rem 240

20 A$= "XVAVA7BV7WAXNAVWBWWAXAWVBWANANAWWAN
NNXAWVWAXWAXCVNVNWAIWBNWCCXVNVAWNW"

: rem 56
30 TM$=" " :P0RI=1T068 :TM=ASC (MID? (A$ ,1,1))
+97 ;TM$=TM?+CHR9(TM) :NEXT:A$=TM$

; rem 44
40 B?="12*0Z*Z*,0<2Z/*/00,Z/02ZZ2Z*l, <Z-2
1,-2*Z<0Z-210*,Z*Z*1<122Z<Z1*<Z,*Z"

:rem 166
50 TM$=" " :F0RI=1T068 :TM=ASC(MID$ { B5 , I , 1 ) )
+129:TM$=TM$+CHR$(TM) :NEXT:B$=TM$

: rem 92

60 c?="zz$$$zz$$z5z9z$z$zzzzz5z$$$z$5Sz$z
$$$$z?z?zzzz5z5z5$?z9zzzzzz$$z$$z$"

;rem 10

70 TM$= :F0RI=1T068 : TM=ASC (MID? ( C? , 1 , 1 ) )

+1 3 3 J TM?=TM?+CHR$ { TM ) :NEXT s C$=TM$

: rem 91
80 POKE36879,31 : PRINT " ( CLR } { PUR }*********
*************". : rem 45

90 PRINT" I ELK] I RVS} [5 SPACES ImINDBUSTERS

{6 SPACES} {off}"; : rem 121

100 PRINT" { pur} **********************" ;G0

SUB530 Trim 208

110 PRINT" {HOME} 5 3 DOWN} { RIGHT } E43E 12 P3

[ 3 SPACES }USE " : PRINT " En3 " SPC ( 12 ) " gH3 "

J rem 69
120 PRINT "EN3 "SPC ( 12 )"Eh3^,J,K,M": PRINT"

ENg"SPC(12)"|HE" :rem 150

130 PRINT" gNE"SPC( 12 )"EH3KEys TO": PRINT"

ENg"SPC(12)"gHg" : rem 199

140 PRINT"ENa"SPC{l2)"EH3 MATCH" : PRINT"

En3"SPC(12)"Eh3" :rem 86

150 PRINT"En3"SPC(12)"EhEGRID #1";PRINT"

[ RIGHT] E 12 Y3" :rem 217

160 POKE214,3:PRINT : rem 131

170 F0RN=1T08:PP(N)=INT(RND(1)*56)+1 :PRIN

T"{ RIGHT] "CHR?(Z)MID$(D?,PP{N), 12)

:rem 228
180 NEXT: PRINT: PRINT" [BLK}E12 P3

{2 SPACES]WITH" tram 170

190 PRINT"gN3 "SPC( 12 ) " ^H^ " :PRINT"iN3 "SPC{

12)"gHi #2 AS" srem 215

200 PRINT" En3 "SPC( 12 ) " Eh3 " :PRINT" iN^ " SPC (

12)"gHiFAST AS" : rem 168

210 PRINT"gN3"SPC(12)"EHg":PRINT"|N3"SPC(

12)"EHiY0U CAN" :rem 182

220 PRINT"gNg"SPC{12)"EH3" '-rem 161
230 PRINT"EN3"SPC(12)"iH3{2 SPACES} !! 1 ": P

RINT" {right ]g 12 Y3"; ;rem 252

240 POKE214, 13: PRINT :rem 179

250 F0RN=1T08 : P ( N) = INT ( RND (1 ) * 56 ) +1 : PRINT

"{ RIGHT} "CHR9(Z}MID$(DS,P(N), 12) ;NEXT

:rem 188
260 FORI=1TO4000 ; NEXT : P HINT" { HOME }

{3 DOVJN}"; :FORI = 1T018:PRINTSPC(14)"

{7 SPACES }":NEXT : rem 166

270 PRINTSPC(14)"{7 SPACES]"; ;AL=8002:POK

EAL, 51 :POKEAL+S,0:AC=1:TI$=" 000000"

:rem 45
280 POKE198,0:KE=PEEK(197) ; J=0 tF0RI=lT04 :

IFKE=KE(I)THENJ=I:I=4 : rem 56

290 NEXT :ONJGOT03 40, 3 60, 380,400 : rem 23
300 P0KE2 14 , 3 : PRINT : PRINTSPC ( 16 ) " { RED }

{rvS}best{OFF}:" : rem 208

310 PRINT'^f BLK] " : PRINTSPC ( 16 )MID? { R? , 3 , 2 )

+":"+MID$Cr$,5,2) :rem 52

320 P0KE214 , 8 : PRINT : PRINTSPC (16 ) " {RVS }TIM

E{oFP}:" :rem 188

330 PRINT" {DO\'rtJ]"SPC{16)MID$(TI$,3,2)":"M

ID?(TI?,5,2):GOTO280 : rem 61

340 POKEAL,32:AL=AL-22:AC=AC-l :IFAL<8002T

HENAL=8002:AC=1 ;rem 46

350 P0KEAL,31 :>OKEAL+S,0:GOTO280 : rem 193
360 POKEAL,32:AL=AL+22:AC=AC+l;IFAL>8156T

HENAL=8156:AC=8
370 GOTO350
380 POKE214,12+AC: PRINT:

(AC)<1THENP{AC)=1
390 GOTO410
400 P0KE214,12+AC;PRINT:

(AC)>56THENP(AC)=5 6
410 PRINT " [ RIGHT ] " CHR? ( Z ) MID? ( D? , P ( AC ) , 1 2

) :rem 198

420 F0RX=1T08 :IFPP(X) <>P(X)THEN280

:rem 108
430 NEXT:SC$=TI5 ; rem 200

440 P0KE36878 , 15 :F0RI=1T03 :P0KE36875 , 220 :

FORJ=1TO400 : NEXT : P0KE36875 , 0 : POKE3687

6,220 -rem 223

450 FORJ=1TO400 :NEXT ; POKE36876 , 0 ; NEXT : POK

E36878,0 :rem 9

460 POKE214 , 13 : PRINT : PRINTTAB ( 16 ) " { RED } YO

U":PRINTTAB(15)"{D0WN}G0T IT" : rem 27
470 PRINTTAB (17) "{DOVW} 1 1 " : PRINTTAB ( 15 ) "

SdOV/nJAGAIN": PRINTTAB (15 ) " {D0\VN } ( Y/N)

?"; :rem 36

480 POKE36879 , 28 :GETK? : IFK5=" "THENPOKE368

79,27tGOTO480 : rem 199

490 IFK$="N"THENSYS1024 ; rem 95

500 IFR?=" 000000 "0RSC$<R$THENR5=SC?

irem 228
510 IFK$="Y"THEN80 :rem 5

520 GOTO480 : rem 108

530 PRINT" {2 D0VM}{BLK}{3 RIGHT] DO YOU WA

:rem 73

:rem

107

p{ac)=

=P(AC)-1

IFP

:rem

162

;rem

106

P(AC) =

=P(AC)+1

IFP

irem 15

Here's how a mind-bending puzzle appears in the VIC
version of "Mindbusters."

48 COMPUTE) April 1985

For Commodore owners, the latest
collections from COMPUTE! Books

COMPUTERS Commodore Collection, Volume 1

Twenty-eight original programs for tt^e VIC end 64

Edited

The Commodore Collection, an anthology of 28 previously
unpublished programs for the VIC-20 and Commodore 64,
continues the COMPUTE! tradition of practical programs in
easy-to-use form. Includes exciting games, stimulofing
educational programs, valuable utilities, and useful applica-
tions to make your Commodore computer an exciting part
of every day,

$?2.95 ISBN 0-942386-55-8

W^^

COMPUTEI'S

oitmiodore

Collectfon

\ the VIC-20 and the

C0(r«rOdcw& M

COMPUTEI'S Commodore Collection, Volume 2

Programs for the VIC and 64

Edited

Exciting games, sophisticated applications, versatile educa-
tional routines, and helpful programming aids for the VIC-20
and Commodore 64 highlight this second volume in COM-
PUTEI's Commodore Collection series. Included ore some of
the best articles and programs from recent issues of COM-
PUTEI and COMPUTEI's Gazette, as well as many programs
published here for the first time. Designed for Commodore
computer users of all levels, it's a book that every VIC or 64
owner will want to have.

$12.95 ISBN 0-942386-70-1

To charge your order, call toll free 800-334-0868 or send In this
coupon with your payment to COMPUTE! Books, P.O. Box 5406,
Greensboro, NO 27403.

Please add $2,00 shipping and handling per copy ordered,

D Payment enclosed (check or money order)

D Charge: D Visa D MasterCard D American Express

Account No Exp. Date

Signature

Name

Address
City

State

.Zip

_copies of COMPUTEI's
Commodore Collection,
Volume /@$12,95ea,_

Please allow 4-6 weeks for defivery,

copies of COMPUTEI's

Commodore Collection,
Volume 2 @ $12,95 ea,_

Shipping & handling,
$2,0G/book_
Total payment-

NT TO:" SPRINT" {2 D0WN}fRVSl{2 RIGHT}!

[OFF) BEND YOJJR MIND?" : rem 36

540 PRINT "12 RIGHT} {2 DOWN} { RVS }2 {OFF } BR

UISE YOUR MIND?" : rem 156

550 PRINT" {2 RIGHT} {2 DOWN} [RVS } 3 E OFF} BL

OW YOUR MIND?" : rem 8

560 POKE36879,27 :GETK$ : IFK$=""THENPOKE368

79,28;GOTO560
570 K=VAL{K5) JIFK<1ORK>3THEN560
580 IFK=1THEND?=A$:Z=31:GOTO610
590 IFK=2THEND$=B$:Z=28:GOTO610
600 D$=C$;Z=144
610 PRINT"{H0ME} {3 DOVJN } " : FORN=

T"{21 spaces} " :NEXT: RETURN
620 DATA 12,36,44,20

rem 197
rem 111
:rem 93

irem 102

:rem 12

IT012:PRIN

:rem 47

:rem 204

Program 3: Mlndbusters For Atari

Please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide To Typing In
Programs" before entering this listing.

JP 1 GOTO 5

CJ 2 TIME=INT<PEEK<1B) «65536 + PEEK (19)
*256 + PEE!< <20) ) /60 : M I N= I NT ( T I ME / 6
0) ! SEC=INT <TIME-mN«60) : RETURN
KB 5 DIM A«(68):DIM B*(6S);DIM C*(68)
:DIM D«(6a):DIM P<S):DIM PP(8): D
IM K (255) ;K ( 13) =1 :K ( 1 )=2: K<5) =3:
K(37)=4
NO 6 DIM R*(5):DIM TI * ( 6 ) : RECaRD = 0
JB 10 A«="10KLNMNM0KILLNIDKNIDKLNM0MI
LKNOIMKOINNNOILKOKNILKNDIMKNIML
KMDNLMOIKO"
HI 20 B«="DXASEQWASEQDXASWWESAXDEAWSQ
DAXSQDXASEWEWEQDSAEEAEEQDDAXXAS
QEAXDQEXDX"
AF 30 C*="FFGGGFFGGF6FSFGFGFFFFFGFGGG
FGGGFGFGGGGFGFGFFFFGFGFGGGFGFFF
FFFSGFSGFG"
LL 40 FOR A=l TO 68: A* ( A , A ) =CHR« ( ASC (
A* (A, A) )-6 4) ;B*(A,A) =CHR* ( ASC (B
* (A., A) ) -64) ; C* <A, A) =CHR« (ASC (CS
(A, A) ) ~&4> s NEXT A
IP 50 POKE 752, 1 : GRAPHICS 17:PRINT #6

PC 55
ilN 60

JF 70

DP 80

BL 90

IC 100

GE 1 10

, " {CLEAR}

SETCOLOR

POSITION

ters"

POSITION

4, 10,0
14,1: PRINT

#6, "mindbus

2,5: PRINT ith-, "rvrrsBSTHISr:

120
130
140
150
151

POSITION 0,9:PRINT #6;"1. BEND

YOUR MIND?"

POSITION 0,11:PRINT #6;"2. BRUI

SE YOUR MIND?"
POSITION 0,13:PRINT #6;"3. BLD
W YOUR MIND?":POKE 764,255
KEY=PEEK (764) : IF KEY=31 THEN D
*=A*;GOTD 150

IF KEY=30 THEN D$=B*:GOTO 150
IF KEY=26 THEN D«=C*:GOTO 150
GOTO 110

0: POKE 752, 1

0:POKE 710, 8: POKE -712

EC 155

GRAPHICS
POKE 709,
, 52
POSITION

0,0;PRINT ■'<40 R]

PO

160
1B0

SITION 13,1:PRINT "MINDBUBTERS

POSITION 0,2:PRINT " {40 R> "
FDR A=5 TO 12:P0SITIDN 3,A:PRI
NT "tB}{12 spaces:- {V> " :p6sITI0N

19,A+9:PRINT ■'{BX12 SPACESJ
{V>":NEXT A

flE 190

NL 200
NI 210

GD 2 20
DD 230
Jl 240

SG 250

)1 260

HI 261

NG 262

m 263
SJ 270

KB 280
LP 290

JD 295
PD 300

LL 310
HN 350

Gft 360
OB 400

NO 4 10
Pi. 4 20

CO 430

POSITION 4,4:PRINT "{12 N>":PO
SITION 4,13!PRINT "{12 H>":POS
ITION 20, 13: PRINT "{12 NI- "
POSITION 20,22;PRINT "{12 M>";
POSITION 19,5sPRINT "Use I.J,K
, and M":POSITION 19,7:PRINT "
keys to match this"
POSITION 19,9:PRINT "pattern a
s fast"

POSITION 19,ll!PRINT "as you c
an ; ! I ! " s POSITION 2, 5
FOR N=l TO 8:PP(N)=INT(RND( 1 ) »
56)+l!PRINT "{2 RIGHT>";D« (PP<
N) , PP <N> + 1 1 > ; NEXT N
FOR N=l TO 8; P (N) =INT (RND ( 1 ) *5
6) +1 ; POSITION 20 , 1 3 + N : PR I NT D*
(P<N),P<N)+ll)iNEXT N
AX = 33: AY=14; AC=1 ;PaSITION AX , A
YiPRINT "<":FOR A=1B TO 20:POK
E A,0:NEXT A

RM=iNT CRECORD/60) :RS=INT (RECOR
D-RM»60>
POSITION 13,16;PRINT RM;":";:I

10",

E 764,255;
350, 450
"Qli^HiLiS "
2; PRINT "D
: " ; : IF SEC

F RS<10 THEN PRINT
PRINT RS

KEY = K (PEEK <764) ) : POK
ON KEY GOTO 300,400,
POSITION 5,16:PRINT
POSITION 5,18;G0SUB
W3T3{4 SPACES> " ; MIN; "
<10 THEN PRINT "0";
PRINT SEC;" " : GOTO 270
POSITION AX , AY: AC=AC-1 : PRINT "
":AY=AY-1:IF AY<14 THEN AY=14
: AC=1

POSITION AX,AY:PRINT "<":GOTO
270

POSITION 20, AY:
F P(AC)<1 THEN
0

GOTO 410

POSITION 20, AY: P (AC) =P (AC) +1 : I
F P(AC)>56 THE'N P(AC)=56
PRINT D* (P (AC) , P (AC) +1 1)
FOR X=l TO 8:IF PP ( X )< >P ( X ) TH
EN 270
NEXT X

P <AC) =P (AC) -1 : I
P<AC)=1:G0T0 27

HINDBUSTERS

Use I, J,K. idd li

keys to NAtch tr. ,
pattern as fast
as you can ■ ■ • •

mSl 3:25

rhis is a mind-bruising puzzle in the Atari version of
"Mindbusters."

50 COMPUTEI April 1985

A ATARI

ATARI Lsalraae^arhcfATARI INC

SUPERPRINTER PACKAGES

Gemini lOX and U-Print A 319

Gemini lOX and Apeface XIPS 319

Ponosonlc 1091 and U-PrInt A 364

Panasonic 1090 and U Print A 279

Legend 880 ond U -Prim A 309

Pfowrlter and U-Prlnf A , 385

No aaaiilciniil ship, charges on primer pocliages in Conllnemm USA

It^lt?.

G«mlnl 10X 249

Gemini 19X 389

D«lta 10X 339

Delta 15X 499

Radix lOX 549

Radix 15X 629

PowartYpe 329

ATARI MODEM SPECIAL

Hayes 300 & R-Verter 239

MOSAIC

48K RAM 99.95

64K RAM/400 149.00
64 RAM/800 +

Coble Kit ' 169.00
64K Expander for

600 XL 99.95

Atari Inc. has cut all hard
ware and software prices.
Please call for latest pricesj

MODEMS

Hayes Smort

Modem 300 Call

Mork II 79.00

Mark Vll/Auto Ans/

Auto Dial Call

Mark XII/1200 Baud Coll

MPP 1000 C Call

R-Verler Modem

Adaptor 39.95

Westrldge AA/AD . 74.95
Total Tele Modem 69.95
Mlgtity Mo 74.95

DISK DRIVES

Indus GT Coll

Percom -- Coll

Astra 2001 Call

I

0 F T W A R

ACCESSORIES

Apa-LInK 29.95

Gemini )0X 8K Upgrade . Call

Koala Pod-D 69.95

Koala Pad-Coft 74.95

HumplY Dump-D 29.95

Monltore Coll

Compusef\-e Starter , , , 27,95
Triangle Replocement
Ko^oaril lor 400 .. . 54,95

Omnlmon 82.95

MPP 64K Printer Bulfer . . Call

"«Sr=*'." ,„„ call , or «ems and prices.

tNFOCOM (cont.)

Sorcerer-0 29-95

Slorcross ■ D 29.95

Suspended -D 29-95

Wltness-D 29-95

SeaStolker-P 24,95

Cutttiroots-D 24,95

Suspect-0 2495

HllchlKer-D 24,95

Zon( l-D 24.95

Zorlill or lll-D 2795

MINDSCAPE

TAC III Joystick 1295

Starflghter Joystick 9.95

Ramrod XL 99,95

Muppet Keys
(XL only)-0 54.95

BRODERBUND

Bonk Street Writer-D.. 49.95

LoOerunner-0 23.95

Mask oimeSun-D -27.95
OperoHon Wtitrlwlnd-D 27.95

Spelunker-D 20.95

Steim-D 20.95

Wtiisller's Brottisr-D ..20.95

Print Shop-D 34.95

SerpenrsStar-D 27,95

OATASOFT

Bruce LeeD/T 23.95

Micropointer ■ D 23.95

Lost Tomb-D/T 23.95

Mancopler-D/T 23.95

Letter Wizord +

Speil-D 54.95

Conan the Bortxirion -

D/T 27.95

Mr. Do-D/T 27.95

OioDug-D 20.95

PiSe Position- D 20.95

Pacman-D 20.95

ELECTRONIC ARTS

Archon-D 29.95

Pinboll Construction -D. 29.95

M.U-LE.-D 29.95

Murder/ Bndefneu(-0 . 29.95

One on One-D 29.95

Archon ii-D 29.95

Finonclol Cookbook -0,3795
Music Constnjction-D . 29,95
Rwim/lmpQSSibilllY-D 29,95
Hard Hot Mack -0 -.29.95

EPYX-Colltar Hems ond pdce^

INFOCOM

Deodline-D 29.95

Enchonter-D 23.95

intldel-D 29.95

Plonetlail-D 24.95

^

MISCELLANEOUS ATARI

Codewrtter-D 39.95

Star League Boseboil ■

0/T 23.95

SMr Bowl Footboii-0/T. 23.95
Mastsj Type-D/Con - 27.95
Fllgni Simulalof 11 -D... 37.95

SAM.-D 41,95

CaateWoitenslein-O ,20.95
CompuServe Starter Kit 27,95
Home Accountanr-D . - 49,95

Megolont-D 1995

Monkey Wrench i|. Cart. 37.95

Movie Maker-D 37-95

UIHma lll-D 41,95

Jupiter Mission -D 34.95

Scrapef Caper-Cart. ,3495
Miner 2049 er -Cart .34.95

Seachhead-D/T 23.95

Mllllomiro-D 3795

Spy v5.Spy-D 23.95

MPP Modem Drtvor-D 19.95
Montezuma's Revenge ■ 0 29,95
Mr. Dos Costle -Cart , 34.95

Frogger 11 -Can 34.95

Net Worth-D 54,95

SHckybear-D 27.95

Omnftrend Universe-0. 69,95

DohfCfVStal-D 27.95

F-15 Strike Eagle -D... 23,95
Adventure Wrtter-D ... 27,95
MMG Basic

Compiler-D 6995

Summer Games - D 27.95

PItstop ll-O 27.95

Gateway to

Apshal-Cart 27.95

Dragon /Pern 27.95

Designers Pencil -Cart -29,95
Spoce Shuttle - Can ... 29.95
Set Rich Series-D -- 34.95
Beyond Woilenstein-D .23.95

Ultimo l-D 23.95

UWmo ii-O 41.95

Lel1« Penecl/Spell-D.7495
Harcourt/Broce

SAT.-D 5995

Scroll olADodon-D... 23.95

MISC. ATARI (conL)
Spy Hunler-Con/D...2995

Tapper-Co it/D 29-95

UpN Down -Cart/ D.. 29.95

ummo iV-0 4195

Rold Over Moscow-D. .27.95
MIcrfrLeogue Baseball- D 29.95

Paper CBp-D Call

Homo Pok-D 37.95

OPHMIZED SYSTEMS

Action-Can 69.95

Basic XL-Co rt 69.95

MAC/65 -Cart 69.95

MAC/65 Tool Klt-O, ,27,95

Action Tool Kit-D 27.95

DOS XL-D 27,95

Action Aid-D 27.95

C65-D 59.95

Wrtter's Tool 89,95

SSI

Corrler Force -D 41.95

Combat Loader -D/T . . 27.95
Cosmic Balance ii- p.. 27.95
Cosmic Bokince-D. . . .27.95

BroadsJdes-D 27.95

Wor in Russki ■ D 55.96

50 Mission Cfush-D . . 27.96

Questron-D 34.95

Rolls Wesl-0 27.95

Bomb Ailey-D 41.95

Computer Ambusti 0 . . 4195
Gotactlc Aaventures-D.41.95
Compuier Baseball -D . 27.95

RetorgerBB-D ..41.95

Objective Kursk -D... 27.95
Breakthrough .

Ardennes-0 41.95

FleWol Fire-D 27,95

Iraporioi GoiOCtium-D .27.95

SYNAPSE

SynfllB-D 34.95

Syncaic-D 34.95

Syntrend-D 34.95

Synchron-D 27.95

Syncomm-D 27.95

Synslock-D 27.95

Reiox-D 79.95

Alley Cat-D/T 16.95

INTERFACES

Aid interfost i Coil

Ape Face/ UPJtnt A.., 64.95
R-Verter MoOem Adapt 39.95

WPP 1150 Coll

PRINTERS

AlptiocorTi 40C
w/ln!ertacB.. 99.95

Epson Call

Prowrlter I 309

Ritemon Call

Silver Reed . — Call
Toshiba 1351.,., Call
lostiiba 1340 , . . Call
Legend 860 ... . 239
Ponosonlc 1090 . 219
Panasonic 1091 . 285

COMMODORE 64 E

SUPER PRINTER
PACKAGES

Gemini lOX and

Cordco G -I- 323

Ponosonlc 1091 and

Cordco G -I- 364

Ponosonlc 1090 ond

Cordco G-i- 295

Legend 680 and

Cordco G-»- 309

Pfowflfer and

Cordco Gi- .,.,..389

Coll foi iatait prices on C-64
Hardware

PRINHR INHRFACES

Axiom Coil

U-Pilnt-C 64.95

Cordco G■^ 69.95

Turhoprint GT 69.95

Connaclion Coil

C-K* MODEM SPECIAL
WesMdge Modem *

VIP Terminoi ot 119

Total Modem -f

VIP Terminal 115

Mighty Mo + VIP

Terminal 119

Bring the Wa croze home with
P.Q. The Party Bull Same lor

me CBM 64 -D 49,95

COMMODORE 6 4 SOFTWARE

ACCESS

Heulra;zone-0/T...,23.95

Beocnnead-D/T 23.9S

Raid Over

Moscow-D/T 27-95

Scrolls 01 Abodon-D/T23,95

ACCESSORIES

Gift Certll cotes Call

ACTIVISION

Coll tor Items and prices.

AVALOH HILL

Coll for Items and prices

BATTERIES INCLUDED

Consultonl-D 64.95

Paperclip w/

Spellpok-O 79.95

Super Busscord 11 Cell

Home Organtsr Items -0 23,95

B,L80Cord Coll

CoHdt Coil

CARDCO

Cordprint/B 4795

Cordco G 6995

Cassette Recorder 37.95

PriniBf Uttiily-D/T 19,95

Vyrtle Now-Corl 34.95

Mall Now-D 29,95

FiieNow-D 29.95

Graph Now-D 29.95

Spell Noiv-D 29.95

Cole Now-D 29.95

COMMODORE

Assembier-D 39.95

Easy Rnonce 1. 11,

ill, W, V-D 19,95

Eosy Colc-D 34.95

EosyMail-D 19,95

Easy Scripl-D 44.95

EQSySpelt-D 19,95

Logo - D 49.95

The Manoger-D 34,95

Generoi Ledger -D 34 95

Accls. Rec-D. 34.95

Aocts. Poy.-D 34,95

MogicOesk-D 39.95

Suspend-D 29,95

SMicross-D 29.95

Deodline-D 29,95

Mogic Voice 54.95

international Soccer-
Cart 22.95

Cunhroats-D 2496

T - CaiBBttg b - Dtafc Cart - Cartridga

To Order Call Toll Ree

800-558-0003

For Technical Into, Order
Inquiries, or tor Wise. Orders

414-351-2007

COMMODORE (COnt)

TheSuspecl-D 24.95

Invenior^ Man.-D 34.95

Super Exponder-Con. .29.95

Jusf Imogine-D 24.95

Simon's Basic - Cort. . . 29.95

DATASOFT

Conan/Bartioilan -D/T 27.95

Bmca Lee-D/T 27.95

Lost Tomb-D/T 23.95

Mr. Do-D/T 27.95

DIgDug-D 20,96

Pole Position-D 20.95

Pocmon-D 20.95

ELECTRONIC ARTS

Moll Order Monsler-D , 29.95

Adventure Conslractlon

Kil-D 37.95

Racing Destiuctlon Kil-D 29.95
See Atari section for rest of
Items and prices.

EPYX

Coil tor Items and prices.

HANDIC

64 Forth-Cort-- 29.95

64GraI-Cart 23.95

Stal64-Cot1 23.95

Caic Result Eosy-Cort. 34.95
Cole ResuilAdv- Cart.. 69.95

The Dkiry-Cort 23.95

TneTooi-Cart 29.95

INFOCOM

Coil lor Items ond price.

MINDSCAPE

Coll lor Items ond prices.

MISC. COMMODORE

Quick Brown Fox-

D/Cart 34.95

Ultima lll-D 41.95

Right SImulotor 11- D... 37.95
NIgni Misslon/Pinboil-

e/T 22.95

Home Accountant -D.. 49.95

Barron's Sot -D 67-95

Tel8Slor64-Car! 37.95

Star League

Bosebali-D/T 23.95

CcstteWollenslBin-0,. 20.95
Mosleriype-0/Cort. . . .27.95

Strip Poker-O 23.95

Beyond Wolfensfeln - D . 23-95

Som-D 41.95

MoeAssembier-D... 49.95

Jupiter MIsskin-D 34.95

Spelunker-D 20.95

Sleaim-D 20.95

Bunaiing Bay-D 20.95

Or. iSreep-D 20.95

On-Field Tennis-D/T . .23.95
F-15 SfnkeEagle-D/T. 23.95

Movie MoXer-D 37.95

ViPtemilnol-D 41.95

DoodlB-D 27.95

SupertKise-64-D 64.95

MISC. COMM. (com.)

Designer's Pencil - D .. . 24.95

Ghost Busters- D 29-95

Spoce Shuttle- D 24,95

Koala Printer-D 19.95

Ctiompionshlp

Loden/nner-D 23.95

Karaleka-D 20.95

Primstiop-D 34.95

Get Rich Ser1es-D,... 34.95

Adv. Creator- Cart 22.95

Amozon-D 22.95

Rendezvous/Romo-D , 2Z95

forenhelf 451-D 22.95

Dragonwofid-D 22.95

Shodow Keep-D 22.95

Spy vs. Spy-D 23,95

Zoxxon-O/T 27.95

Stress Reiox System -D 79,95

Blue Max-D/T 23.95

Indiona Jones-0 23.95

Ultima iV-0 41.9S

Fast Load -Cart 27.95

Montezuma s Revenge - 0 29.95

Ultimo ll-D 41.95

Micro-League

Boseboli-D 29.95

Home Pak-D 37.96

Figures ond Formukis- D 20 95
WrtflngMzard-D 49.95

PARKER BROS.

Call for items and prices.

SSI

Comer Force -D 41,95

President Elect. -D 27.95

Questron-D 2795

Broodsldes-O 27.95

Gertnanyl985-D 41.95

Cosmic Bokince-D 2795

Computer Baseball -D . 27.95
Computer Quorteitack - D 27.95

Field of Fire-D 27.95

Breokmrough /
Ardennos-O 41.95

SPINNAKER

Coil lof Hems and prices,

SYNAPSE

Call lor Items and prices.

TIMEWORKS

Dote Monoger 11 -0 ... 34,95

Word Wfiter-D 34.95

Cove /Word

Wizords-D 2395

Evelyn Wood-D 49.95

Acct- Payable -D 41,95

Acct. Receivable - D — 41 95

General Ledger -D 41,95

Payroll Monagemeni-0 41,95

TOUCH TABLETS

Koolo Pod-D 69-95

Kooia Pod ■ Con . . , 74,95
Animation Stotion-D , , 59.95
Muppet Keys-D 54.95

.>*>'

f>^

\r

c

Tf,

ontput^bULtUi

LtC^lil,

'^h

«?

Est. 1982

ORDERING INFORMATION. Please specily system. For fast delivery send cashier's check, money order or direct bank transters. Personal
and company cliecks allow 2 v^eeks to clear. Charges tor COD are S3.00. School Purchase Orders vyelcome. In CONTINENTAL USA, in-
clude S3.00 shipping per software order. InciuCe 3% shipping on all Hardware orders, minimum S3.00. Mastercard S, Visa please include
card # and expiration date. Wl residents please add 5% sales lax. HI, AK, FPO, APO, Canadian orders — add 5% shipping, minimum $5.00.
All other foreign orders, please add 15% shipping, minimum $10,00. All goods are new and include tactory warranty. Due lo our low prices,
all sales are final. All defective returns must have a return authorization number. Please call 414.351 .2C07 to obtain an RA# or your return
will NOT De accepted for repfacemenl or repair. Prices and availability are subject to change without notice.

COMPUTABIUIY

P.O. Box 17882

Milwaukee, Wl 532)7

ORDER UNES OPEN
Mon-Fri 11AM-7PMCST

Sol 12PM-5PMCST

HD 435 POSITION 4,20:PRINT "PUZZLE SO

LVED ! '■ : GDSUB 590:POSITION 3,22

:PRINT "Play again <y/n>":
« 440 IF PEEK(764)=35 THEN GRAPHICS

0: END
HN 445 IF RECDRD = 0 OR TIME<RECORD THE

N RECORD = TIIiE
HN 447 IF PEEK (764) =43 THEN 50
m 448 GOTO 440

PK 450 POSITION AX , fiY: AC = AC+1 : PRINT "
":AY=AY+1:IF AY>21 THEN AY=21

! AC = 8
NB 460 POSITION AX,AY:PRINT " < " : GOTO

270
Gft 590 FOR A=100 TO 10 STEP -i;SOUND

1 , A, 10, 15: SOUND 2 , A + 50 . 1 0 , 1 5 ; P

OKE 53274, A:NEXT ft : SOUND 1,0,0

,0
EJ 600 SOUND 2,0,0,0:POKE 53274, 0:RET

URN

Program 4: Mindbusters For IBM PC/PCjr

Piease refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide To Typing h
Programs" before entering this listing.

SEG=0:POKE 1047,
AND 223:HI=0;R«=

W 10 CL3: SCREEN 0.1:DEF
(PEEK (1047) OR 64)
" 0:00"
JD 20 WIDTH 40: KEY OFF:DEF SEG=&H40; RANDO

MIZE PEEK(g<H6D)
DK 30 FOR 1 = 1 TO 4: READ KE(1):NEXT
CE 40 A*="AABBBAABBABABABABAAAAABABBBABBB
ABABBBBABABAAAABABABBBABAAAAAABBABB
AB"
6E 50 TM*="";FOR 1=1 TO 63: TM=ASC (MID* <A«
,1,1) )+12S:TM*=TM«+CHR*(TM) : NEXT: A*
=TM*
CF 60 B«="DEAdEBddADeAdEBddADAdEBdAeAeAEE
dAeeeDAdEdADdADCEeEedAdEBedCCDEeEAd
ed"
KA 70 TM«="":FDR 1=1 TO 68: TM=ASC (MID* (B*
,1, n)+154:TM*=TM*+CHR«(TM) :NEXT:B«
=TM*
JN 80 C*="TUASWAWABSVUWRARBSBWRSUWWUWATBV
WQUTBQUAWVSWQUTSABWAWATVTUUWVWTAVWB
AW"
NC 90 TM*="":FOR 1=1 TO 6B;TM=ASC(MID« (C*
,1,1) )+120;TM*=TM«+CHR*(TM) :NEXT:C*
=TM«
CP 100 COLOR 5:PRINT STRING* (40, 220) ;: COL
OR 3:L0CATE 2, 15, 0: PRINT"M1NDBUSTE
RS": COLOR 5: PRINT STRING* (40, 223) :
GOSUB 380: COLOR ,0,14
PP 110 COLOR 7:L0CATE 4,4tPRINT STRING*(1
2, 220) :PRINT TAB (3)CHR* (222) SPC (12
)CHR*(221)SPC(4) "Use cursor keys t
o"
QL 120 PRINT TAB(3)CHR«(222)SPC(12)CHRt(2
21) ; PRINT TAB(3)CHR«(222)SPC(12)CH
RS(221)SPC(4) "match this pattern"
IJ 130 PRINT TAB(3)CHR*(222)SPC(12>CHR«(2
21): PRINT TAB(3)CHR»<222)SPC(12)CH
R*(221>SPC(4) "as fast as you can":
PRINT TAB (3) CHR* (222) SPC ( 12) CHR* (2
21)
GE 140 PRINT TAB(3)CHR*(222)SPC(12)CHR«(2
21)SPC(11) " I I ! ! ":PRINT TAB(3)CHR«(
222)SPC(i2)CHR*(221) zPRINT TAB(4)S
TRlNe*(12,223)
PH 150 COLOR Z,0:FOR N=l TO S: PP(N) =INT (R
ND(l)*56)tl; LOCATE 4+N,4:PRINT MID

*(D«,PP<N) ,12): NEXT: COLOR 7,0:PRIN

T
DH 160 PRINT TAB (23) STRING* (12, 220) : PRINT
TAB(4) ; :COLOR 0,4: PRINT"Record" ; :

COLOR 7,0: PRINT SPC (3) R*; LOCATE 15

, 22: PRINT CHR* (222)SPC (12) CHR* (221

)
IJ 170 PRINT TAB (22) CHR* (222) SPC (12) CHR* (

221):PRINT TAB (4) ;; COLOR 0,2:PRINT

"Time"; iCOLOR 7,0:PRINT SPC(14)CHR

« (222) SPC ( 12) CHR* (221 )
EF 180 FOR 1=1 TO 5: PRINT TAB (22) CHR* (222

) SPC (12) CHR* (221): NEXT I: PRINT TAB

(23) STRING* ( 12, 223)
LJ 190 COLOR Z,0:FOR N=l TO 8: P(N>=INT (RN

D(l) «56)+l: LOCATE 14+N, 23: PRINT MI

D*(D*,P(N) , 12) ;NEXT:COLDR 7,0:PRIN

T
JG 200 AC=1: LOCATE AC+ 14, 37: PRINT CHR* (27

):POKE g(H6D,0:POKE S<H6C,0
KJ 210 COLOR 7.0;C=PEEK(S<H6C) :D=PEEK(S<H6D

) :T=(C+b«256) / 18. 2; MT=INT (T/60) :M*

=STR*(MT) ;ST=INT< (T/60-MT) *60) : S«=

STR*(ST):IF 5T<10 THEN S*="0"+RIGH

T«(STR*(ST) , 1)
£J 220 LOCATE 17, 13: PRINT M*" : "RIGHT* (S*,

2);K*=INKEY*: IF LEN(K»)<>2 THEN 21

0
JA 230 J=0:FDR 1=1 TO 4: IF ASC (MID* (K«, 2,

1))=KE(I) THEN J=I:1=4
FJ 240 NEXT: ON J GOTO 260,300.280,320
CH 250 GOTO 210
W 260 LOCATE AC+14, 37: PRINT" ":AC=AC-1;I

F AC<1 THEN AC=i
PJ 270 LOCATE AC+14, 37: PR I NT CHR* (27): GOT

O 210
FF 280 LOCATE AC+14, 37: PRINT " ":AC=AC+1:

IF AC>8 THEN AC=a
GG 290 GOTO 270
NF 300 P(AC)=P(AC)-1: IF P(AC><1 THEN P(AC

)=1
DF 310 GOTO 330
DJ 320 P(AC>=P(AC)+1: IF P(AC)>56 THEN P(A

C)=56
Fl 330 LOCATE AC+14. 23: COLOR Z,0:PRINT MI

D*<D«,P(AC) , 12)
CC 340 FOR X=l TO 8: IF PPCX)<>P(X) THEN 2

10

"Mindbusters," IBM PC/PCjr version: a mind-blowing
puzzle, the hardest kind of all.

52 COMPUTEI April 1985

The ultimate reference book

The complete encyclopedia for the Commodore VIC-20, is now available. COIVIPUTEI
Books, one of the leading publishers of application-oriented consumer computer books,
has released Programming the VIC by Raeto Collin West, And this extraordinary volume is
only $24,95.

Now you can own the definitive book on the VIC-20, There has never been a book
published for the VIC-20 that gives you what this one does.

Programming the VIC

Raeto Collin West

$2^.95

ISBN #0-94238(;^52-3

608 pgs.

paperbound

Programming the VIC includes:

• Detailed descriptions of every BASIC
command In the VIC's vocabulary

• Discussions and examples of BASIC and
machine language programming techniques
Comprehensive guides to VIC sound and graphics
A thorough mapping of the VIC-20's ROM
An annotated list of 6502 opcodes

A practical guide to selecting and using
printers, plotters, and modems

Programming the VIC's 1 7 chapters ad-
dress virtually every programming situation
that you, a VIC user, are likely to en-
counter. The book contains hundreds of
examples and dozens of complete pro-
grams published in ready-to-type-in form.

Beginning to advanced programmers
alike will find Programming the WCto be
an indispensable VIC resource. Whatever
your programming level and whatever
your VIC needs, this is o book that you'll
refer to again and again.

I Mall your prepaid coupon to: COMPUTEI Books, P.O. Box 5406,

■ Greensboro, NC 27403 or call j-aoo-334-0868

I YesI Send me copies of Programming the VICa\ $24.95 per copy.

Add $3.00 shipping & handling per book. .
N.C. Residents add 4.5% sales tax.

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J

If 350 NEXTiCOLOR 14,8I:L0CATE 20,4:PRINT"
Puzzle solved! ":GOSUB 450; LOCATE 2
2,5:PRINT"Piay again?": LOCATE 23,7
;PRINT" <Y/N) "

LH 360 IF INT(T)<HI OR HI=0 THEN HI=INT(T
) : R*=R1GHT* (M*, 2) +" : "+RIGHT* (S4, 2)

HN 370 COLOR , 0. 3; K*=INKEY*: IF K«="" THEN
COLOR ,0,5; GOTO 370 ELSE IF K*="N
" THEN END ELSE IF K*="Y" THEN CLS
:GOTO 100 ELSE 370

KJ 380 LOCATE 7, 13: COLOR 5,0: PRINT "Do yo
u want to:"; LOCATE 11, 13: COLOR 0,5
: PRINT" 1 ";; COLOR 5,0: PRINT" Bend y
our mind?"

HD 390 LOCATE 13, 13:C0L0R 0, 5;PRINT"2" ; ; C
DLOR 5,0;PRINT" Bruise your mind?"
jLOCATE 15,13:C0L0R 0,5:PRINT "3";
sCOLDR 5,0;PRINT " Blow your mind?

DK 400 COLOR ,0,3:K*=INKEY*s IF K*="" THEN
COLOR ,0,5: GOTO 400 ELSE K=VAL(K«

>:IF K<1 OR K>3 THEN 400
LD 410 IF K=l THEN D*=A*: Z=2: GOTO 430
JB 420 IF K=2 THEN D*=B*;Z=4 ELSE D«=C*:Z

=3
M 430 FOR 1=0 TO 9:L0CATE 9+I,13:PRINT S

TRING*( 19,32) : NEXT; RETURN
H! 440 DATA 72,77,80,75
LO 450 FOR 1=220 TO 880 STEP 20;SDUND I,.

5: NEXT; RETURN

Program 5: Mindbusters For Apple

10 HI MEM: 36096

20 Rl = 0;R2 = 0:H* = "

If

30 GQSUB 620

40 A* = " ' 7. ! J<y.4!<& ! ' * ! 8<7.48(«c ! ' ! gc-/,4!< ! « ! « ! '/.
y.8< ! «t«' ! &r.S, ! ' & ! ' *%«■/.«& ! V/.4*S(««' y.*7.

50 B« = "/0(. +(+<», )0+-(-, .»+-.0++0+</*
>++0/«+0( + ) .++0/. <»t+(+(/)/00+)+/{)

60 C» = "112221122121212121111121222122

2121222212121 U1212122212U in 1221

2212"
70 TEXT : HOME s VTAB 5: PRINT " ";

! FOR I = 4 TO 35: PRINT CHR« <95

);: NEXT s PRINT
80 PRINT ; PRINT SPC ( 14) "MINDBUSTERS

n

90 PRINT " ";» FOR I = 4 TO 35: PRINT
CHR« C95);: NEXT : PRINT : VTAB 1

1; PRINT TAB( 15) "PLEASE WAIT..."

S GOBUB 440
100 H6R : HCaLOR= 5: HPLOT 1,3 TO 95,3

TO 95,75 TO 1,75 TO 1,3
110 HCOLOR= 6: HPLOT 154,76 TO 250,76 TO

250,147 TO 154,147 TO 154,76
120 POKE 6,0: POKE 7,141: POKE 54.0: POKE

55,3: CALL 1002
130 FOR N = 1 TO 8:PP(N) = INT < RND

(3) * 55) + 1: HTAB 2; VTAB 1 + N:
PRINT MID* <D«,PP(N> , 12) : NEXT
140 FOR N = 1 TO B:P(N) = INT ( RND (

2) « 55) + 1: VTAB 10 + N: HTAB 24

: PRINT MID* <D$, P (N) , 12) ; NEXT
150 VTAB 11: HTAB 38: PRINT "3"
160 AC = 1: VTAB 21: PRINT TAB ( 14) "US

E THE I, J, K AND M": PRINT TAB (

14) "KEYS TO MATCH THE PATTERN": PRINT

TftB( 14) "IN THE RED BOX AS FAST";
PRINT TAB( 14)"AS YOU CAN I ! ! f " ;
170 KE = PEEK < - 16384): J = 0: POKE -

16368,0: J = KE - 200
180 T3 = T3 + 1; IF T3 = 12 THEN T3 = 3

tT2 = T2 + i: IF T2 = 60 THEN T2 =

00;T1 = Tl + t
190 IF J < 0 OR 0 > 5 THEN J = 0
200 ON J GOTO 240,320,300,170,270
210 HTAB 1: VTAB 22: PRINT "RECORD "Rl

":":: IF R2 < 10 THEN PRINT "0";
220 PRINT R2; HTAB 1: VTAB 24: PRINT "

TIME "Tl ;: IF T2 < \0 THEN PRINT

"B"|
230 PRINT T2;: GOTO 170
240 VTAB 10 + AC: HTAB 38; PRINT " "
250 AC = AC - 1: IF AC < 1 THEN AC = 1
260 VTAB 10 + AC: HTAB 38: PRINT "3";:

GOTO 210
270 AC = AC + 1 : IF AC > 8 THEN AC = 8
280 VTAB 9 + AC: HTAB 38: PRINT " "
290 GOTO 260
300 P(AC) = P(AC) - 1: IF P(AC) < 1 THEN

PCAC) = 1
310 GOTO 330
320 P(AC) = PCAC) + 1; IF P(AC) > 56 THEN

P(AC) = 56
330 VTAB 10 + AC; HTAB 24; PRINT MID*

(tft,P(AC), 12)
340 FOR X = 1 TO 8: IF PP(X) •- > P(X)

THEN 210
350 NEXT

360 FOR I = 21 TO 23: VTAB I; HTAB 14t
PRINT H*: NEXT : VTAB 24: HTAB 14

; PRINT MID* (H«,l,14);: FOR I =

1 TO 5: PRINT CHR* (7);; NEXT
370 VTAB 22: HTAB 20: PRINT "PUZZLE SO

LVED!"; HTAB 20; PRINT "PLAY AGAIN

380 HTAB 26! PRINT "Y/N";: GET K*

390 IF K* = "N" THEN TEXT : HOME : END

400 T* = STR* (Tl) + "." + STR* (T2) ;
R* = STR* (Rl) + "." + STR* (R2)

410 IF R* = "0.0" OR VAL (T*> < VAL

(R*) THEN Rl = T1;R2 = T2
420 IF K* = "Y" THEN Tl = 0;T2 = 0!T3 =

0: GOTO 70
430 GOTO 380
440 POKE 230,32: CALL - 3086: POKE 23

0,64; CALL - 3086
450 POKE 54,240: POKE 55,253: CALL 100

2
460 FOR P = 1 TO 2: HCOLOR= P: FOR I =

1 TO B
470 HPLOT I , I TO 279 - I.I TO 279 - I ,

191 - I TO I, 191 - I TO I, I
480 NEXT I: POKE 230,32: NEXT P

490 VTAB 11: HTAB 26: PRINT

500 VTAB 11; HTAB 11; PRINT "DO YOU WA

NT TO:": PRINT : PRINT TAB< 11) "1

- BEND YOUR MIND?": PRINT : PRINT
TAB< 11) "2 - BRUISE YOUR MIND?": PRINT

; PRINT TAB( 1 1 ) "3 - BLOW YOUR MI

ND?"
510 POKE - 16302,0
520 A = PEEK < - 16384): IF A > 127 THEN

550
530 POKE - 16297,0: POKE - 16304.0: POKE

- 16300,0: POKE - 16299,0: POKE

54 COMPUTE! April 1985

^!hi^^!^^iirit^^4A

As

Buy any two of these books and get I6%j9if(.

Buy all four of these titles for only $39.95 !(<ii!^(t3Mings of i$!i3.86frpver 25%:pf0l

COMPUTEi's Guide to

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Sound

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COMPUTIi't.

Beginner's Gtifda to

Assembly
Language

on ttie

TI-99/4A

Tf-99/44

COMPUTEt's Guide to
TI-99/4A Sound and
Graphics

Raymond J. Heroid
Using dozens of examples
and clear, nontechnical
expianotions. COMPUTEi's
Guide to Tl Sound and
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Tl home computer. This
book includes exciting ar-
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editor, and many more use-
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COMPUTEI'S Tl Coliee-
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An anthology of COI\/t-
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tutorials for the TI-99/4A, tfiis
book includes more than 30
programs, most never
before published,
"SuperFont" Is on excep-
tlorKilly powerful ond easy-
to-use character editor.
Other utilities, such as
"Sprite Editor" and "Sound
Shaper," moke graphics
and sound programming
simple. Games like "Worm
of Bemer" will provide hours
of fun, and applications like
"Mailing List" let you use
your Tl to organize your
home.

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COMPUTEI'S Begin-
ner's Guide to
Assembly Language
on ttie T]-99/4A

Peter M. L. Lottrup
A Clearly written, step-by-
step tutorial on machine
language (ML) program-
ming for the TI-99/4A. Using
the LIne-by-Line Assembler,
the basic concepts of ma-
chin© language program-
ming ore fully exploined
and illustrated. Many prac-
tical, easy-to-follow ML
examples or© included,
from elementary keyboard,
joystick, and data handling
routines to sophisticated re-
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manipulation, and even
high-resolution bitmap
mode techniques.

$14.95

ISBN 0-942386-74-4

33 Programs (or ttie
Ti-99/4A

Brian Flynn

Contains something for
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Planner"), business ("in-
ternal Rote of Return"), sim-
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Deviation"), and more. A
wide variety of applications
software, plus games. Thirty-
three ready-to-type-in pro-
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1 99 pages, split wire bound
ISBN 0-942386-42-6

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COMPUTEI'S Guide to TI-99/4A Sound and Graphics $12.95

COMPUTEI'S Tl Collection, Volume One $12.95

COMPUTEI'S Beginner's Guide to Assembly Language on

the T1-99/4A $14.95

33 Programs for the TI-99/4A $12.95

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Please allow 4-4 weeks for (JeHvery. 75iIT)CC

Apple "Mwdbusters."

540
550

560
570
5S0
fi9a-
600
610
620

630

640

650
660
670

680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810

820

830
840
850
860

- 16300,0: POKE - 16303,0: FDR I
= 1 TO 50: NEXT
GOTO 520

POKE - 16368,0; A = A
1 OR A > 3 THEN 520

176: IF A <

3086

READ A:CS =

POKE 230,32: CALL

IF A = 1 -THEN D* = A*

IF A = 2 THEN D* = B«

JF A = 3 THEN D* = C*

RETURN

REM SHAPE DATA

FOR I = 36096 TO 36263:

CS + A: POKE I, A; NEXT

IF CS < > 11534 THEN PRINT "ERRO

R IN FIRST SET OF DATA STATEMENTS.

": STOP

DATA 128, 128, 128, 128, 128. 128, 128,

128

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

2

DATA

0,0,0,0,255,255,255,255
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,255

0,0,0,0,0,0,255,255

255,255,0,0,0,0,0,0

255, 255, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

0,0, 0, 0, 0, 255, 255, 255

24,24,24,31,31,24,24,24

24,24,24,31,31,0,0,0

0,0,0,248,248,24,24,24

0,0,0,31,31,24,24,24

24, 24, 24, 255, 255, 0,0,0

0,0,0,255,255,24,24,24

24, 24, 24, 248, 248, 24, 24, 24

24,24,24,248,248,0,0,0

24, 24, 24, 255, 255, 24, 24, 24

204,153,51, 102,204, 153,51, 10

51, 153,204, 102,51, 153,204, 10

DATA 8,12,14,127,127,14,12,8
DATA 255,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
REM HROUT ML ROUTINE
FOR I = 768 TO 856; READ A:CK = CK
+ A; POKE I, A: NEXT

8413 THEN PRINT "ERROR
IN SECOND SET OF , DATA STATEMENTS.
' : STOP

870 IF CK <

890 DATA 216,120,133,69,134,70,132,71

166,7, 10, 10, 176,4, 16,62
48,4, 16, 1,232,232, 10, 134
27,24,101,6, 133,26,144,2
230,27, 165,40, 133,8, 165,41
41,3,5,230, 133,9, 162,8
160,0, 177,26,36,50,48,2
73, 127, 164,36, 145,8,230,26
208,2,230,27, 165,9,24, 105
4, 133,9,202,208,226,165,69
166,70, 164,71 ,88,76,240,253
255, 255, 255, 255,255, 255, 255

Program 6: Mindbusters For TI-99/4A

900

DATA

910

DATA

920

DATA

930

DATA

940

DATA

950

DATA

960

DATA

970

DATA

980

DATA

990

DATA

1000

DATA

,255

100

1 10

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

880 RETURN

290

300

310

320
330

340

350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520

GOTO 150
FOR M=l TO L
CALL HCHAR<R
1) ) )
NEXT M
RETURN
CALL CLEAR
SCR = 3
HIGH=0
BOSUB 1470
CALL SCREEN (
FOR 1=9 TO 1
CALL COLOR ( I
NEXT I
eOSUB 1730
GOSUB 1760
GOSUB 1730
PRINT

FOR J=l TO 2
PRINT " "S<C
CHR* < 129) S.CH
HR« C 129) &CHR
R* ( 129) ;
PRINT CHR*<1
129) StCHR* ( 12
FOR 1=1 TO 8
PRINT " "hC
<:i2 SPACES>"
NEXT I

PRINT " "&C
CHR* < 128) S<CH
HR* (128) !<CHR
R« ( 128) !
PRINT CHR«<1
128) &CHR4 ( 12
NEXT J

CALL HCHAR<1
CALL HCHAR(3
H*="USE ARRO
R = 7
C=i9

GOSUB 110
H«="KEYS TO"
R = 9

GOSUB 110
R=l 1

H*="MATCH TH
GOSUB 110
R=13

H4=" 1 ST GRID
GOSUB 110
H«="W1TH THE
R=15

EN (H«)

, C + M, ASC <SEG* (H*, M,

15)

2
,1,1)

HR* < 135)
R* ( 129) &
« ( 129) S(C

29) &CHR*
9) &CHR* (

HR* (130)
SiCHR* ( 13

HR* ( 131 )
R* ( 128) S<
* C 128) S<C

28) S<CHR*
8) S<CHR* (

, 1 , 136 , 3
, 1 , 137, 3
W"

ScCHR* ( 129) S,
CHR* ( 129) &C
HR* ( 129)S<CH

(129) &:CHR* (
132)

4)

S<CHR*< 128)S<
CHR* < 128) &C
HR* (128) &CH

(128) ?<CHR* (
1 33)

2)
2)

E"

?ND'

56 COMPUTE! Apfit 1985

HIMDBUSTERS

53S

+

RECORD 5
H TIMES

"Mindbusters" on the TI-99/4A.

530 GOSUB 110

540 H*="AS FAST AS"

550 R=17

560 GOSUB 110

570 H*="YDU CAN .' ! ! "

580 R=19

590 GOSUB 110

600 R=5

il0 C=5

620 FOR N=l TO 8

630 RANDOMIZE

640 PP (N) =INT (RND«56} +1

650 H«=SEG* ( D*, PP (N) , 12)

660 SOBUB 110

670 R=R+1

6B0 NEXT N

690 R=R+2

700 FOR N=l TO a

710 RANDOMIZE

720 P <N) =INT ( RND«56) + I

730 H*=SEGt <D*, P (N) , 12)

740 GOSUB 110

750 R=R+1

760 NEXT N

770 CALL SOUND ( 100, 440

7B0 CALL COLOR (KSET (Z) , F < Z ), 1 )

790 IF Z02 THEN 810

S00 CALL COLOR < 1 1 , 13, i )

810 FOR R=5 TO 20

820 CALL HCHAR«R,20,32, 12)

830 NEXT R

840 TIME=0

850 Ri=15

860 Cl=19

870 CALL HCHAR (Rl , CI , 91 >

880 H*="RECORD: "&STR*(HIGH)

890 R=6

900 C=19

910 GOSUB 110

920 H«="TIME: {3

930 R=10

940 GOSUB 110

950 CALL KEY<0,K,S)

960 TIME=TIME+.3

970 H« = STR* C I NT (TIME ) )

980 C=27

990 R=10

1000 GOSUB 110

3)
F < Z )

SPACES} "&STR* (TIME)

1010

1 020
1030

1040
1050
1060
1070

1080

1090
1 100
1110

1 120
1 130
1 140
1 150
1 160
1 170
1 180
1 190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
12B0
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390

1400
1410
1420
1430

1440
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490
1500
1510
1520

1530

1540

1550
1560
1570
1580
1590
1600
1610

IF <K<
CALL H
R1=R1 -
« (K=88
CALL H
TIME=T
GOTO 9
IF K -' >
P (R 1 - 1
)

GOTO 1
IF K< >
P (Rl-1
6)

H«=SE6
R = R1
C = 5
GOSUB
TIME=T
FOR X =
IF PP (
NEXT X
Ht="PU
R=16
C = 22
GOSUB
H«="SO
FOR 1 =
CALL S
NEXT I
R=18
GOSUB
HS="PL
R = 20
C = 23
GOSUB
H$="AG
C = 20
R = 22
GOSUB
CALL K
IF S = 0

>67) * (K< >e8) THEN 1070
CHAR < Rl , CI , 32)
(Rl< >15) * (K = 69) + (Ri< >:
)

CHAR (Rl , CI , 91 >
IME+. 1
50

68 THEN 1 100
4)=P(R1-14)+(P(R1-14><

1 20

83 THEN 950

4)=P(R1-14)-(P(R1-14)<

«(DS,P(R1 -14) . 12)

1 10

IME+1

1 TO 8

X) OP (X) THEN 950

>1

Z Z L E "

1 1 0

LVED ! '■

220 TO 880 STEP 20

OUND (50, I , 3>

1 10
AY"

110

A I N ( Y / N ) '"■

1 10

EY (0, K, S)
THEN 1380

IF K

IF K

STOP

IF (

HEN

HIGH

CALL

GOTO

FOR

READ

CALL

NEXT

CALL

A«="

adae

df cc

B«="

phmi

nnpo

C«="

>; y >: >;

yyyy

F (1 >
KSET
F (2)
KSET
F (3)
KSET
RETU

=89 THEN 1430
< >7a THEN 1380

INT

145

= IN

CL

19

1 = 1

A,

CH

I

CO
gea
Bf a
ged
mn h
op j
pmh
yy>:
«y>!
y >: X
= 5
( 1 )
= 13
(2)
= 2
(3)
RN

(TIME) >HIGH) *<HIGH<">-0)T

0

T (TIME )

EAR

0

TO 29
A*
AR (A, A«)

L 0 R ( 1 4 , 1 4 , 1 )

■feb-f-fagdafeb-f-faga-feb + ad

dddgafefagfagcedEdfafeb

ea-f df "

Iphphi lonpkhl'l 1 ipkl nppn

nmi jnhpol p jnml h i phphmom

opi hp "

>: >: y y >: >; y >: y >: y >; y >; y y y y y i: y >; >:

y >; >; >t >! y >; y >; y y y y ^: y >: y >; >: >: y >; y

y >: >; y >! "

= 9

= 10

= i:

April 1985 COMPUTB 57

1620

1630

1640

1650

1660

1670

1680

1690

1700

1710
1720

DATA

00000

0eiFF

DATA

FFFF0

00000

DATA

18181

F0000

DATA

00000

F0000

DATA

18181

80000

DATA

CC993

399CC

DATA

00000

30303

DATA

00000

00000

DATA

00000

7F301

DATA

FFFF0

PRINT

97, 00000000FFFF
000000000, 99, 00

1 00, 00000

000000000

00

103, 00000

siFiFiaia
00

106, 00000

01FlF18ia

00

109, 00000

SFepaisis
00

112, 18181
366CC9933
66

128,FFFF0
0000000FF
03

131 , 03030
0000000C0
00

134,C0C0C
000000003
0

136, 00000

000000000

> { t { <

000000
00, 102

00000F
18, 105

0F8FS1
18, 108

0FFFF1
18,111

SFFFFl
66, 121

000000
FF, 130

000000
C0, 133

0C0C0C
03, 91 ,

000000
00

FFFF, 98, FF
0000000000

0FFFF, 101 ,
, FFFFFF000

FFFFF, 104,
IBiaiSlFl

81818, 107,
laiSlBFFF

aiBia, 110,

, 1B1B18F8F

81818, 120,
, 3399CC663

00000, 129,
, 030303030

00000, 132,
, C0C000000

0C0C0, 135,
0010307FFF

0FFFF, 137,

<. <:^"&CHR» <

1730
1740
1750
1760
1770

1780

1790

1800

1810

1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970

127)

CALL CLEAR

PRINT TAB(10)

RETURN

PRINT : : 1 I

PRINT TAB (7) ;

PRINT TAB(6) ;

"MINDBUSTERS"

DO YOU WANT TO;

1 BEND YOUR MIND

TAB(6)s"2 BRUISE YOUR MI

PRINT
ND?": :
PRINT TAB (6) ;
? " ; : : : : t
CALL HCHAR (5,

CALL HCHAR(7,

CALL KEY(0,K,S)

CALL SCREENCSCR)

SCR=BCR- <SCR<16)+(SCR

IF S=0 THEN 1830

CALL SCREEN<15)

Z=K-4a

IF <2< 1 ) + (Z >3) THEN 183(

IF Z>1 THEN

3 BLOW YOUR MIND

, 136,32)

, 137,32)

16) *14

D* = A*
RETURN
IF Z = 3
D* = B«
RETURN
D« = C«
RETURN

1930

THEN 1960

©

SEE PAGES 66-85 IN
THIS ISSUE FOR
PROTECTO
ENTERPRIZES' SUPER
SALE AND YOU WILL
SEE WHY WE SAY . . .

WE LOVE

OCR

CUSTOMERS

ENTERPRIZES

Required Reading for
'our COMMODORE 64

TRICKS & TIPS Treasury ot grogramming
techniques. Advanced graphics, easy input, enhanced
BASIC CP/M , character sets, more, 275 pages S19.95

GRAPHICS BOOK Basic to advanced, best
reference available. Sprite animation. Mires, Multicolo;.
Iightpen, IRQ, 30 graphics 350 pages S19.95

SCIENCE a ENGINEERING Discuss
variaDle types, computational accuracy, sort algorithms,
more Topics from chemistry, physics, biology,
astronomy, electronics, 250 pages S19.9S

ANATOMY OF C-64 insider's guide to the
64 internals Graphics, sound, I/O, hernal, more. Com-
plete CDfnmenled ROM listings 300 pages S19.95

PEEKS & POKES Programming quickies that
will simply ama^e yoii. This guide is packed full of techni-
gues lor the BASIC programmer ISO pages $14,95

ANATOMY OF 1541 DISK DRIVE

BestselliriQ haodbook on floppy disk. Explains disk files
wtlh examples and utilities. Includes ctJmplete com-
menled f541 ROM listings. 320 pages S19.9S

Other titles availalile. Plione for name of nearest dealer Phone:(616) 332-4154

Postage & hantdling $4,00 ($8.00 foreign). Money order, checks, VISA, MC,
AM EX. Michigan residents (incl. 4% sales tax).
CANADA: Book Center, Montreal (514) 332-4154

IfflUIIIli

i i,i

Software

P.O. Box 7211 Grand Rapids, Ml 49510- Telex 709-tOI ■ Phone G16/241-5510

58 COMPUTE! Apfil19SS

New titles for your Commodore 64
from COMPUTE! Books.

Programming

fnA

COMMODORE

•i:]illUli'iilSl'li<>Isl

Roefo Collin West

The encyclopedic referer.co guide
TO tne Commodore 6«i computer.

Programming the Commodore 64: The Definitive Guide

Raeto Coliin West

Programming the Commodore 64 is an encyclopedic, thorough ref-
erence guide to the Commodore 64. In the trodition of the renowned
Programming the PET/CBM. author Raeto Coflin West has compiled 1 7
definitive chapters which cover this computer in its entirety. There are
dictionaries, maps, BASIC and machine language examples, and
programming aids. Unlike many computer books, which can be read
once and discarded. Programming the 64 will remain valuable for the
life of the computer. It starts with BASIC and probes more deeply with
each chapter. Ready-to-type programs show how to use the BASIC
and Kernel ROMs; the 6502 microprocessor; the CIA, VIC, and SID
chips; and the hidden RAM beneath the ROM in the 64. And major
peripherals — tape and disk drives, printers, plotters and modems — are
also discussed at length.
$19.95

ISBN 0-942386-50-7

All About the Commodore 64, Volume 2

Craig Chamberlain

Here's something for people who know the BASIC language, but find
it too slow or limiting for some applications. The book offers a variety
of powerful machine language utility programs that moke sound and
graphics far more accessible. It is divided into four sections: Ad-
vanced BASIC, Bitmapped Graphics, Sound (including a very sophis-
ticated sound editor and player), and a sprite control system.

$14.95

ISBN 0-942386-45-0

m

COMPUTEl't

DATA

L -■--' J

FILE

^^^

H ANDI FR

tot \1ri& CofTVT>Klore 64

«^r««i r: u^niov

%gifgj^m W« obo WOM CV> f>l

■ ctamttiiMki

K

hout

the

COKXimodore
64

VO'LUME TWO

COMPUTEI's Data File Handier for the Commodore 64

Bfaine D, Standage, John L. Darling, Kenneth D. Standage

Data File l-iandler\% a series of integrated programs that give the user
a database processor, a sequential data file editor, and a disk opera-
tion support set. The book consists of all the necessary program list-
ings and documentation to use this powerful database management
system. Few computer programs ore as well-explained or a cost-
effective OS this one. Anyone who wants an effective information
management system for their Commodore PET/CBM or 64 will find this
an extraordinary impressive software/documentation package.

$12.95

ISBN 0-942386-86-8

Enjoy these latest releases from COMPUTE! Books. Visit your local bookstore or
connputer store or order directly from COMPUTE!,

Coil toll-free 800-334-0868 or mail your check or money order (include $2.00 per book
for shipping and handling) to COMPUTE! Books, PC. Box 5058, Greensboro, NC 27403.

COMPUTE! Publications,lnc.S

One o( the ABC PtjtoisJiiiK! Coi-n[xi"«

REVIEWS

Mind Prober

Richard Mansfield, Senior Editor

System requirements: Comvwdore
64 and a disk drive; IBM PC with
at least 128K RAM and a disk
drive; Enhanced Model PCjr;
Apple Il-series computer with at
least 48K RAM and a disk drive;
Apple Macintosh; or Hewlett-
Packard HP-110. Printer optional.

There is an old trick used by
fortune tellers, horoscope cast-
ers, psychics, and bad psycholo-
gists: symmetrical analysis. It
works like this: You make an
observation, then contradict it.
For example, tell someone that
they're generous, and yet care-
ful with their money.

Most people will believe
that they're generous and that
they're careful, even though
these character traits are in di-
rect conflict. By balancing them
against each other, however,
you've been sufficiently compli-
mentary and sufficiently vague
that your observation is likely to
be believed, likely even to be
thought insightful.

Yet a truly meaningful
character analysis must be spe-
cific. If it's not specific then it's
too true, true of everyone, like
horoscopes.

Specific And Accurate

Mind Prober, a new personality
analysis program from Human
Edge Software, succeeds surpris-

60 COMPUTEI April 1965

An ominous title screen from Mind
Prober (IBM version).

ingly well; it's often specific and
it's often accurate.

To use it, you type in the
name of a person you want to
analyze. It can be you, your
boss, your best friend, anyone,
but the better you know the
subject, the more specific and
accurate the analysis is likely to
be. Then you tell the program
whether or not the subject is
over 18 and if it's a male or
female.

The analysis begins. A se-
ries of some 60 adjectives starts
appearing onscreen. For each
one, you must either agree or
disagree that the word describes
the subject. If you cannot de-
cide, you can press the H key
and see a fuller explanation.

Here's part of the list: rebel-
lious, opinionated, sarcastic, ag-
gressive, cynical, self-righteous,
accomplishing, worrisome, sym-
pathetic, emotional. In each
case, you would type A for
agree or D for disagree. If you
asked for further help with, say,
accomplishing, you'd see this
fuller definition: able to bring a

task to completion; achieving.

Some of the questions seem
redundant, but perhaps that's a
way of defining the degree of a
given character trait. For ex-
ample, you are asked AGGRES-
SIVE? and then later, CAUTIOUS?
The entire quiz is reminiscent of
psychological tests given in
schools.

What Mal<es Him Tick?

When you've finished giving
your answers, you can request a
report. This consists of 13 para-
graphs which purport to de-
scribe several facets of the
subject's personality. The report
is divided into seven sections:
personality summary, relation-
ships, attitudes toward work,
coping with stress, personal in-
terests, attitudes toward sex (or
school, if the subject is under
18), and what makes the subject
tick (general motivational
factors).

A summary, for example,
might say: You're likely to find
Mr. Don O'Connell behind the
scenes in most situatiofis. He is a
quiet person, preferring to follow
rather than lead. His general ap-
proach to life is no-nonsense, and
he likes to stick to the facts. He is
conscientious and detail-oriented.

This description is typical of
the detail and specificity of
Mind Prober and the reason that
it is an impressive piece of soft-
ware. This summary would not,
obviously, be true of everyone.

The software's documenta-
tion claims that the reports are
based on "massive amounts of

information" in an "expert sys-
tem" on the disk. Unfortunately,
the program is copy-protected,
so you can't examine its meth-
ods, its data, or store more than
eight assessments at any given
time, because the program
stores its reports on the program
disk. If you try to assess a ninth
personality, you'll have to first
remove one of the older reports.
You can, however, direct reports
to your printer for archiving.

The Thinker Type

Accompanying the program is a
book which makes some rather
elaborate claims for itself: Ana-
lyze anyone, find out the hid-
den truths, how to read others,
how to get ahead in business,
etc. The text is one of those un-
easy pop-psychology musings
wherein the obvious competes
with the dubious. And what's
not obvious or dubious is
largely superficial. In describing
how to tell a person's "type" by
his or her gait, we are advised

SEE PAGES 66-85 IN
THIS ISSUE FOR
PROTECTO
ENTERPRIZES' SUPER
SALE AND YOU WILL
SEE WHY WE SAY . . .

WE LOVE

oaR

CUSTOMERS

ENTERPRIZES

that "The Thinker" type holds
their "heads and shoulders
pointed toward the ground, in-
dicating that they are preoccu-
pied and do not wish to be
disturbed. Typically, their hands
are clasped behind their backs
and their gait is slow and me-
thodical." All this seems some-
what more plausible than
phrenology, but only somewhat.

Nevertheless, the software
itself is often startling in its ac-
curacy. Oddly enough, the
greatest source of error with
Mind Prober appears to be when
you answer questions about
yourself. This would seem to vi-
olate the rule that the better you
know someone, the better the
analysis. But perhaps it merely
points up the fundamental qual-
ity of the program's database
and set of equations — self-

analysis is very difficult. It also
serves to distinguish Mind
Pjvber from those little person-
ality quizzes found in some
magazines.

While it seems unlikely that
Mind Prober will make your
dreams come true, it is an in-
triguing way to spend an after-
noon. And it creates reports
with enough surprises and in-
sights to suggest that there is
something complex and poten-
tially powerful going on as that
protected disk whirls around,
creating a personality profile of
some depth and precision out of
a brief true-false test.

Mind Prober

Human Edge Software Corporation

2445 Faber Place

Palo Alto, CA 94303

$29.95 (Commodore 64 version)

$49.95 (All other versions) @

Fifty Mission Crusti
For Atari, Apple, 64

James V. Trunzo

System requirements: Atari com-
puter with at least 40K RAM, a
disk drive, and BASIC; Apple II-
series computer with at least 48K
RAM and a disk drive; Commo-
dore 64 with a disk drive.

Now you have a chance to pilot
a legendary Flying Fortress
while making bombing runs
over Nazi Germany, France, and
the Netherlands. Fifty Mission
Crush recreates the excitement
and dangers experienced by B-17
pilots flying with the Eighth Air
Force based in Britain during
World War II. Your goal: Fly 50
missions, rise through the ranks
to become a highly decorated
brigadier general, and return
home in one piece. Easily said —
difficult to do.

Starting out as a first lieu-

tenant, you take command of a
Flying Fortress and hand-pick
your crew. Then you're assigned
a target to bomb and sent on
your way.

A pseudo role-playing
game, Fifty Mission Crush re-
quires you to make numerous
decisions. Before taking off, for
example, you must decide how
much fuel you'll need to make
the bombing run and return to
base, and whether you'll carry
an overload of bombs. The more
bombs you drop, the more ef-
fective your mission; however,
an overload can cause a fatal
crash during takeoff if you lose
an engine.

Throughout the mission,
you exercise full control over
the B-17. You decide whether to
fly in formation, at what alti-
tude to fly, which gunners will

April 1985 COMPUTE! 61

fire at enemy planes, when to
use cloud cover, even when to
abort the mission — and, of
course, when to drop your
bombs. Although all these de-
tails are controlled from the
keyboard, playing the game is
very simple thanks to onscreen
menus and a short but concise
instruction booklet.

Authentic "Feel"

The quality that makes this
game special is the "feel" you
get while playing it — or rather,
while experiencing it. When you
are passing over enemy antiair-
craft batteries guarding your pri-
mary target and the screen turns
red as flak begins to explode all
around your plane, you can be-
gin to appreciate what the real
thing must have been like. You
sit, tense and apprehensive, as
shells burst about you, and vou
nervously watch the screen for
damage reports. Your stomach
tightens when you learn that
your tailgunner has been shot
up and a German FW-190 is
firing at your unprotected tail.
You suppress a groan upon
discovering that your bomb bay
doors are damaged, and you are
forced to abort the mission be-
cause you can't release your
payload.

Unlike many role-playing
games, however. Fifty Mission
Crush doesn't necessarily strap
you into your computer chair
for hours. A single mission can
be completed in as little as five
minutes, and seldom does a sin-
gle mission take more than 15
minutes from takeoff to return
landing. Also, you can save a
game in progress after each mis-
sion. This makes Fifty Mission
Crush perfect for those occasions
when you have too much time
to do nothing but not enough
time to really get involved in a
long session with the computer.

The graphics are functional
if not spectacular. Tactical and
strategic screens show the ter-
rain over which you are flying,

62 COMPUTEI April 1985

A FINANCIAL
TIME MACHINE! !

How much money could you have
made during the great depression?
This remarkable new computer
program recreates the economic
climate of every administration
from the Roosevelt years through
Ronald Reagan! In the forecasting
mode, you can even create your own
"what if. . ." scenarios of the future!

The Financial Time Machine is an authentic computerized model of the
real investment world. The prices of stocks, bonds, precious metals,
options, mutual funds, T-Bills and real estate flow across the screen and fluctuate
in direct relationship to the latest national and international news. Security and
option price changes are consistent with sophisticated mathematical models
used by professional arbitragers.

You can deal with long term as well as short term strategies because a five
year time frame is compressed into about two hours of play. Everything's here
including continuous portfolio updating, margin calls, option trades, broker
commissions and capital gains taxes. You can even input "stop losses" and other
"limit orders" so that you stay in control even when you're not at the keyboard!

The Financial Time f^achine is a profound learning experience as well as a game
that plays on many levels! It's new from the authors of The Great Wall Street
Fortune Hunt ("Most Innovative Game of the Year!" Electronic Games Maga2ine,
1983.) For one or more players.

Ours alone. Only S49.95 + $3,00 shipping and
handling. (IL residents add 7% sales tax.) 30 day
satisfaction guarantee. Please allow 3 to 4 weeks
for delivery. Specify Commodore 64, IBM PC (with
graphics card) or IBM PCjr.

IB19B4 LehnerConimunicitions, Inc.

The Financial Time Machine and INSICHT are tradeiirarks of

Lehner Communlcalions, Inc.

Westmoreland BIdg. -SkoWe, IL 60077

INSI@Hf 1-800-842-9000

CAU
TOU.
FREE

Extension 90

INSI6HT

P.O. Box 7606

Mt. Prospect, IL 60056

Please send /ne_

. Financial Time Machines

eachalS49.95 + S3. 00 shipping and handling.
Illinois residents add T% (S3.S0 per order) sales lax

n Commodore 64
D IBM PC
D IBM PC jr.

Charae to Visa. Master Card or American Express

card MO. I M I I I I I I I I I I I I

D Visa D American Express Expiration

D Master Card

Signature

I am enclosing my check or money order for $

Name Address.

City Slate —

|IL residents, please add 7",1 sales tax,}

.Zip Code -

C2

views of your plane, animated
combat, and so on. Tliese
screens are informational and
mechanically accurate, and fit in
well with the overall program.
The lack of arcade-quality, high-
resolution graphics does nothing
to detract from the game itself.
Fifty Mission Crush is a challeng-

ing, addictive game that im-
merses you in the flow of action
in a very personal way.

Fifty Mission Crush

Strategic Simulations, Inc.

883 Slierlin Road

Building A-20Q

Mountain View, CA 94043

$39.95 ©

Lotus 1-2-3 For IBM PCjr

Donald B. Trivette

System requirements: Enhanced
Model IBM PCjr. Printer and
memory expansion optional.

A quick quiz: What's the best-
selling computer program of all
time?

I don't know either (where
is the Guinness Book of World
Records when you need it?), but
surely a top contender would be
Lotus Development Corporation's
Lotus 1-2-3. This program has
been leading several popular
best-seller lists for two years.

There are several reasons
for 1-2-3's popularity, but chief
among them is that 1-2-3 is a
spreadsheet program, and
spreadsheet programs are the
darlings of business computing,
especially on IBM PCs. Nowa-
days it seems almost un-
American to have a personal
computer on your desk without
a copy of a spreadsheet pro-
gram. And 1-2-3 has become the
standard by which other spread-
sheet programs are measured.
Indeed, it's one of the standards
by which IBM PC compatibility
is measured. You'll notice that
the ads for many PC compat-
ibles often stress that their ma-
chine runs 1-2-3.

Now spreadsheets are in-
vading the home. (See this
month's "IBM Personal Com-
puting" column.) IBM and Lotus
hope that you'll take the spread-
sheet you are working on at the

office on your PC and finish it
at home on your PCjr. But don't
bother taking the IBM PC ver-
sion of the 1-2-3 program home.
It won't run on a stock Junior.
That version of 1-2-3 requires
two disk drives and at least
192K of memory, which is one
disk drive and 64K more than
an Enhanced Model PCjr has to
offer.

Lotus To The Rescue

Fortunately, Lotus has begun
selling a new version of 1-2-3

that's especially designed for the
PCjr. Announced in July 1984,
the product finally became
available in December. It comes
on two ROM cartridges and a
floppy disk. Either cartridge
may be plugged into either of
the PCjr's two cartridge slots.
The disk contains the help file
and utility programs. Although
the disk must be inserted in the
drive when 1-2-3 is started, you
can replace it with your work
disk afterward.

Here's the first question an
experienced 1-2-3 user will
probably ask: Is the PCjr ver-
sion the same as the PC ver-
sion? The answer is yes. The
manual for the PCjr version is
identical, page for page, to the
one for the PC — with the fol-
lowing exceptions. Several
names have been added to the
credits on the title page; and the
"Getting Started" section on
pages i through xi describes

how to install 1-2-3 on the PCjr.
Those are the only differences.

The second likely question:
How much room is available for
a spreadsheet on a 128K IBM
PCjr? The answer is 39,500
bytes. Not a lot. That can be in-
creased to 45,700 if you bypass
the Lotus Access System (File
Manager, PrintGraph, Translate,
etc.) and run 1-2-3 directly from
the Disk Operating System.
That's still not much for those
accustomed to having 300,000
bytes available for their work,
but it is sufficient for many
applications.

With 45,700 bytes, for in-
stance, you can create a spread-
sheet 26 columns across (A-Z)
and 100 rows deep containing
labels, numbers, and formulas.
That's plenty of room for do-
mestic applications, and it ac-
commodates most small
business needs.

More Features=Les5
Memory

Another way to evaluate 1-2-3's
workspace is to compare it with
some competitors. VisiCalc, an-
other popular spreadsheet pro-
gram, leaves you with 71,600
bytes available for work, and
MultiPlau, Microsoft's entry, has
55,500 bytes available. (All of
these comparisons are on a
128K PCjr.) It's a tradeoff: The
more sophisticated the program,
the less space is left for your
data.

Of course, if your spread-
sheets need to grow beyond
45,000 bytes, you can expand
the PCjr's memory all the way
upto512K RAM.

Another important question
is calculating speed. Lotus 1-2-3
doesn't run particularly fast
even on a PC, and the PCjr is a
slower machine. The PCjr ver-
sion took several seconds to re-
calculate a test spreadsheet of
45,000 bytes. Presumably, a
spreadsheet of several hundred
thousand bytes would take no-
ticeably longer on the PCjr than
on the PC, but for anything that

April 1985 COMPUTEI 63

A SPECIAL OFFER from
COMPUTE! Books

for Owners and Users of Commodore Computers

Buy any 2 of these books and receive a 15% Discount. You pay $22.00 and save $3,90!
Buy all 3 books and get a 25% Discount. You pay only $29.00. a savings of $9.85!

An excellent resource for users
of the 64, with something for
evervone: BASIC programming
techniques, a memory map,
a machine language moni-
tor, and information about
writing games and using
peripherals. This 264-page,
spiral-bound book
includes many ready-to-
type-in programs
and games, $12.95

Continues in the tradition of the Firsf Book
of Commodore <Min presenting some of
the best programs and articles from
COMPUTEI Publications, many revised or
never before published. There's something
tor almoat any Commodore 64 user in this
289-page book: arcade and text adven-
ture gomes in BASIC and machine lan-
guage, a commercial software-quality
word processor, a program which adds
41 new commands to BASIC, an electronic
spreadsheet, tutorials about programming sound and
graphics, and utilities for saving, copying, and retrieving files, Sl2.?o

Buy Now — This Offer Expires April 31, 1985

A collection of outstanding games, applica-
tions, tutorials, and utilities from the most re-
cent issues of COMPUTE! magazine and
COMPUTEI's Gazette, including several pro-
grams never before published. Commodore 64
users of all ages and experience will find this
book informative, entertaining, and educa-
tional. Create an 80-column display, play
educational and arcade-quality games, com-
pose music, move sprites easily and quickly,
and see how to program more efficiently and
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YesI I want to save money while I enjoy COMPUTE! Books.

COMPUTEI's First Book of Commodore 64, $12.95

COMPUTEI's Second Book of Commodore 64. $12.95

COMPUTEI's Third Book of Commodore 64, $12.95

All Orders Must Be Prepaid

D Payment Enclosed (check or money order)

D Charge D MasterCard D VISA D American Express

Acct. No. Exp. Date

Signature

Name

Address

City :

State

To Order Call Toll Free 800-334-0868
(in NC call 919-275-9809)

or mail this coupon with your payment to:
COMPUTE! Books, P.O. Box 5406,
Greensboro, NC 27403

Please send me:
D 1 Book for $12.95
D 2 Books for $22,00
n 3 Books for $29.00

NC residents add 4.5% soles tax

Add $2.00 per book for shipping

Total Paid

.Zip

Please oilow d-6 weeks for delivery.

will fit in 45,000 bytes, the re-
calculating time is reasonable.
Lotus 1-2-5 is not an inex-
pensive program — it costs
$495.00 retail. But it's available
from some discounters for as lit-
tle as $319.95. A salesperson at
one such outlet said the PCjr
version of 1-2-3 is selling very
well. If true, it looks like Lotus
is going to remain on the best-
seller's list for a long time to
come.

Lotus 1-2-3

Lofus Development Corporation

161 1st Street

Cambridge, MA 02142

$495.00 ©

To receive additional
information from advertisers

in this issue, use \he

handy reader service cards

in the bacl< of the

magazine.

Make your "64
work rulltime

?k

MAKE YOUR OWN CHARTS...
CHARTPAK-64

Produce pro-quality charts | •

and graphs instantly in 8 j '

chart formats. Hardcopy In '

two sizes to popular dot I
matrix printers S39.95

DETAIL YOUR DESIGNS...

CADPAK-64 Superb
lightpen design tool Draw
LINES. BOXes. CIRCLES.
ELLIPSES: panem FILLing;
freehand DRAW: COPY
sections of screen, ZOOM:
more- Hardcopy $49.95

31

CREATE SPREADSHEETS & GRAPHS

POWER PLAN-64

:.«i.>.ri i.-.i »M» rii*,(

Powerful spreadsheet with

ki lit

builtin graptiics. 275 pp.

J i.iink.E>'» vj ^*.:

manual, tutorial, tielp. for-

1 Mil few Ell r..f

mat, cell protect, mttcti

11* UJ)

more $49.95

1 l.iirm

t lltlr"<ll I.I T.t

ORGANIZE YOUR DATA...
DATAMAT-64 Power-
ful, data managmeni
package. Free form screen
design. Complete flexible
reporting, soning, selec-
tion. More $39.95

]N</ENIDHV FILL

1C«« NuM)«r_

Dnrv«nir

.'^W'iAa"^-----

\A^

CHART YOUR OWN STOCKS

TAS-64 Sophisticated i^
technical analysis charting ^j
package, 7 moving aver- \j^^'
ages. 3 oscillators, trading ''fcuji,
bands. $84.95 L,—-

Other titles available. FREE CATALOG and
name of nearest dealer, write or call (616)

241-5510.

Fof postage and handling, include $4.00
($8,00 foreign) per order. l\/loney Order and
checlts in U.S, dollars only. Mastercard,
VISA and American Express accepted,
Michigan residents include 4% sales tax.

i i

_ I you Can Count On ffy^;;iIIII| ^-^ M^

Abacus sRiiMil Software

P.O, Box 7211 Grand Rapids, Ml 49510 • Telex 709-101 - Phone 61B;241-5510

COMPUTE!
Subscriber Services

Please help us serve you better. If you
need to contact us for any of the
reasons listed belov^r, write to us at:

COMPUTEI Magazine

P.O, Box 91 4
Farmingdale, NY 1 1 737

or call the Toll Free number listed below.

Change Of Address. Please allow us
6-8 weeks to effect the change: send
your current mailing label along with
vour new oddress.

Renewal, Should you wish to renew your
COMPUTEI subscription before we
remind you to, send your current mailing
label with payment or charge number
or call the Toll Free number listed below.

New Subscriptlon.A one year(12 month)
US subscription to COMPUTEI is S24,00 (2
years, $45.00; 3 years, S65.00. For sub-
scription rates outside the US. see staff
page). Send us your name and address
or call the Toll Free number listed below.

DeltvefY Problems. If you receive dupli-
cate issues of COMPUTEI, if you experi-
ence late delivery or if you have prob-
lems with your subscription, please call
the Toll Free number listed below.

COMPUTE!
800-334-0868

In NC 919-275-9809

Software That Works
For Generations

6 Types of Charts and Sheets

Indices

User Fields

Notes, Footnotes and Sources

No Limits

Adapts to Your Hardware

Comprehensive

Easy to Use

And Much, Much More

Send for brochure and sample prinlouts.

Family Roots includes detailed manual and 2 full diskettes

of programs for your Apple H. IBM PC,

Commodor.e 64 and CP/M*

Other genealogy software also available.

E^ce S385. Satisfaclicn Gu^iranteed.

American Express. Visa & Mastercard Accepted

Tradrmdrki foT
Apple Compuiei;
Inc., [nlcmatiDnjil

Family
Roots

Hu^Lnr&s Machines,
CHM, Inc.. 6 nigllJl
Reiearfh.

QUINSEPT, INC.

P.O. Box 216, Lexington, MA 02173

(617) 641-2930

SEE PAGES 66-85 IN
THIS ISSUE FOR
PROTECTO
ENTERPRIZES' SUPER
SALE AND YOU WILL
SEE WHY WE SAY . . .

WE LOVE

OUR

CGSTOMERS

ENTERPRIZES

OMMODORE

64

COMPUTER AND SOFTWARE

SALE

(with $12.95 Bonus Pack Purchase)

^139

OO'

• 170K Disk Drtwe S195.00 *

• Tractor Friction Printer $169.00 *

• 13" Hi-Res Color Monitor $195.00*

*less coupon discount

* COMMODORE 64 COMPUTER $139,00

You pay only S139,00 when you order rhe powerful
e^K COMMODORE a COMPUTER! tESS the value of
Ihe SPECIAL SOFTWARE COUPON we pack wilh youf
compuler that allows you to SAVE OVER 5500 of)
so)lv»ore sole prices!! With only $100 of savings
applied, your nel compuler cost is S39.00! !

* 170K DISK DRIVE S195.00

You poy only SI95,00 when you order the 170K Disk
Drive! LESS the volue ol the SPECIAL SOFTWARE
COUPON we pock wilh your disk drive thot allows you
to SAVE OVER S500 off software sole prices!! With
only SIOO ol savings applied, your net disk drive cost
i5S95.0O.

* 80 COLUMN 80 CPS
TRACTION/FRICTION PRINTER $169.00

You poy only SI69.00 when you order the Comstor T F
delune line printer thoi prints a'.rxll full size, single
sheet, roll or fon fold poper, labels, etc. Impoct dot
malriK. bidirectionot. LESS Ihe votue of the SPECIAL
SOFTWARE COUPON we pock with your printer that
allows you to SAVE OVER S500 off software sale
prices!! With only SIOO of savings applied your net
printer cost is only S69-00.

* 13" HI-RES COLOR MONITOR S195.00

You poy only 5195.00 when yog order this 13" COLOR
MONITOR with shorper and clearer resolution fhgn
any other color monitors we hove tested! LESS value
of the SPECIAL DISCOUNT COUPON we pack with your
monJtar that ollows you to save over S500 oH software
sale prices! J With only $100 of savings applied, your
net color monitor cost is only 595.00. (16 Colors].

80 COLUMN BOARD 989.00

Mow you program BO COIUMNS on the screen of one
time! Converts your Commodore 64 to 80 COLUMNS
when you plug in the 80 COLUMN EXPANSION
BOARD!! PLUS 4 slot expander! Con use with most
existing soFtwore.

80 COLUMNS IN COLOR
EXECUTIVE WORD PROCESSOR i29.00

This EXECUTIVE WORD PROCESSOR is the finest
available (or the COMMODORE 64 coinpulor! The
ULTIMATE FOR PROFESSIONAL Word Processing.
DISPLAYS 10 or 80 COLUMNS IN COLOR or block ond
while! Simple to operate, powerful text editing with
250 WORD DICTIONARY, complete cursor and
insert/delete key controls line ond porogroph
insertion, outomotic deletion, centering, margin
settings ond output to oli printers! Includes o
powerful mail merge.
List S99.00 SALE >».00 Coupon $29.95

WE

WE

HAVE

HAVE

THE

THE

BEST

LOWEST

SERVICE

PRICES

SPECIAL SOFTWARE COUPON

We pack a SPECIAL SOFTWARE DISCOUNT

COUPON wjth every COfVIMODORE 64

COIV1PUTER DISK

DRIVE PRINTER-

IVIONITOR we sellt Th

s coupon allows you to

SAVE OVER S500

OFF SALE PRICES!!

(Exampfes)

PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE

COMIMODORE 64

Hams

lilt

Sole

CoupAn

Executive Word Processor

S9') 00

539.00

S39.95

Executive Dota Base

S69,00

529.00

SI995

20.000 Word Dicrianury

S3i 9S

S14.9S

510.00

El&ctronic Spread Sheet

S59 9i

549 00

539.00

Accakjnting Pock

S49.00

$39 00

529.00

ProctKolc

S59.95

534.95

529.95

Progrommers Reference

S20.95

516.95

512,50

Guide

Progrommers htelper

S59 95

539.95

529.95

(Disk)

80 Column Screen I Disk)

S59.95

539.95

529 95

Disk Filer (by Flip N.Filel

539 95

S14.95

$12.95

Deluxe Tope Cassette

589 00

539.00

$29.95

Pro Joy Slick

524 95

SIS. 95

512,00

Light Pan

539 95

SI4.95

5 9 95

Dust Cover

S S.9S

S 6 95

5 4.60

Pogo Joe

529.95

S19.95

$16. 9S

Pitstop II Epyx

539.95

524.95

$19. 9S

■ PlusC

neFSEE

Music Cole 1

SS9.M

539.95

534.95

Filewriter

559.95

S39.95

534.95

(See ovfr 100 tuu/ion iten)i iit our ca

taloRl

Write or call for

Sample SPECIAL SOFTWARE COUPON!

EXECUTIVE DUALITY
PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS SOFTWARE

The Cadillac of Business Programs
for Commodore 64 Cortiputers

ItATtI

inventory Management
Accounts ftocejvable
Accounts Payobte
Payroll
Generol Ledger

Llll

$99.00
$99.00
$99.00
599.00
$99.00

■ Sals

$34,95
$34.95
$34.95
534,95
$34 95

Coupon
529 95
$39,95
$29,95
$29,95
539 95

SUPER AUTO r^A
DIAL MODEM 04

(Best communications package in USA)

oo

• Computer Learning Pad $39.95

• New Voice Synthesiier S59:00

• 12" Green or Amber Monitor S79.95

• 13" Daisy Wheel Printer $249.00

* SUPER AUTO DIAL MODEM $59.00

Easy to use. Just plug into your Commodore 64
computer ond you're ready to tronsmit and receive
messages. Easier to use tfioo diialing your telephone,
I just push one key on your computer! Includes
exclusive easy to use program for up ond down
looding lo printer and disk drives, list SI29 00 SALE
$59.00.

NEW COMPUTER LEARNING PAD $39.95

Mokes other graphii:s tablets obsolcle. This new TECH
SKETCH LEARNING PAD allows you lo drow on your
T.V. or Monitor ond tflen you tan print whatever you
drow on the screen on your printers. FANTASTIC! I'
Lisi S79.95 SALE $».«:,

NEW VOICE SYNTHESIZER $59.00

For Com. 64 or VIC. 20 computers. Just plug it in and
you con program words ond sentences, adjust volume
and pilch, make lolking adventure games, sound
action gomes and cuslomized talkies!! FOR OI^LV
519-95 you con odd TEXT TO SPEECH, just type o word
and heor your r:ompu1er talk — ADD SOUND TO
"Zork". SCOTT ADAMS AND AARDVARK ADVENTURE
GAMES!! (Disk or tope.)

12" GREEN OR AMBER MONITOR $79.95

Your choice of green or amber screen monitor, top
j quolity. 80 columns x 24 lines, easy to read, onii

glare! PLUS 59.95 lor connecting coble. Com. 64 or
I VIC-20.

13" DAISY WHEEL PRINTER $249.00

"JUKI" Superb letter quality daisy wheel printer, 13"
I BXIro lorge carriage, up to 12 CPS bi.direclionol

printing, drop in cassette ribbon, Centronics parallel

or RS232 serial port built in! (Specify]
I List 5399.00 SALE 5M4.00

COM-t4 4 SLOT EXPANSION BOARD $29.95

Eosy to use, switch selectable, reset butlon and LED
indicator — soves your computer and cartridges.
List 579.00 Sale >2«.t5

FLOPPY DISK SALE 98'

Lowest prices in the U.S.A.!! Single sided single
density, with hub rings, quality guoronteed! [100
holkpock9e" ea.)(Boxo( 10512.00)

PHONE ORDERS

8 a.m. - 8 p.m. Weekdoys
9 a.m. ■ 12 noon Saturdays

[

• LOWEST PRICES' 1 5 DAY FREE TRIAL • 90 DAY FREE REPLACEMENT WARRANTY
. BEST SERVICE IN U.S.A. • ONE DAY EXPRESS MAIL • OVER 500 PROGRAMS • FREE CATALOGS

Add S^O 00 lor shipping, handling qnd insuronce. Illinois residents
pleose add 6% Iok Add S20.00 lor CANADA. PUERTO RICO. HAWAII
ALASKA APOFPO orders Concidian orders must be in U.S. dollars
Wt DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES

Enclose Coshiers Check Money Order or Personal Check. Allow U
days for delivery, 2 lo 7 days for phone orders, 1 day express mail I
VISA - MASTER CARD — C.O.D.

We Liove Our Customers

Box 550, Barrington. Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

NEW 128K —MEGA BYTE DUAL DISK DRIVE-80 COLUMN

COMPUTER SYSTEM SALE!

HOME • BUSINESS • WORD PROCESSING

®

®
®

LOOK AT ALL YOU G£T FOR ONLY ^79 Sm

B128 COMMODORE 1 28K 80 COLUMN COMPUTER

4023 - 100 CPS - 80 COLUMN BIDIRECTIONAL PRINTER

8050 DUAL DISK DRIVE (over 1 million bytes)

12" HI RESOLUTION 80 COLUMN MONITOR

BOX OF lO LORAN LIFETIME GUARANTEED DISKS

1 100 SHEETS FANFOLD PAPER

ALL CABLES NEEDED FOR INTERFACING

TOTAL LIST PRICE

LIST PRICE

S 995.00

499.00

1795.00

249.00

49.95

19.95

102.05

$3717.95
PLUS YOU CAN ORDER THESE BUSINESS PROGRAMS AT SALE PRICES

Programmers

Reference

Guide

List S29.95

Sale S24.95

Professional 80 Column
Word Processor
Professionol Dato Base
Accounts Receivoble
Accounts Payable

LIST

S149.95
S149,95
S149.95
S149.95

SALE

«99.00
$99.00
S99.00
S99.D0

SYSTEM
PRICE'
S49.00
$49.00

Poyroli
Inventory
General Ledger
Financial Spread Sheet
Order Entry

LIST SALE
S149.95 S99.00
SI 49.95 S99.00
S149.95
S149.95
S149.95

S99.00
S99.00
$99.00

' When Boughi

with B128

Computer

System.

<r PRINTER REPLACEMENT OPTIONS

(replace Ihe 4023 with the following printers at these
sole prices. Interface Included)

■C,- OlympiQ Executive Letter Quality Printer
•Cr Comstar Hi-Speed 160 CPS ^5'^^^ Business Printer
Telecommunications Deluxe AAodem Package
IEEE to Centronics Parallel Printer Interface

LiST SALE

£699.00 $3«9.0O

S779.00 $4S9.00

S199.00 J139.00

S179.00 $139,00

15 DAT FREE TRIAL. We give you 1 5 days to try out this SUPER SYSTEM PACKAGE ! HI it doesn't meet your expectotions, iust send it bock
to us prepaid ond we will refund your purchase price ' '

90 DAY IMMEDIATE REPLACEMENT WARRANTY. If ony of the SUPER SYSTEM PACKAGE equipment or programs fail due to fouitv
workmonship or moterigl we will replace it IMMEDIATELY with no service charge I t

Add $50.00 for shipping and handling!!

WE DO NOT SHIP THIS SYSTEM TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES
CANADA, PUERTO RICA, ALASKA, OR HAWAII,
Enclose Cashiers CliBck. Money Order or Personal Check. Allow \i days for
delivery, 2 (o 7 days for phone orders, I day express mail! We accept Visa
ond MaslorCord. We ship C.O.D. Id continentol U.S addresses only

ENTERPRI2ES « ovsou-csro-E-s

BOX 550, BARRINQTON, ILLINOIS 60010
Phont 312/362-5244 to ordar

DAISY WHEEL PRINTER SALE!

lIUKI

®

(Japanese Highest Quality Award Winner)

-va^Mtt'\i\iMT;MU'dyU^'i^';'^'jj':'j'w;':^:i;:TJ']',.ra"rj':'j':'.rrrj

Letter Quality Printer

Letter Ouality Printer/Typewriter

DELUXE LETTER QUALITY
'DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS"

■JUKr

DELUXE COMPUTER PRINTER

List Price $399 SALE $249

Superb "Daisy Wheel" Computer
Printer

mo Characters

Bi-directional with special print
enhancements-many type stvl'
$18.9."!

Pitch 10, 12, IfiCPI
Print Speed up tts V2 CPS
Printline width: ! 15, 138, 172
characters

12" Extra large carriage
Drop in cassette ribbon
(rephicement .$H.9ri)
Centronics parallel RS 2,'i2
Serial interface built in (specify)

lIUKI

DELUXE "COMBINATION"
PRINTER/TYPEWRITER

List Price $499 SALE $299

Superb Computer Business
Printer combined with the deluxe
electronic typewriter!

Two machines in one— jusl a Hick
of the switch!
Superb letter quality corre-
spondence—home, office, word
processing!

12" Extra large carriage
Drop in cassette ribbon —
replacement SH.9ry
Precision daisy wheel printing-
many tvpe styles! .SI 8.9.')
Pitch selector-It), 12, 1.') CPH.
Automatic relocate key!
Automatic marpn control and
setlinE! Key in buffer!
Centronics parallel or RS 232
Serial interlace built-m ispecilyl

1 5 Day Free Trial - 90 Day Immediate Replacement Warranty

COMMODORE 64 COMPUTER INTERFACE ONLY S49. 00

■ ATARI INTERFACE S79.00

f

ADD SI 0.00 for shipping and handling!! |

I

I Enclose Cashiers Check. Money Ofder or Personal Check Allow.
1 14 days for delivery, 2 lo 7 days for phone orders, i day express j
I mail' Canada orders musi be in US dollars VISA — MASTER |

CARD ACCEPTED. We ship CO D

We Lrove Our Customers

Box 550, Barringfon, Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

FANTASTIC COMPUTER PRINTER SALE!!!

COMSTAR T/F

Tractor -:
Friction
Printer

itef^i

only

*4r

COM- STAR

• Lowest Priced, Best Quality, TraclorFriction Printers in the U.S.A.
Fast 80-120-160 Characters Per Second • 40, 46, 66, 80, 96, 132 Characters Per Line Spacing
• Word Processing • Print Labels, Letters, Graphs and Tables • List Your Programs
Print Out Data from Modem Services • "The Most Important Accessory lor Your Computer"

** DELUXE COMSTAR T/F
80 CPS Printer $169.00

This COMSTAR T/F (Tractor
Friction) PRINTER is exceptionally
versatile. It prints 8^^" x 11" standard
size single sheet stationary or
continuous feed computer paper. Bi-
directional, impact dot matrix, SO
CPS, 224 characters. (Centronics
Parallel Interface).

Premium Quality 120140 CPS
lOX COMSTAR PLUS + Printer $199

The COM-STAR PLUS + gives you all
the features of the COMSTAR T/F
PRINTER plus a 10" carriage, 120-140
CPS, 9x9 dot matrix with double
strike capability for 18 x 18 dot matrix
(near letter quality), high resolution
bit image (120 x 144 dot matrix),
underlining, back spacing, true lower
decenders with super & subscripts,
prints standard, italic, block graphics
& special characters. It gives you print
quality and features found on printers
costing twice as much!! (Centronics
Parallel Interface) (Better than Epson
FX80). RATED "BEST BUY" BY
CONSUMERS DIGEST BUYERS
GUIDE, JANUARY 1985! List $499.00.
Sale $190.00.

Premium Quality 120-140 CPS

I51/2X COM-STAR PLUS +

Business Printer $319.00

Has all the features of the 10" COM-
STAR PLUS -I- PRINTER plus 15%"
carriage and more powerful
electronics components to handle
large ledger business forms! (Better
than Epson FX 1001. List $599. Sale
$319.00.

Superior Quality
151/2" COMSTAK PLUS + H.S.

High Speed 160-180 CPS
Business Printer $449.00

loMi" Carriage and more powerful
electronic components to handle
larger ledger business forms! (Serial
Centronics Parallel Interface). List
$799. Sale $449.

12" DAISY WHEEL
PKIISTTEK $249.00

"JUKI" Superb letter quality daisy
wheel printer, 12" extra large
carriage, up to 12CPS bi-directional
printing, drop-in cassette ribbon, (90
day warranty) Centronics parallel or
RS232 serial port built in! (Specify).
List S399.00. Sale $249.00.

Superior Quality

10" COM-STAR + H.S.

HIGH SPEED 160180 CPS

Business Printer $349.00

This Super High Speed Corn-Star +
Business Printer has all the features of
the 10" COM-STAR -I- PRINTER with
HIGH SPEED BUSINESS PRINTING
160-180 CPS, 1007r duty cycle, 8K
Buffer, diverse character fonts,
special symbols and true decenders,
vertical and horizontal tabs. A RED
HOT BUSINESS PRINTBR at an
unbelievable tow price (Serial or
Centronics Parallel Interface). List
$699.00.
Sale $S49.00.

Printer/Typewriter
Combina^tion $299.00

"JUKI" Superb letter quality, daisy
wheel p r i n t e r / t y p e w r i t e r
combination. Two machines in one —
just a flick of the switch. 12" extra
large carriage, typewriter keyboard,
automatic margin control and relocate
key drop In cassette ribbon! (90 day
warranty) Centronics parallel or
RS232 serial port built in (Specify).
List S499.00. Sale $299.00.

• 15 Day Free Trial - 1 Year Immediate Replacement Warranty

PARALLEL INTERFACES-

For VIC-20 and COM-64 - S49.00. Commodore B-128 - $139.00. Apple - S79,00. Atari - S79.00.

Add ^^"^ 50 fo'' thipping handling and iniuronc* lltinoii rtiid«nii
pl*a>*«dd 6% fa< Add S29 00 lor CANADA, PUtmO «ICO. HAWAII
AiASKA APO'FPO ordcrt. Canadian ordcri mult b« in U.S dollori
WE DO NOT EXP«IIT TO OTHCH COUNTRIES.

En<leH Coihicri Check. Monay Order or Ptrionol Chvck. Allow 14
iSayt for delivery 2 lo 7 doyt lor phone orderi. I day enpreii mail '
VISA-MASTER CARD-We Ship COD lo u S Addresses Only

BOX S50, BARRINQTON, ILLINOIS 60010
Phone 312/M2-5244 lo ordtr

COM-STAR PLUS+ ABCDERSH X J KX-MIMORa

Print Example «BCDEFSriI JKLMNOPQROTUVWXYZ 1 S3^

RSTUVMXV

COLOR
MONITOR SALE!!!

(Lowest price in USA)

• Built in speaker and

audio
•Front Panel Controls
•For Video Recorders
•For Small Business/

Computers
•Apple-Commodore

Atari-Franklin-etc.

13" Color Computer Monitor

• Beautiful Color Contrast

• High Resolution

• Separated Video

• Sharp Clear Text

• Anti Glare Screen

• 40 Columns x 24 lines

• Supports 80 Columns

•List $399
SALE $195

15 Day Free Trial ■ 90 Day Immediate Replacement Warranty

12 " XTRON SUPER HI-RESOLUTION "SWIVEL BASE" MONITOR

List $249 SALE $119*

80 Columns x 24 lines. Super Hi-Resolution 1000 lines

Green or Annber super-clear Easy to Read text witti special anti-glare screen!

^2." j[JEftirn HI-RESOLUTION GREEN OR AMBER TEXT DISPLAY

MONITOR List $199 SALE $99'

80 Columns x 24 lines, Hi-Resoiution-crisp clear easy to read text withi anti-glare
screen! A MUST for word processing.

12" MONITOR GREEN OR AMBER TEXT

80 Columns x 24 lines, easy to read up front controls

List $159 SALE $79.95*

*Plus $9.95 connecting cable!

• LOWEST PRICES' 15 DAY FREE TRIAL • 90 DAY FREE REPLACEMENT WARRANTY
• BEST SERVICE IN USA, < ONE DAY EXPRESS MAIL • OVER 500 PROGRAMS • FREE CATALOGS

I Add S10 00 lor shlppinfl, h«ndHng itid ln»uf«nc«. lillnoli r»»ld«nt» J
I pletM idd 8% tw. Add J20.CI0 tor CANADA,_ PUERTO RiCO, HAWAII |

ord«ni. WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES.

I

i Enclose Cashiers Cneck. Money Order or Personal CHeck Allow 14 |
I days lor delivery. 2 to 7 days tor phone orders. 1 day express mail! |
I Canada orders musi be in U S dollars Visa • MasterCard ■ COD j

CIUTCDpQ|7CQ iweloveourcustomersi

BOX 550, BARRINQTON, ILLINOtS 60010
Phon* 312/382-5244 lo ordtr

Commodore 64

MODEM

FOR CHILDREN-ADULTS- BUSINESS

Complete Auto Dial
Telecommunications Package

"The only telecommunications package you will ever need."

(Exclusive Easy To Use Features)

-^'^-*- Total -f^f^
Telecommunications

* 300 Baud Modem * Auto Dial * Auto Answer • Upload & Download
* Membership in 52 Database Services (UPI News, etc.)

Reach Out and Access Someone

• Educational courses

• Financial Information

• Banking at Home

• Popular Games

• News Updates and Information

• Electronic Shopping

• Reseorcfi and Reference Materials

The Total Telecommonications Package offers you ali this plus ...

• Auto Log-on • Stores on Disk Downloaded Files

• Dioling from Keyboard • Reads Files from Disk and Uploads Text or Program Files

• On-line Clock • Select Any Protocol (access almost ony computer or modem)

• Capture and Display High Resolution Characters • Plus Much. Much More

• Download Text, Program or Data Files ^^ ^^m ^^^^ ^^^^

List $129.95 Special Low-Low Price

We are so sure this is the only telecommunications packoge you will need we will give you 15 days Free Trial.

59

Add S3 00 iof shipping hondlmg and insufonte Illinois residen'^.
pleose odd 6"<, lo» Add 56 00 lor CANADA PUERtO RICO HAWAII
ALASKA APO FPO orden Conodion otdei\. mu^t be m U 5 dol!ai<-
WE DO NOT EXPORI TO OTHER COUNTRIES

Effltlose Co^hieri Check Money Ordet or PersonoJ Check Allow 14
days tor dehvery 2 lo 7 days *or phone orders I day enpress mod '
VISA MASTERCARD COD

No C O D loConodo ARC FPO

We Love Our Customers

Box 550, BarrJngton, Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

VOTRAX BASED
HARDWARE

COMMODORE-64

VOICE SYNTHESIZER

A/IAKE YOUR
COA/IPUTER

TALK «s— ^fc.**-»

SALE

ONLY

59

You can program any words or sentences • Adjust volume and pitch • Receive Modem
messages • Make adventure games that talk • Reol sound action games • Moke customized
talkies • (Demo disk or tape included)

You con add TEXT TO SPEECH SOFTWARE thai allows you to simply type what you want to
hear!' Also allows you »o add sound and voice to SCOTT ADAMS and "ZORK" ADVENTURE
GAMES. List S29.95. SALE S19.95. (Disk or Tape).

• LOWEST PRICES • 15 DAY FREE TRIAL • M DAY FREE REPLACEMENT WARRANTY
' BEST SERVICE IN U.S.A. ■ ONE DA Y EXPRESS MAIL • OVER 500 PROGRAMS • FREE CATALOGS

COMMODORE 64

80 COLUMN BOARD

SALE

FOR ONLY

89

00

(Word Processor Disk Program included FREE! !

Now you can program 80 columns on the screen at
one time! Converts your Commodore 64 to 80
columns when you plug in the PROTECTO 80
Expansion Board. ListSl99.00. Sale $89.00.

Includes 4 Slot Expander and can be used with most existing software!!!

Add S3. 00 for ihipping. handling ond msurance. lllinQis residents
please odd 6% (a«. Add S6-00 for CANADA. PUERTO RICO, HAWAII.
ALASKA, APO-FPO orders. Conadion orders must be in US, dollors.
WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES.

Enclose Cas'i'e's Check, Money Order or Personal Check. Allow U
doys lor deliv*jry, 2 Jo 7 doys lor phone orders, 1 doy express n>Dil I
VISA - MASTER CARD - C.O.D.

No C.O.D lo Conoda. APOFPO.

We LiO've Our Customers

Box 550, Barringfon, Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

J I SALE ^ 1 n.

Premium Qualify Floppy Disks

Box of 10 with hub rings, sleeves and labels

Famous Brand FUJI Floppy Disks for those who core about keeping their data.

List $39.95

Single Sided — Double Density Cfllp Sid QA

for Commodore 64, Atari, Apple wlwl^ ▼ ■"•#W

* $12.95 ^ ^ Flip-N-File t^ jj- * <12 95

Data-Case *

Floppy Disk Filer

Everyone Needs a Floppy Disk Secretary

Facts:

• Dust and Dirt particles con hurt your disks

• Most disks go bad due to mishandling in storage

• Proper filing of your disk collection will reduce
unnecessary handling of your disks

The Floppy Disk Filer is an inexpensive hard plastic Fliptop case that will allow for easy filinq and protect
your disks from dust, smoke, and dirt. Plus, the Floppy Disk Filer will keep all your disks out of unwanted
honds and in one place where you can easily find them. (Holds Over 50 Disks)

List $24.95

Introductory Sale Price $14.95

Coupon $J2.95

Add S3 00 for shipping handling ond insurance Illinois residents
please add t', lox. Add S6,00 for CANADA PUERTO RICO HAWAII
ALASKA APO-FPO orders Canodian orders must be in U S dollar!
WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES,

Enclose Coshiers Check Money Order or Personal Check Allow 14
doys for delivery 2 !o 7 days (or phone orders I day express mail '

V(S A-.'.: MASTER CARD -COD
No CO D, lo Canada. APO-FPO.

We Liove Our Customers

Box 550, Barrington, Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

Commodore 64

CARDCO

Commodore 64

Fulfill All Your Personal & Business Needs "NOW"

Write Now! — Word Processor

Easy To Use Cartridge Based Word Processor for the 0-64, With Full

The WRITE NOW! word processor provides you with the easiest to use, fast
Commodore 64 computer. It will give you all the fetures you would expect
some features not found in any other Commodore 64 word processor.
(Cartridge} List $49.95. Sale S34.95. Coupon $29.95.

Program is on cartridge and loads
instonlly so there is no waste of time
loading from unreliable topes or disks.
Builf in 80 column display allows you to
see exoctly wfiot you will print including
headers, footers, (ustification. page
numbers ond page breoks.
Can send all special codes to any printer,
even in the middle of o line without losing
proper justification.

• Page numbering in standard numbers or
upper or lower cose Roman numerols,

• Full string search and seorch/ replace
functions.

• Direct unlimited use of previously stored
text from tope or disk colled from within
text during the print out so it uses no
memory space and allows creation of
unlimited length documents.

• Full scrolling up and down through text.

80 Column On-Screen View Mode

est to leorn formot available for your
in a professional word processor and

No complicated editing modes or

commends.

Multiple line heoders and footers.

Justification and text centering.

Block copy and delete commands.

Save text to tape or disk.

Easy full screen editing.

Works with any printer.

Easy to understand instruction booklet.

4 help screens included.

Spell Novs# — Spell Checker

"Spell Now" is 0 disk based professional spelling checker that interfaces with the "Write Now" word processor for
the C-64. Use "Spell Now" to check the spelling in your "Write Now" files. It includes all features of the most
expensive spelling checkers on the market. (Disk) List $39.95. Sale $19.95.

• 34,000 word dictionary.

• 1,000 word mini-dictionary.

• Unlimited number of supplemental
dictionaries (user-definable).

• You see status of spelling check.

• Menu-driven: user-friendly.

• Fully compatible with "Write Now"

' Allows for morking, immediate

correction ond viewing in context.
• CARDCO, INC. 's Lifetime Guarantee,

Mail Now — AAailinq List Software

The "Moil Now" is a disk based full rondom access data hose designed to be used with the "Write Now" word
processor. "Mail Now" allows the user fo merge an address file into the text of the word processor for form
letters. (Disk) List $39.95. Sale $19.95.

• Machine longuoge fast sort. • User-defined, print format can print one,

• User-friendly, totally menu-driven two or three lobels across,
operation, • 2 character cotegory field,

• 10 character comment line. • Supports 600 entries per disk.

• Quick (in memory) sorts by Zip, Category,
Last name and Stote,

• includes data back-up utility.

• CARDCO, INC. s Lifetime Guarantee.

File Now

Database

"File Now" is the inexpensive data bose you've been waiting for. "File Now" interfaces with the "Write Now" word
processor for the C-64. Helps you with data base management of your "Write Now" files and keeps seporate data
bases for other important informotion. (Disk) List S39.95. Sale $29.95.

• Functions OS a deck of 3 X 5 note cards, • Seorching is bidirectional, • Fully compatible with "Write Now",

• Fields ore user-definoble. • Wild card searching and printing, • CARDCO, INC. s Lifetime Guorontee.

• Full edit features: odd. edit, delete. • Capacity up to 700 cards per lile-disk.

Graph Now / Paint Now — Graphic/Logo Generator

A full grophics package capable of generating line, bar graphs and graphic art designs such as logos and pictures to

be used with "Write Now" for the C-64. Sove your graph or logo in a "Write Now" compatible file and print it out
along with your "Write Now" text file. (Disk) List $39.95. Sale $19.95.

• Allows plotting of x,y coordinates from • Draw lines, rectangles and circles. • Lood or save graphics,
software or keyboard. • 3 fill shades; white, gray and block • Optional joystick control.

• Compatible with "Write Now" files. • Charocter font editor • CARDCO INC. 's Lifetime Guorontee.

• Menu-driven: user-lriendly.

Add S3. 00 for shipping, handling and insurance. Illinois residents
pleose odd 6% lax. Add 56.00 for CANADA. PUERTO RICO. HAWAII,
ALASKA APQ-FPO orders. Conodian orders must be in U.S. dollars.
WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES.

Enclose Cashiers Check. Money Order or Personal Ctieck, Allow 14
doys for delivery, 2 to 7 days for phone orders. 1 day express moil !
VISA — MASTER CARD — C.O.D.

Ho C.O.D. to Conado. APO-FPO,

We Liove Our Customers

Box 550, Barringfon, Illinois 6(X)10

312/382-5244 to order

Commodore
64

The Most

Commodore
64

Practical
Business Software

Special Lav\f Lavs/ Prices - While Supplies Last

• Word Processor • Spread Sheet • Data Base • Diagnostic

• Track Expenses, inventories,
investments • Make Charts and
Grophs • Project Profits

• Keep Mailing Lists • Change
Records, numbers, methods of filing

• Information Retrieval

• Test RAM Memory • RS-232 Port •
Keyboard • Video • Audio • Joystick

• Printer • Disk Drive • And More!

64 DOCTOR

» b^fiw*%H »rm%TMm l«r ik» Caw^if ^

awKaij222ES£^B

WaSSB

Practicalc 64: A consistent best seller,
Practicolc 64 hos become a reference
standard among Commodore 64
spreadsheets. With features like
alphabetic and numeric sorting and
scorching, variable comumn widths,
graphing and over 30 maih functions,
this program is on exceptional value.
Practicolc 64 also interacts with
Practifile, forming the perfect smoll
business bundle.
List S59.95. Sale 524.95. (Disk or Tape)

Practifile: Flexibility and large
capacity make Practifile the ideal
data-base manager for the

Commodore 64. (3800 records per file,
sorts 5 fields at once.) Files written
with the program ore compatible with
Practicalc 64 ond popular word
processing programs such as
EasyScript, Word Pro, PageMate and
PoperClip. Finally, a full-featured
dota-bose at an affordable price!
List 559.95. Sale 524.95. (Disk.)

64 Doctor: A special diagnostic
program for the Commodore 64, 64
Doctor takes the guesswork out of
isolating troublesome hordwore
problems. The progrom tests each
piece of hardware to pinpoint defects
and help prevent costly and time-
consuming service calls. An essential
program for all Commodore 64 users!
List 534.95. Sale $19.95. (Disk.)

PractiCalc II

Better than Lotus 1-2-3 Coupon $44. 95

PractiCalc II, a fast, versatile spreadsheet with dotabase and word processing features, does away with erasers, broken
pencils and a wastebasket filled with scrap paper. PractiCalc II, with its functions and features, has the ability to complete
simple and complex tasks. PractiCalc II is flexible enough to be used for checkbooks, alphabetized lists, home budgets
and business financial statements. PractiColc II is the tool of the eighties. List $69.95. Sale 549.95. Coupon $44.95. (Disk)
With PractiCalc II you can:

Use 250 rows by 100 columns

Use 36 math functions from simple addition

to square roots and trig funclioris.

Sort olphabetically and numerically.

Use upper and lower cose letters.

"Hide" columns of numbers for special

reports without losing dota.

Creole fixed titles of several rows and/or

columns.

• Replicate any data in ony Oreo.

• Adjust individual column widths.

• Use graphic display option.

• Set global and individual ceil formotting.

• Use IF ,,. THEN statements.

• Edit lobels ond formulas.

• Format disks from within the program.

• View disk catalog from within the program.

Write expanded labels up to 88 chorocters

long.

Insert, delete and move informcition with

ease.

Start using PractiCalc II within ten minutes of

opening the package.

Consolidate separate spreadsheets lor

totalling.

Search for known ond variable entries.

Add S3.00 lor shipping, hondling and insuronce. Illinois residents
piease odd 6% lai. Add S6.00 far CANADA, PUERTO RICO. HAWAII
ALASKA. APO-FPO orders. Canodion orders must be in U 5 dollors
WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES.

Enclose Cashiers Check. Money Order or Personal Check. Allow 14
days for delivery, 2 lo 7 days for phone orders, 1 day express moil !
VISA — MASTER CARD — C.O.D.

No C.O.D. to Canada, APO-FPO.

We Liove Our Customers

Box 550, Borringlon, Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

Commodore 64

Computer Learning Pad

• Makes graphic tablets Obsolete

• Includes Special Printer Feature

^4^1^95 Hi-Resolution!

Sale!

37

Now you get this Fantastic Tech Sketch
Computer Light Pen Program with a
Professional Light Pen Free! ($39.95
value] plus the Micro illustrated
Graphics Pen Program that allows you to
draw on your T.V. or monitor screen (better
than Gibsons $99 light pen). Whatever you
can draw on the screen you can print on
your printer (A Tech Sketch Exclusive.)
(Disk) List $59.95 Sale $37.95.

Also available is Lite Sprite, a light pen driven sprite builder (List $39.95 Sale $29.95).

AAUSIC PORT

The ultimate music synthesizer and multi-track recording system
for the Commodore 64. A Full-sized REAL Keyboard and all
software including printing to the printer and preprogrammed
songs ore included. (Disk) List $149.95 Sale $99.00.

Fully Responsive
"MUSICIANS" Keyboard Jp | ^ I

$99

00

It -.j«

No

Extra

Software

Required

I i ^i 1

4Akkh

Add 53,00 ior shipping, handling and insuronce, Illinois residents
please add 6"/. tox. Add «.00 for CANADA. PUERTO RICO, HAWAII,
ALASKA, APOFPO orders. Canodian orders must be in U.S. dollars.
WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES.

Enclose Cashiers Check, Money Order or Personol Check, Allow U
days (or delivery, 2 to 7 days for phone orders, 1 doy express moil !
VISA — MASTER CARD — C.O.D.

No C.O.D. to Conado. APO-FPO

We Love Our Customers

Box 550, Barrington, Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

American Educational

Computer

• Learn at home * Easy To Use * Colorful Graphics • Motivating and Fun • Teacher Designed

All programs were written by teachers and have been classroonn
validated. These programs teach in a standard classroom format
with rewards as the user gets through the various lessons.

us Geography Facts — Has 35 pre-
programmed lessons plus an authoring
system that lets you create your own
lessons. Excellent for teaching and
reinforcing foctuol knowledge of the
U.S. After completing two lessons the
user earns the right to pfoy a unique
and challenging maze gome, Fontastic
educational volue.
ListS29.95. Sale $16.95.

(Disk)

US Government Facts — 35 lessons

plus authoring system included. This
program was designed for the
following: • Eighth grade American
History • Ninth grade Civics • High
School electives in government •
College refresher courses in
government and American History.
Fantastic aid to learning about
American government.
List $29.95. Sale $16.95.

Commodore 64

(Disk)

(Disk)

AEC Spelling — A series of seven educational softwore programs for grades 2

through 8. It teaches the spelling of 4,000 words most commonly used in writing
(98% of most people's writing vocabulary). The v^ord lists used ore the result of
over 25 years of research into the writing/spelling needs of children and adults.
Each grade level consists of one two-sided disk with word lists on one side and
study activities on the other. The activities are designed to develop mastery in
spelling utilizing a Test/Teach/Test approach. A pre-test is used to find out which
words a user cannot spell correctly. These are recorded on a "Words To Study"
list. The activities for learning these words ore provided. Finally, a post-test is
taken by the learner to measure progress. The approach is simple and rewards
are built in. List $99.95. Special Sale — 7 programs $34.95. Individual programs
$19. 95. (Specify grades 2-8).

Commodore 64

grades

(Disk)

Reading Comprehension Skills —

Reading Comprehension Skills, 1, 2,
and 3 help the leorner develop the
ability to reod with understanding. The
learner does work with cause and
effect, similarities and differences,
predicting outcomes, finding main
ideas, differentiating between foct and
opinion, etc. List Sale

(Disk)

Level 1 (grades 1-3)
Level 2 (grades 4-6)
Level 3 (grades 7-8)

S29.95 $16.95
329.95 $16.95
$29.95 $16.95

Words In Reading (Vocabulary) —

Learn About Words In Reading, 1 and 2
teaches the structure of words to
ensure success in reading. Such topics
as prefixes, suffixes, contractions,
synonyms, etc., are omong the
structural skills included in the
program to promote progress and good
grades in reading. List Sale

Level T (grades 1-3) $29,95 $16.95
Level 2 (grades 2-4) S29.95 S16.95

(Disk)

Add S3.00 for shipping, handling and insurance. Illinois residents
pleose add 6°o lax. Add S6-00 for CANADA. PUERTO RICO. HAWAII
ALASKA, APO-FPO orders. Canadian orders musi be in U S dpilors
WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES.

Enclose Cosh.ers Check. Money Order or Personol Check. Allow U
doys fof delivery, 2 to 7 doys for phone orders, I day express moi! !

VISA ~ MASTER CARD — C.O.D.
No C.O.D. to Canada, APO-FPO,

We Love Our Customers

Box 550, Barrington, Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

Co«^

-bA

^irt.

64

Evelyn Wood Speed Reading

SALE

^44.95

Evelyn Wood

Dynamic Reader

The EVELYN WOOD DYNAMIC READER provides you with
the exercises and tools you need to help you increase your
reading comprehension and speed. You can use your own
personal computer and develop your skills at your own
pace, You can learn the essential techniques of Dynamic
Reading in your own home — at any time that is convenient
for you. You can repeat exercises as often os you wish to
assure thot you maintain optimal reading efficiency.

Evelyn Wood Dynamic Reader List $69.95

An effective and enjoyable way to

improve your reading comprehension,

retention and speed.

(See Page 29, 30, 5J,)

Home Management Sale

Data Manager 1

A general information storage
and retrieval system — with
exclusive "X-SEARCH" Feoture.

LisfS24.95.

Sale $16.35.

The Electronic
Checkbook

Check recording, sorting
and balancing system.

ListS24 95 oSlG $lb.uD.

The Money
Manager

Home ond business budget
and cash flow system.

Lists24 95 Sale $16.95.

;Tin£UJCR|s.

The Money Manager

All three Programs for only ^44

95

Cave of the Word Wizard

For Commodore 64 Computers

An Intriguing Way to Develop Spelling Skills
Using Human Speech and Arcade Action.

This state-of-the-art educational progrom includes 500 spoken words in 10 spelling skill
levels and makes full use of the sound capabilities of your computer. The Wizard will talk to
you in clear humon speech. No odditional hardware is needed for your computer system.
(Tope/ Disk)

List $39.95.

Sole $22.95.

Add S3. 00 for shipping, hondling and insurance. Illinois residents
please add 5% toic. Add S6.00 for CANADA, PUERTO RICO. HAWAII.
ALASKA APO-FPO orders, Canodian orders must be in U.S. dollars.
WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES.

Enclose Coshiers Clieck. Mone/ Order or Personal Clieck. Allow M
doys for delivery. 2 lo 7 days for plione orders, 1 day express mail !
VISA - MASTER CARD - C.O.D.

No C.O.D. to Conodo. APO-FPO.

We Liove Our Customers

Box 550, Barrington, Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

Learning Comes Alive

Bated IVo, 1 in Computer Education

5^ T^ :^ Real LGarning t^ t^ i^

Grammar Examiner Spellakazam States & Traits

Now you can learn |P»»
proper grommar os
well as spelling. You'
are required lo edit ■
parographs or;

onswer grarnnnar

questions as you
move up Ihe ranks of
newspoper reporter.
FanJQstic learning
capabilities.
(Grodes 5 and up
(Disk.) List S44.95.
Sate $24.95.

Race the magician to
spell over 400
prepored words (or
enter your own). If
you succeed you
release the animals,
otherwise you sea
their fate. (Ages 7
and up) (Disk.)
List $34.95.
Sole $19.95.

Learn obout U.S. f
geography and the |.
fomous facts of each
stale. You must
piece states in with
only mountains and
river. Traits Include
problems like

bordering states and
rivers. historical

facts, current trivia
and Capitols.
{Ages 9 and up )
(Disk.) List S44.95
Sale $27.95.

IKATIS

PcflyiUtaM

*■"

HISTORIC IY<U

i]

end TO »■

1

Ynritt won

to the rcLiIcd

De/i9MMn™

Bonus; ZJ

lE.lt i

Commodore 64

KiU or^Hns ITou 6I3|

» rA

m

khiistl »-9«

hOv« arrtm to
the reldtHl
location.

!StuK!"

Dc/isnUKue"'

Bmufi n

t.i(

European
Nations And Locations

Learn country names, capitals, bordering nations,
geographic landmarks, major mountain

ronges, rivers and lakes, historical and cultural
facts, ond where they belong on a map in
achollenging and fun game for the whole
fomily. Fantastic way to learn obout the countries
of Europe. (Disk) List $44.95 Sale $29.95.

The Body Transparent

Teaches the names, locations, ond functions of
organs and bones in the human body, plus
important facts about them. Includes both the male
and female body, so you can leorn the similarities
and differences between them. Move bones ond
organs to the proper parts of the body and match
correct parts to the facts and functions presented.
Fantastic education of the Human Body.
(Disk) List $44.95 Sale $2«.95.

F^p-op. |T«i ^\

Snin

B^^Hn^f

t^mvt ruTlon
onro cfia up-

[mm

TO fI*C« It.

DS/iSnUMrt^ [fiwtus.: » lExit 1

Commodore 64

Skeleton Ifou M3l

1

X

Howa bonr
into tlw bodkf-

Mt It dm.

i.

DUUMMn"

Boranl ulDcIt

\«.

Add S3.00 for shipping, hondling and insurance. Illinois residents
please add 6% lax. Add S6.00 for CANADA, PUERTO RICO HAWAII
ALASKA, APO-FPO orders. Conodion orders must be in U.S. doliors'
WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES.

Enclose Cashiers Cfieck, Money Order or Personal Cfiech. Allow U
days for delivery. 2 to 7 days for pfione orders. 1 day express moil !

VISA — MASTER CARD — C.O.D.
. No C.O.D. to Conada, APO-FPO

We Love Our Customers

Box 550, Barrington, Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

29

95

KEYBOARD

29

95

Play "no-fault" music

instantly

Never hit a sour note

Play eight different

instruments

Play along with background

rhythms

Make your own music

Develop musical competence

and confidence

Learn notes on a music

keyboard

Develop sense of rhythm

Begin learning music theory

ColorTone Ksyboard — Now you can play and learn jusJ like on an orgon. Just point to one of the
colortone's preset songs, chance the musical scole you are playing in or make your Commodore 64 sound
like one of eight different instruments. As you play, you'll see the notes you're hearing displayed on a
musical staff then record your musical creations to listen lo them again and again. List $59.95. Sale S29.95.

Turn Your Cammad€>re-64 Info A
Saphisficafed Musical Instrument

Ui

The Program That Gives You A Reason To Buy A Commodore-64. "

New York Times.

IVLisiCak:

MisiCalc

IVbsiCalc

£ JamJlftr

ScoreWriter

Combine with Musicalc 1 and a
graphics printer (Super-lO) to
produce sheet music from your
original composition. (Disk} List
S39.95. Sale 519.95.

Synthesizer & Sequencer

This 1st step turn your Commodore-64 Into a
sophisticated musical instrument — a three
voice synthesizer and fully interactive step
sequencer ploy along with pre-recorded
songs or develop your own and record the
music you create. (Disk)

List $59.00. Sale $29.95.

L

Keyboard Maker

Turns your Commodore-64 into a
musical keyboard. Comes with
over 30 pre-set keyboard scales
from Classical to Rock. Requires
AAusicaic 1. (Disk) List S39.95.
Sale $19.95.

With Musicalc anyone can • Make and record sophisticated music • Print out sheet music
from your creations • Turn your computer into a keyboard • No experience necessary!

Add $3.00 ^or shipping, handling and insuronce. Illinois residants
please add 6% ton- Add $6.00 tor CANADA. PUERTO RICO. HAWAII.
AlASKA APO-FPO orders. Canadian orders musi be in U.S. dollars
WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES

Enclose Cashiers Check. Money Order or Persor%ol Check. Allow 14
dOYS 'or delivery. 2 10 7 days far phone orders. 1 day express mail'
VISA — MASTER CARD — C.O.D

No C.O.D. to Canada. APOFPO

We Love Our Customers

Box 550, Barringlon, Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

IMAGIC

e Grabbing Lining Graphics

JTar--

The Time Machine

Based on H.G. Wells' science fiction classic, THE TIME
MACHINE adds unique joystick action, high-resolution
graphics and extensive animation to Wells' ageless prose.
Travel through the treacherous time tunnel. Venture into
the mysterious land of the future. Befriend the gentle Eloi
and struggle to sove them from evil Morlocks who lurk in
the dangerous underworld. Regain your time machine at
all costs — or your tale will end in tragedy! (Disk) List
539.95. Sale $29.95.

Injured Engine

Work with an accurate cutaway representation of a
functioning automobile engine. Brilliant graphics detail
vorious engine systems and parts. Learn the names of
each part and how it relates to the other ports of the
engine, then, use your knowledge to diognose computer-
generated engine problems. Inspect and test ol will but
remember everything costs! Work against the clock to
tune and repair the motor to perfect running condition.
(Disk) List $39.95. Sale *27.95.

Speak and Seek

It talksl! Speak and Seek teaches the olphabet to
children, ages 2-5. It shows children how to print letters in
capital and lower cases, pronounces the letter as it is
drawn ond asks them to find and press the letter on the
keyboard. Incorrect answers prompt a variety of helping
phrases, such os "Try a little to the right" or "Try higher,"
and other encouraging and amusing feedback. The moke
a creature appear that starts with the collect letter. (Disk)
List $39.95. Sale S27.95.

^m

S^i^ ^.

Commodore 64

Demon Attack

Winged warriors wreak havoc from
above! Only your loser cannon stands
between you and oblivion! Blast those
bizorre demons. Your arsenal includes
missiiles ond sheer intestinol fortitude.
Only the strong survive! (Disk) List
$24.95. Sale $16.95.

Macbeth

Shakespeare's enthralling play of
murder, greed and intrigue comes to
life in this startlingly textured and vivid
treatment. Armed with your wits, an
impeccably detailed edition of the
Scottish ploy and o learned mentor
who questions and guides your insights
ond judgements, the play's the thing
for you to solve! An engrossing and
educotionol interactive adventure!.
(Disk) List $39.95. Sale $29.95.

Commodore 64

Nova Blast

Pilot your own Novon Skysweeper
above the underwater city. You must
defend four cities in your quadront
from alien assault. Use your radar to
detect enemy activity. Race to protect
these civilized outposts in a deadly
game of skill and strrategy. (Disk) List
524.95. Sale $16.95.

Add S3. 00 tor shipping, handling and insuronce. Illinois residents
pleose odd 6% tax. Add S6.00 for CANADA. PUERTO RICO, HAWAII,
ALASKA, APO-FPO orders. Canodian orders must be in U.S. dollors
WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES,

Enclose Cashiers Check, Money Order or Personal Check. Allow U
days tor delivery, 2 lo 7 days tor phone orders, 1 day express moil !

VISA - MASTER CARD — C.O.D.
No C.O.D. to Conodo. APO-FPO

We Love Our Customers

Box 550, Barrington, Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

Empire III: Armageddon

Michael B. Williams

Requirements: Apple Il-series
computer with at least 48K RAM
and a disk drive.

Empire HI: Armageddon is the fi-
nal cliapter in the Empire tril-
ogy. When you assume the role
of a character in this world, you
find the once-thriving civiliza-
tion created in World Builders
and advanced in Interstellar
Sharks decayed by rebellion,
poverty, and the corrupt ruling
body. Along with several under-
ground rebel groups, you must
overtake the Pyramid and elimi-
nate the Empress.

As in many fantasy role-
playing games, your character's
attributes and characteristics are
deternnined by the roll of the
die. Your success in everything
you do depends on your
strengths and weaknesses and
how well you use them. For ex-
ample, a high charisma can help
you get lower prices on some
items, while strength and dex-
terity will aid you most during
battle. Everything but your na-
tive class and your name are
chosen by chance, including
your gender.

During battle, you and your
opponent occupy opposite sides
of the screen. You determine
your attack by such commands
as stab, hit, kick, or fire. The
battle ends when one of you is
killed or gives up. Any wounds
received may be healed at the
hospital in the city (for a fee, of
course).

Armageddon is realistic: Pe-
riodically, you must eat and
drink to sustain life. Time
passes according to where you
are and how you move (more
time elapses when traversing
the wilderness than the city, for
example). As your character
ages, his abilities and strength

82 COMWITH Apfil 1985

weaken, though his intelligence
probably increases.

One criticism of Armaged-
don is that the game moves ex-
tremely slowly. The display
routines appear to be written in
BASIC and are painstakingly
slow. Disk access is excessive.
Another criticism, though com-
mon to many games of this type
(such as Wizardry), is that, after
hours of developing a character,
one mistake can wipe him out.
Since there is no reincarnation

in Armageddon (and no commer-
cial reincarnation programs as
exist for Wizardry), one is forced
to restart the game from the
very beginning.

Despite these drawbacks.
Empire III: Armageddon is a well
thought-out, extremely complex
graphic adventure. It will take a
lot of time to complete, and will
also command much of your pa-
tience. Empire HI: Arrnageddon
nicely ties up the Empire trilogy
with a superb challenge for
gamers.

Empire III; Armageddon

Peach tree Software

3445 Peach tree Road, N.E.

Atlanta, GA 30326

$32.95 ©

EasyPath For PC &

Richard Mansfield, Senior Editor

Requirements: IBM. PC or PCjr
with at least one disk drive and
DOS 2.0 or higher.

IBM DOS 2.0 and above are
powerful, impressive operating
systems, but they do have a few
kinks. One of their strengths is
that you can define subdirec-
tories to conveniently store re-
lated groups of files. However,
because of a quirk of the PATH
command, you can access only
program files within subdirec-
tories, not data files.

Also, many popular pro-
grams cannot access subdirec-
tories. If you are word processing,
for example, and you want to
work on a particular letter, it
must be in your current direc-
tory. It's more logical to orga-
nize letters in a directory called
LETTERS and notes in NOTES,
etc. However, DOS forces you
to copy all such data files into
the current directory if you want
to access them with your word

processor. Some people have
solved this by putting a copy of
their programs — database man-
agers, spreadsheets, and so on —
into each relevant subdirectory.
Not only does that waste disk
space, it still doesn't solve the
problem of switching between
letters and notes in different
directories.

An Easy Solution

All this is solved with Polygon
Software's EasyPath program.
You are given great freedom to
define locations and to SET
pathlike arguments which will
permit any of your programs to
access data from anywhere on
your floppy or hard disks.
EasyPath also solves similar
problems with RAM disks and
piping.

Of particular interest to
hard disk users is the EPFILES
command, which quickly locates
any file or file specification
anywhere on the disk. You see a
display of all matches and

Cominodore 64

EDYK

Commodore 64

The Best Arcade Games Around

World's Greatest Baseball — Finally a great sports game. Realistic right down to the
playing field. Control all the actions even the outfielders. Play realistic baseball all
year round. (Fantastic grophics, action, and sound ! ) (Disk) List $34.95. Sale $22,95.

Epyx

BASEBAUGAME

'\ ■'? .*

Ballblazer — Unique split-screen, 3-D graphics give you and your opponent a first
person view of the field of play. You race ocross the playfield in your Rotofoil trying to
capture the ball and fire it through the goal before your opponent. The winner is the
player with the most points at the end of the timed competition. Hold onto your joystick
ond keep that finger on the fire button, this is the type of two player head-to-head
oction you've been waiting for. Two Players, (Disk) List S29.95. Sale $21 .95.

Fast Lood Cartridge — Load, save and copy disks five times faster than normal. It plugs
into the cartridge port of the Commodore 64 and goes to work outomatically, loading
disks with ease. And that's only the beginning. It can copy a single file, copy the whole
disk, send disk commands, and even list directories without erosing programs stored
in memory. (Cartridge) List S39.95. Sole $24.95.

Barbie — The biggest name in dolls. Browse through Barbie's closet full of beautiful
clothing and dress her for the porty. You can cut her hair or make it longer and color it
or change the style. Buy new clothing at the boutique or any of the six other specialty
shops, or even go to the dress shop and creote Barbie's designer clothes with the help
of the computer. The combinations are endless and so is the fun. One or two players,
(Disk) List S39.95, Sale $24,95.

G.I. Joe — The best selling toy soldier is now available as an activity toy on the home
computer. Select the battle situation then choose the equipment you think you will
need to get the job done. Choose from a number of uniforms and weapons in your well
stocked orsenal and get ready for the action. Play alone or with o friend, if you plan
the right strategy you will complete the mission if not you will have to try again. One or
two players. (Disk) List $39.95. Sale $24.95.

eim§=

SltK.

Hot Wheels — Now all the action and fun from playing with Hot Wheels cars is taken

one step further on the home computer. Hot Wheels lets you choose your play activity
from repoiring cors to the destruction derby. You can actually play the activities along
with a partner on the computer screen, even build and customize your own cars. A
whole new way to play Hot Wheels. One or two players, (Disk) List S39.95. Sale $24,95.

Break Dance — Breok Dance is an action game in which your dancer tries to break
through a gang of breok dancers descending on him. "A simon-like game" where your
dancer hos to keep the steps of the computer controlled dancer, ond even o free donee
segment where you develop your own dance routines and the computer plays them
backforyou to watch. Now anyone can breok dance! ! (Disk) List $39,95 Sale $24.95.

Rescue On Froctalus! — Your mission is to fly your Valkyrie Fighter through the Jaggi
defenses and rescue the downed Ethercorps pilots. Sounds easy, but don't let it fool
you. It's tough enough jut to navigate the mountains and conyons of Froctalus, but try
doing it white destroying enemy gun emplocements or dodging suicide saucers. We
supply the Long Range Scanner, Dirac Mirror Shield and Anti-Matter Bubble
Torpedoes... YOU supply the skill and guts! One Player. (Disk) List $29.95, Sole $21 .95.

Add S3. 00 for shipping, handling ond insuronce. Illinois residents
please odd 6% lax. Add S6.00 for CANADA, PUERTO RICO. HAWAII.
AlASKA. APO-fPO orders. Canadion orders must be in U.S. dollors.
WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES.

Enclose Coshiers Check, Money Order or Personol Check. Allow U
doys for delivery. 2 to 7 days for phone orders, 1 day express mail !
VISA — MASTER CARD — C.O.D.

No C.O.D. to Canado, APOFPO.

We LiO've Our Customers

Box 550, Barrington, Illinois 60010

312/382-5244 to order

locations, whether hidden, sys-
tem, read-only, subdirectory, or
altered since previous backup.
This wealth of information has a
variety of uses. For example,
you can quickly determine if
you have duplicate files hidden
away in forgotten zones within
the megabytes of storage.
EasyPath makes it easier to man-
age the generous amounts of
storage offered by a hard disk.

This product has only one
flaw, and it's a flaw that's hard
to complain about seriously.
EasyPath is one of those pro-
grams with so many options
and features that you're initially
stunned by an embarras de
richesses.

There are so very many
ways to use EasyPath that at
first you can get lost trying to
figure out what is essentially a
new language. However, the
program comes with many
prewritten batch files for popu-
lar software; a clear, if dense,
user guide; and plenty of exam-
ples. It's well-supported with
help and error screens. It
doesn't take long to start solving
problems with EasyPath. And
there seem to be no untoward
interactions with other popular
background utilities, such as
ProKey, RAM disks, and
Sidekick.

EasyPath

Polygon Software Corp.

363 Seventh Avenue

New York, NY 10001

$100 ©

Winnie Ttie Pooti

In Ttie Hundred Acre Wood

COMPUTE!

TOLL FREE

Subscription

Order Line

800-334-0868

InNC
919-275-9809

James V. Trunzo

Requirevxents: Commodore 64
with a disk drive; or an Apple II-
series computer with at least 48K
RAM and a disk drive.

Winnie The Pooh In The Hundred
Acre Wood is a graphics adven-
ture game designed to be played
by a seven-year-old (or any
Winnie the Pooh lover), and the
biggest and most pleasant sur-
prise is that a child can actually
play it! One of the first releases
from Walt Disney Personal
Computer Software, by way of
Sierra, Winnie The Pooh is truly
an adventure game for children.

The program stresses such
diverse skills as creating and
reading maps, logical thinking,
and reading comprehension.
However, this learning is hid-
den beneath delightful graphics
and an intriguing challenge (for
a youngster). A blustery wind
has blown through the Hundred
Acre Wood, scattering the be-
longings of the beautifully ren-
dered A. A. Milne characters far
and wide. It is the player's job
to locate the missing articles,
identify their owners, and then
return them.

Sierra has struck a laudable
balance between making the
game too easy (and thus boring)
or too difficult (and thus frus-
trating). Except for directional
movements, children are not ex-
pected to type in the kind of
commands normally associated
with adventure games, so they
don't have to wrestle with the
program's vocabulary and syn-
tax recognition,

Sierra has added several
other touches to aid youngsters.
The Wise Owl is always avail-
able in case they find an object
they cannot match to a charac-

ter. A map of the Hundred Acre
Wood also is available, although
players are urged to make their
own map, as well, to keep track
of certain objects (only one ob-
ject can be carried at a time).
Finally, the text of the game
contains little hints — again,
without being so obvious as to
dilute the enjoyment and sat-
isfaction a youngster gains from
successfully completing a piece
of the puzzle.

Winnie The Pooh is a game
that a youngster will play more
than once. The program scatters
the lost objects in different
places for each game, and has
variations that make it more
than just a seek-and-find game.
The instructions are simple and
concise, and the program is al-
most completely error-proof.
One impressive feature is the in-
genious way Sierra built the
save-game feature into the pro-
gram. For starters, no data disk
is needed, eliminating the need
to swap disks. And the actual
procedure is made so easy (you
have to look in the toybox in
the playroom) that any seven-
year-old can do it without trou-
ble. Winnie The Pooh is one
piece of software that lives up
to the promises on its box.

Winnie The Pooh

In The Hundred Acre Wood

Walt Disney Personal Computer

Software

Sierra Inc.

Coarsegold, CA 936U

$39.95 ®

84 COMPUTEI April 1985

jjjL Lowest Price In The USA!

ATARr Computer System Sale

• Students • Word Processing * Home • Business

LOOK AT ALL YOU GET FOR ONLY

$449

©Atari 800XL 64K Computer
©Atari 1050 127K Disk Drive
©Atari 1027 Letter Quality 20 CPS Printer
Atari Writer Word Processer

All connecting cables S T.V. interface included. • Monitors sold seporetly.

LIST PRICE

$299.00

399.00

399.00

79.95

TOTAL LIST PRICE $1,176.95

MONITOR OPTIONS:

* 1 2" Hi Resolution Green or Annber Screen
14- 13" Hi Resolution Color

Add S9.95 For ConnecJion Cables ond SIO for UPS

List

$199.00
$399.00

Sale

99.00
195.00

15 DAY FREE TRIAL. We give you 15 days lo try out this ATARI COMPUTER SYSTEM! ! If it doesn't meet your expectations, jus! send it

back to us prepaid ond we will refund your purcfiase pficel I

»0 DAY IMMIDIATE REPLACEMENT WARRANTY. If any of the ATAf?l COMPUTER SYSTEM equipment or progroms foil due to faulty

workmanship or material we will replace it IMMEDIATELY with no service charge! !

Best Prices • Over 1000 Programs and 500 Accessories Available • Best Service
• One Day Express Mail • Programming Knowledge * Technical Support

Add $25.00 for shipping and handling!!

Enclose Cashiers Check, Money Order or Personal Check.
Allow 14 days for delivery. 2 lo 7 days for phone orders. I day
express mail! We occept Viso and MosterCord, We ship
CO.D. to continental U.S. addresses only.

COMPUTER DIRECT

We Love Our Customers
Box 1001, Barrington, ill. 60010

312/382-5050 to order

TurboDisk

High-Speed Disk Loader

For Commodore 64
And Expanded ViC-20

Don Lewis

Another breakthrough! Recently COMPUTE! published
a startling utility that loads Commodore tapes as
fast as 1541 disks (see "TurboTape," January and
February 1985). In this issue we're following up
with a program that accelerates 1541 disk loading
by a factor of three times or more. You'll find that
"TurboDisk" is as revolutionary as TurboTape — and
just as easy to use.

If you've ever used a really fast disk drive, you
know that the Commodore 1541 drive leaves
something to be desired — namely, speed. True,
it's much faster than a Datassette — at least, a
Datassette without "TurboTape" — but it's still
annoyingly slow compared to other floppy disk
drives with high-speed parallel interfaces.

Now there's a stunning solution:
"TurboDisk."

Once you start using TurboDisk, you'll won-
der how you got along without it. TurboDisk
turbocharges the loading process by a factor of
three times or more. In fact, the longer the pro-
gram, the more improvement you'll see!

TurboDisk requires no modifications to your
disk drive or computer. It loads programs saved
in the usual manner; no special Turbosave is re-
quired. It works with most BASIC and machine
language programs, including the DOS Wedge. It
does not compromise reliability. And you can
switch it on or off at any time by typing a single
command.

If you're still skeptical, give TurboDisk a
trial — it delivers what it promises.

Preparing TurboDisk

For the Commodore 64, you'll need to type in
two programs to prepare TurboDisk: a BASIC
program that creates a machine language file on

86 COMPUTEI April 1985

disk (the actual TurboDisk utility); and a short
two-line BASIC loader that calls up and activates
TurboDisk. For the VIC, a single BASIC program
is used to read the TurboDisk machine language
from DATA statements and relocate it to the top
of available memory.

Program 1 is the BASIC program that creates
the 64 version of TurboDisk, Notice all the num-
bers in DATA statements; these represent the
machine language portion of the utility. Be extra
careful when typing these lines. We recommend
using the "Automatic Proofreader" to prevent as
many errors as possible (see "COMPUTEI's
Guide To Typing In Programs" elsewhere in this
issue).

Save Program 1 on disk before running it for
the first time. That way, if an error causes your
computer to lock up, you can switch it off to
clear the memory, reload the program, and
search for the typing mistake. Otherwise you
could lose all of your typing effort.

When Program 1 runs, it prints the message
INSERT DISK AND HIT RETURN WHEN
READY. Insert a formatted program disk and
press RETURN. Program 1 creates a file on the
disk with the name TURBODISK.OBJ and then
prints the message TURBODISK.OBJ CREATED.
You'll probably want copies of TurboDisk on all
of your program disks, so rerun the program as
many times as necessary.

Program 1 will print an error message if it
detects a disk error or a typing mistake in the
DATA statements. In addition, the partially writ-
ten TURBODISK.OBJ file will be scratched from
the disk if an error is detected in the DATA.

Finally, if you're using a Commodore 64,
you must type in Program 2 and save it on all
your program disks with the filename
TURBODISK. To load and run TurboDisk, all

"...Darn near
letter quality!"

The high quality, square dot technology used by Legend produces a character so dear, so crisp our users tel! us it's
"darn near letter quality!" We invite comparisons. In fact, we're so confident about our quality we'll be happy to send
you an actual sample of legendary output, just for the asking. Legends are perfect for those important reports and
proposals as well as regular office correspondence. The graphs and charts you create with Legend are stunningly
good ! All you have to choose is how fast you want to go. 'We use a top-quality carbon ribbon common to the world's
most popular typewriter that makes each and every character clean and sharp. And we're so sure about the reliability
of our Legends we guarantee our print head . . . for life!

The LEGEND 880 provides over forty fonts,
m all software-selectable and is rated at 80

'^' ''^k cps but purrs along at a comfortable RTS of

104 characters per second. It's designed to
work with all popular computers including
IBM, most of the IBM -compatibles as well
as Apple, Tl and Commodore. And all this
can be yours today at a really afTordable
price! t

The LEGEND 1080. rated at 100 cps gives
you the quality ofthe 880 at a faster RTS of
^ 140 characters per second. And simple,

^^ easy-to-use switch settings bring forty

fonts to your fingertips! Tme Epson
compatibility means you can run all the
m^m popular software packages including
^^ Lotusl-2-3, Symphony Framework,
Wordstar and more!

The LEGEND 1380 is perfect for high speed,
high performance applications. Rated at
130 cps, it produces legendary print quality
at an incredible RTS of 163 characters per
second. Full IBM graphics compatibility
along with downloadable character sets
allows you to design your very own fonts
and mn all ofthe new IBM graphics
software.

Upgrade your printer buffer for only $1.00. For a limited time onlyyou can upgrade the bufTer in either
your Legend 1080 or Legend 1380. See your dealer for all the details.

For more information about these and the full line of Legendary printers contact Legend Peripheral Products,
6041 Variel Avenue, 'Woodland Hills, Ca 91367. Telephone (818) 704-9100. Outside CA call toll-free
1-800-321-4484. Telex 662436.

LCCCnD

PERIPHERAL
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Quadboiird 8339.00

Quadboard II $329.00

Expanded Quadboard ..4339.00

Quad 612+ $249.00

Quad 3 Meg $879.00

Memory Board $388.00

QusdJr Exp. Chassis $539.00

QuadJr Exp. Memory $319,00

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AST

six Pack Plus $339.00

Mega Plus II $269.00

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Color $199,00

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3780 8839.00

BSC $499.00

DCA IRMA 3270 8899.00

ACCESSORIES

Quadram ■ Chronograph $89.99

Parallel Card $69.99

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MEMORY CHIPS

4164 RAM Clllps (set or 9) 839.99

DISK DRIVES

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Tandon SVt" 320K Floppy.,. .$189.00

SOFTWARE

LOTirs

Symphony,,. $449.00

1-2-3 $309.00

Hayes

Please (Data Base) $249.00

rKAOHT&SX eOTTWAja

Peaohtext 6000 .,,.$169.00

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KIGROPaO

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MICEOMIM

R:Base 4000 $379,00

1EVI.TIMATE 1ST,
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KICBOSTUr
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KICaOSQ.FT

MultlPlan $139.00

ABHTON-TATE

Framework... $349.00

dBASE II upgrade $139.00

dBASB n $299.00

dBASE in.- $389.00

Friday I $179.00

IVB

Easy Writer II $249.00

EasySpeller $119.00

EasjFller S329.00

coninrEHTAi; sofxwabje:

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ALPHA BOriWAUi

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VI5ICORF

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SPI

Open Access $339,00

HARVARD SOFTWARE INC.
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FTS
IBH/APPLE

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Grapii $89.99

Report $79.99

File $89.99

Plan $89.99

BI.E0TRONI0 ARTS

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PC COMPATIBLES

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Portables CALL

APPLE

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APPLE lie CALL

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MaclHTOSH CAIiL

300 Green $129.00

300 Amber $149.00

300 ColOP/Audlo $369.00

310 Amber IBM-Plug $169.00

Coior 500 Composlte/RGB/VCR83B9.00
Color 600 HI-Rbs (840 « 240),$439-00
Color 700 Hl-Res (730 » 2401.8499.00
Color 710 Long Phosphor $579.00

BMC
1201 Plus (12" Green Hl-Res|.$88.99

919in Color $309.00

9191 Color Plus $339,00

NAP
12" Amber $69.96

IVEC

JB 1306 Green $109,00

JB 1201 Green $139,00

JB 130B Amber $149,00

JB 1215 Color,. $339,00

JC 1316 RGB -$379,00

JC 1460 Color $269,00

PRINCETON GRAPHICS

MAX- 12 Amber ,- $199,00

HX-13 RGB $489,00

SR-13 ROB $629,00

MONITORS ^^^^^^

SC-lOO Color $349.00

SG-1000 Green $129,00

SA-1000 Amber $139.00

116 12" Oreen Mono .,,,.$139,00

lie 13" Amber Mono $149,00

121 Oreen TTL $149,00

132 Amber TTL $169,00

210 Color RGB $239.00

400 Med-Bes RGB $319.00

415 Hl-Res RGB $439,00

420 Hl-Res RGB (IBM) $469.00

440 Ultra Hl-Res RGB $649,00

QirAIlRAH

8400 Quadohrome $489,00

8410 Quadchrome il 8479,00

B420 Amberohrome $199,00

yUmm

ZVM 122 Amber $89,99

ZVM 123 Green,-. $84,99

ZVM 134-IBM Amber 8149,00

ZVM 131 Color $309,00

ZVM 133 RGB $429,00

ZVM 135.RGB/GolOr $469,00

ZVM 136-RGB;CoIor $629,00

MODEMS

^Incmor

Volksmodem $59,99

Mark IL Serial $79.99

Mark VII (Auto Ans/AutO Dial)$99,99

Mark XII (1300 Baud) $269,00

Mark TRS-80 899,99

9 Voit Power Supply $9.99

GDHayes"

Smartmodem 300 $199,00

Smartmodem 1200 $449.00

Smartmodem 1200B $399.00

Smartmodem 3400 $699.00

Mlcromodem lie,,. $269,00

Mloromodem 100 $399.00

Smart Com II $75.99

Cbronograpti $199.00

Novationll^

Smart Cat Plus $329.00

J-Cat.. ,.,,., $99,99

Smart Cat 103 $179,00

Smart Cat 103/312 $399,00

AutoCat $219,00

213 AutoCat $649.00

Apple Cat n , $349,00

312 Apple Cat , $449,00

Apple Cat 212 Upgrade $269,00,-

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TOLL FREE ^ Qftft OQQ QORn

ORDER LINE I ~0 UVf ~C00~09 9U

In PA Call: (717) 327-957S
WEST EAST

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you have to do is enter LOAD TURBODISK,8
and RUN. The short loader will call
TURBODISK.OBJ off the disk, place it safely in
high memory, and activate it automatically.

VIC TurboDisk

Program 3, for the VIC-20, reads the TurboDisk
machine language from DATA statements and
POKEs it into the top of available memory,
adjusting addresses v^^ithin the machine language
as necessary. This is slower than the scheme
usied for the 64, but necessary because
TurboDisk's position in the VIC depends on the
amount of memory installed and whether any
other utilities — such as the DOS Wedge — are al-
ready in memory. Memory expansion is required
to use VIC TurboDisk, but any amount — even
3K — is sufficient. However, TurboDisk will re-
duce the amount of free memory by 1280 bytes.

As always when entering DATA statements
containing machine language, check carefully for
typing mistakes, since a single wrong number
can cause the program to crash. The Automatic
Proofreader should help you avoid some ty-
pographical errors. Program 3 also includes in-
ternal checks on the DATA statements, and will
report an error if the sum of all the DATA items
doesn't match its predetermined total.

To install TurboDisk, simply load and run
Program 3. If all DATA is correct, the program
will tell you the SYS values that will turn
TurboDisk on and off (these numbers vary
according to the amount of memory expansion).
Be sure to make a note of the numbers for later
reference. Program 3 will also automatically ac-
tivate TurboDisk, so you don't need the SYS to
start it the first time.

Turbocharged LOADs

Once TurboDisk is activated, no special com-
mands are necessary. Simply type LOAD
"filename",8 or lOAD"filename",Srl as usual.
You'll be amazed at the difference.

One thing you will notice immediately is
that the red light on the disk drive doesn't come
on at all during a Turboload. Don't panic; this is
normal. It's also normal for the 64's screen to
blank out as TurboDisk works. When the pro-
gram is loaded, the screen reappears unaltered.
The VIC'S screen doesn't blank; instead, you'll
see the message TURBOLOADING to let you
know that the high-speed loading is in progress.

You may occasionally find it necessary to
deactivate TurboDisk and use a normal LOAD
instead. For example, 1541 disk drives are prone
to head alignment problems, so if you have a
disk formatted on a drive other than your own,
you may find that your drive has difficulty load-
ing programs from it. Since the Turboload rou-

tine gives up more easily on difficult loads, you
may have to switch to the more forgiving stan-
dard LOAD to get the program into your com-
puter. You can switch off 64 TurboDisk at any
time without erasing it from memory by entering
SYS 49155. To reactivate 64 TurboDisk, enter
SYS 49152. For the VIC, use the SYS values re-
ported by the loader program.

You'll also find it necessary to use the SYS
to reactivate TurboDisk after pressing RUN/
STOP-RESTORE. Using that key combination to
reset the computer effectively disconnects
TurboDisk.

There are a few cautions to observe. When
using TurboDisk, only one device can be active
on the serial bus. Turn off alt other devices ex-
cept for one 1541 disk drive, device number 8. If
you are using a printer interface such as Cardco's
which gets power from the cassette port, remove
the plug from the cassette port before using
TurboDisk. If you attempt to Turboload a pro-
gram and the drive spins continuously but noth-
ing else happens, you have probably forgotten to
turn off your printer or unplug your printer
interface.

On the Commodore 64, TurboDisk resides in
the 4K block of free memory starting at address
49152 (hex $C0O0), so it's completely safe from
BASIC. However, many machine language pro-
grams or subroutines also use this memory space
and may overwrite TurboDisk. Don't attempt to
use TurboDisk to load any program which occu-
pies locations 49152-50431 ($C000-$C4FF).

Since VIC TurboDisk resides at the top of
memory, care must be taken to avoid loading a
program that is long enough to overwrite the
Turbodisk machine language. After running Pro-
gram 3, type PRINT INT(FRE(0)/256). The value
you get is roughly the maximum length in disk
blocks for a program to load without disturbing
TurboDisk. For example, on a VIC with 8K
expansion and both TurboDisk and the VIC-20
Wedge installed, the PRINT above should yield a
38. Thus, for that memory configuration, you
should not attempt to Turboload a program that
the disk directory shows to be more than 38
blocks long.

TurboDisk speeds up LOADs — even LOADs
from within programs, as are common in
multipart VIC programs — but it can't speed up
SAVEs or VERIFYs. It also doesn't affect the
speed of disk file handling with OPEN, PRINT*,
GET#, etc. It's not compatible with certain fea-
tures of some programs, such as saving text files
with the SpeedScript 3.0 word processor, although
you can use TurboDisk to load SpeedScript in the
first place. TurboDisk works with the disk-locking
function of "Commodore File Protector" (see

90 COMPUTEI April 1985

article elsewhere in this issue) but not with the
file-locking function. It also may not work with
some commercial software.

How TurboDisk Works

The machine language for TurboDisk is unusual
in that only half of it works within your com-
puter— the rest is actually executed within the
1541 drive itself. Unlike disk drives for most
other computers. Commodore's are intelligent
units, containing their own microprocessors,
RAM, and ROM. This means that they can be
programmed for special effects, like
Turboloading.

During the brief delay you notice between
the time you enter the LOAD command with
TurboDisk and the time the drive starts spinning,
420 bytes of machine language code are trans-
ferred from the computer to the drive's RAM.
This is the portion in the second set of DATA
statements in Programs 1 and 3. In the 64, it is
stored in locations 49664-50083 ($C2G0-$C3A3).
This required transfer of data before each
Turboload adds a certain amount of overhead
time, which explains why TurboDisk gives less
speed improvement for short programs.

TurboDisk operates by changing the ILOAD
vector at locations 816-817 ($330-$331) to point
to itself, bypassing the normal LOAD routines in
ROM. (These locations are reset to their normal
values during the RUN/STOP-RESTORE se-
quence, which explains why the program must
be reactivated after that key combination is
pressed.) TurboDisk first checks to see whether a
disk directory (LOAD "$",8) or a VERIFY was re-
quested. In either of these cases, control is re-
turned to the ROM routines for normal
processing. If a program load was requested, the
routine adds the filename to the code for the disk
drive portion, then transfers that data to the
drive's memory.

The portion of TurboDisk in the disk drive
uses routines in the drive's ROM to locate the
desired program and read it from the disk sector
by sector. To improve speed, drive ROM routines
like the one that turns on the red light are omit-
ted, and only the essential ones are used. The
256 bytes of data from each disk sector are trans-
ferred two bits at time to a 256-byte buffer
within the computer. In the 64, this buffer is at
locations 50176-50431 ($C400-SC4FF).

TurboDisk machine language in the com-
puter reads the incoming data from the serial
port's DATA and CLK lines, instead of just the
DATA line as in normal serial data transfers.
Thus, TurboDisk temporarily converts your serial
drive into a two-bit parallel drive. When the en-
tire 256 bytes from a disk sector have been trans-
ferred into the computer's buffer, data from the

buffer is added to the program in memory while
the drive is reading the next sector from the disk.

Just How Fast Is It?

Despite a few limitations, TurboDisk is one of
the most valuable general-purpose utilities a disk
user can own. To discover exactly how fast it is,
we ran tests with some programs recently pub-
lished in COMPUTE!. The test results, shown be-
low, demonstrate how TurboDisk yields the most
improvement with medium to long programs.
(Results with different disk drives may vary. Fig-
ures shown below are for the 64 version.)

After trying TurboDisk yourself, we think
you'll agree it's a worthy follow-up to
TurboTape.

Program Blocks

Normal
LOAD Turboload Factor

Acrobat

31

21 sec

7 sec

3.0

Space Caverns

17

13 sec

5 sec

2.6

64 Paintbox

45

31 sec

9 sec
5 sec

3.4

Unicopy 64

8

7 sec

1.4

SpeedScript 3.0

25

18 sec

6 sec

3.0

SpeedScript 3.0
source code

122

75 sec

17 sec

4.4

Please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide To Typing in
Programs" before entering these listings.

Program 1 : 64 TurboDisk Creator

100 PRINT" {CLR] "TAB ( 206 )"{WHT}TURB0DISK P

ROGRAM GENERATOR": PRINT SPRINT : rem 2

110 PRINT "{CYN} INSERT DISK AND HIT f RVS }

RETURN [off} WHEN READY" : PRINT: PRINT

:rem 115
120 GET A$:IP A$<>CHR$(13) THEN 120

:rem 248
130 OPEN 2,8,2, "TURBODISK. OBJ, P,W";G0SUB

{space} 1000 srem 100

140 PRINT#2,CHRS(0)CHR$(192); : rem 78
150 FOR 1=0 TO 427:READ A:CK=CK+A:PRINT#2

,CHR5(A) r :MEXT I : rem 225

160 IF A<>32 OR CKO55038 THEN PRINT"

[RVS}ERR0R in data lines 49152-49578"

:G0T0 300 ;rem 5

170 FOR 1=0 TO 83:PRINT#2,CHR?{234); :NEXT

I :rem 115

180 CK=0:FOR 1=0 TO 419: READ A:CK=CK+A:PR

INT#2,CHR$(A) ; iNEXT I : rem 26

190 IF AO160 OR CKO43460 THEN PRINT"

[RVS] ERROR IN D.A.TA LINES 49664-50078"

:GOTO300 :rem 49

200 CLOSE 2:PRINT TAB( 9 ) "E73TURB0DISK.0BJ

CREATED": PRINT: PRINT TAB(10)?:rem 74

210 INPUT "ANOTHER COPY (Y/N)";A$:IF A$ <>

"Y" THEN END : rem 197

220 RUN :rem 137

300 CLOSE 2:CL0SE 15:0PEN 1 5 , 8 , 15, "S0 :TUR

BODISK.OBJ" :CL0SE 15:END : rem 4S

1000 CL0SE15:0PEN15,B,15:INPUT#15,E,E$,T,

S:IF E=0 THEN RETURN :rem 71

April 1985 COMPUT6I 91

1010 PRINT "DISK ERROR"E'

1020 CLOSE15:OPEN15,8,15, "10

49100

REM *

49152

DATA

49158

DATA

49164

DATA

49170

DATA

49176

DATA

49182

DATA

4918B

DATA

49194

DATA

49200

DATA

49206

DATA

49212

DATA

49218

DATA

49224

DATA

49230

DATA

49236

DATA

49242

DATA

49248

DATA

49254

DATA

49260

DATA

49266

DATA

49272

DATA

49278

DATA

49284

DATA

49290

DATA

49296

DATA

49302

DATA

49308

DATA

49314

DATA

49320

DATA

49326

DATA

49332

DATA

49338

DATA

49344

DATA

49350

DATA

49356

DATA

49362

DATA

49368

DATA

49374

DATA

49380

DATA

49386

DATA

49392

DATA

49398

DATA

49404

DATA

49410

DATA

49416

DATA

49422

DATA

49428

DATA

49434

DATA

49440

DATA

49446

DATA

49452

DATA

49458

DATA

49464

DATA

49470

DATA

49476

DATA

49482

DATA

49488

DATA

49494

DATA

49500

DATA

49506

DATA

ES;TrS

: rem 145
: ":CL0SE15

; rem 160
rem 240
: rem 63
rem 221
rem 151
rem 184
rrem 71
rem 220
rem 196
rem 142
rem 115
rem 135
:rem 51
rem 137
rem 124
; rem 64

* 64 TURBODISK ML

76,27,192,169,165,141

48,3,169,244,141,49

3,160,0,185,41, 192

240,6,32,22,231,200

208,245,96,169,84,141

48,3,169,192,141,49

3,160,21,208,230,13

84,85,82,66,79,68

73,83,75,32,68,73

83,65,66,76,69,68

13,0,13,84,85,82

66,79,68,73,83,75

32,65,67,84,73,86

65,84,69,68,13,0

133,147,165,147,208,30:rem 102

162,I6,169,160,157,148:rem 108

195,202,16,250,160,0 :rem249

177,187,201,36,240,12 : rem 50

177,187,153,148,195,200

:rem 161
196,183,144,246,176,5 : rem 69
165,147,76,165,244,32 : rem 62
69,193,165,186,32,177 : rem 79
255,169,lll,32,147,255:rem 109
169,85,32,168,255,169 :rem 75
67,32,168,255,32,174
255,120,169,11,141,17
208,32,19,193,44,0
196,48,76,164,195,166
196,165,185,240,6,172
2,196,174,3,196,132
174,134,175,162,4,32
251,192,32,19,193,173
0,196,48,48,240,6
32,249,192,76,188,192
162,2,160,0,189,0
196,145,174,200,232,240

: rem 147
7,236,1,196,144,242 :rem 216
240,240,32,6,193,24 -.rem 203
72,169,27,141,17,208

:rem 18
: rem 39

:rem 156
;rem 7 5
:rem 56

:rem 213

: rem 254
;rem 60

: rem 114
:rem 69

: rem 101

irem 8

49512 DATA

104,166, 174,164,175 ,88:rera 122
96,169,4,44,169,0 : rem 124
56,176,235,162,2,160 : rem 12
0,189,0,196,145,174 :rem211
200,232,208,247,24,152 : rem 86
101,174,13 3,174, 165,175

; rem 152
105,0,133,175,96,160 : rem 251
0,169,11,141,0,221 ; rem 142
173,0,221,16,251,169 : rem 253
3,141,0,221,162,5 : rem 87
202,234,208,252,162,4 : rem 46
173,0,221,10,8,10 :rem 83
38,149,40,38,149,202 : rem 14
208,242,165,149,73,255:rem 115
153,0,196,200,208,209 : rem 46
96,169,16,133,255,169 : rem 77
0,133,251,169,194,133 : rem 53
252,169,0,133,253,169 :rem65
5,133,254,165,186,32 :remll
177,255,169,lll,32,147:rem 103
255,165,25 3,164,2 54,141

:rem 156
169,193,140,170,19 3,160

:rem 153

49518 DATA 0,185,166,193,32,168 :rem 13

49524 DATA 255,200,192,6,208,245 t rem 51

49530 DATA 160,0,177,251,32,168 : rem 253
49536 DATA 255 , 200 , 192 , 32 , 144 , 246 ; rem 101
49542 DATA 165,251,105,31,133,251 : rem 91

49548 DATA 165,252,105,0,133,252 : rem 47
49554 DATA 165,253,105,32,133,253 : rem 99

49560 DATA 165,254,105,0,133,254 : rem 45
49566 DATA 32 , 174, 255 , 1 98, 255 , 208 : rem 121

49572 DATA 180,96,77,45,87,0 : rem 127

49578 DATA 0,32 : rem 236

49600 REM ** 1541 TURBODISK ML : rem 86

49664 DATA 32,66,208,120,169,18 : rem 10

49570 DATA 160,1,141,0,3,140 : rem 86

49676 DATA 1,3,32,186,5,169 :rem 67

49682 DATA 3,133,60,162,0,134 . : rem 148

49688 DATA 75,240,41,160,0,177 : rem 214

49694 DATA 59,201,130,208,25,200 : rem 46

49700 DATA 200,200,185,145,6,201 ; rem 31

49706 DATA 42,240,61,201,63,240 : rem 245

49712 DATA 4,209,59,208,7,200 : rem 157

49718 DATA 192,18,240,48,208,234 : rem 61

49724 DATA 230,75,166,75,224,8 :rem 218

49730 DATA 240,7,189,98,5,133 : rem 169

49736 DATA 59,208,208,173,0,3 : rem 163

49742 DATA 240,6,172,1,3,76 : rem 55

49748 DATA 14,5,169,255,141,0 :rem 162

49754 DATA 3,32,133,5,88,76 :rem 68

49760 DATA 69,217,2,34,66,98 : rem 127
49766 DATA 130 , 162 , 194 , 226 , 230, 59 : rem 110

49772 DATA 160,0,177,59,141,0 :rem 157

49778 DATA 3,200,177,59,141,1 : rem 162

49784 DATA 3,32,186,5,32,133 ; rem 110

49790 DATA 5,173,0,3,208,245 : rem 107

49796 DATA 96,160,0,185,0,3 trem 64

49802 DATA 133,133,44,0,24,16 : rem 144

49808 DATA 251,169,16,141,0,24 : rem 206

49814 DATA 44,0,24,48,251,162 :rem 155

49820 DATA 4,169,0,6,133,42 :rem 52

49826 DATA 10,6,133,42,10,141 : rem 142

49832 DATA 0,24,202,208,240,72 :rem 195

49838 DATA 104,72,104,169,15,141 :rem 53

49844 DATA 0,24,200,208,206,96 : rem 204

49850 DATA 172,1,3,132,7,173 : rem 102

49856 DATA 0,3,197,6,8,133 : rem 15

49862 DATA 6,40,240,16,169,176 :rem 216

49868 DATA 133,0,88,36,0,48 : rem 69

49874 DATA 252,120,165,0,201,1 : rem 194

49880 DATA 208,78,169,238,141,12 : rem 66

49886 DATA 28,169,6,133,50,169 : rem 229

49892 DATA 0,133,51,133,48,169 trem 214

49898 DATA 3,133,49,32,58,6 trem 75

49904 DATA 80,254,184,173,1,28 : rem 214

49910 DATA 153,0,3,200,208,244 :rem 191
49916 DATA 160, 186 ,80 , 254, 184, 173 t rem 116

4992 2 DATA 1,28,153,0,1,200 : rem 39
49928 DATA 208, 244 , 32 , 224, 248, 165 :rem 113

49934 DATA 56,197,71,240,4,169 : rem 225

49940 DATA 34,208,20,32,233,245 : rem 251

49946 DATA 197,58,240,4,169,35 : rem 230

49952 DATA 208,9,169,236,141,12 : rem 10

49958 DATA 28,96,24,105,24,133 : rem 219

49964 DATA 68,169,255,141,0,3 :rem 169

49970 DATA 32,133,5,165,68,76 : rem 171

49976 DATA 200,193,32,64,6,76 : rem 170

49982 DATA 124,6,165,18,133,22 : rem 211

49988 DATA 165,19,133,23,165,6 : rem 224

49994 DATA 133,24,165,7,133,25 : rem 215

50000 DATA 169,0,69,22,69,23 :rem 98

50006 DATA 69,24,69,25,133,26 : rem 155

50012 DATA 32,52,249,162,90,32 : rem 192

92 COMPOTH Apri! 1V85

50018

DATA

50024

DATA

50030

DATA

50036

DATA

50042

DATA

50048

DATA

50054

DATA

50060

DATA

50066

DATA

50072

DATA

124,6,80,254
1,28,217,36,
6,200,192,8,
96,202,298,2
208,175,169,
24,169,33,44
16,163,44,0,
246,173,1,28
0,96,160,160
160,160,160,

,184,173

0,208

208,240

33,169,3

208,141,

,5,24

28,48

,184,160

,160,160

160,160,

:rem 252
rreni 89

: renn 186
:rem 46
:rem 45

:rem 102
; rem 99

:rem 247

:rem 242

160

50078 DATA 160,160,160,160,160,160

; rem 126

;rein 132

Program 2: 64 TurboDisk Loader

10 IF A=0 THEN A=l:LOAD "TURBODISK .OBJ" ,8

#1 :rem 155

20 SYS 49152 :NEW : rem 138

Program 3: vie TurboDisk Loader

Translation by Ottis Cowper, Technical Editor

10 POKE 55,0:POKE 56 , PEEK( 56 )-5 :CLR: PRINT
"tDOWNl VIC TURBODISK LOADER" : rem 32

20 X=PEEKC56) :Al=X*256:PRIIsrT"{DOWN)WRITIN
G BLOCK 1" :rem 188

30 FOR AD=A1 TO A1+444:READ DT: CK=CK+DT: I
F DT<0 THEN DT=X-DT-1 : rem 234

40 POKE AD,DT:NEXT:IF CK<>52477 THEN PRIN
T"{RVS}ERR0R in DATA":PRINT"LINES 1000
-1444":STOP : rem 61

50 CK=0:A2=:A1+512:PRINT"WRITING BLOCK 2"

:rem 75

60 FOR AD=A2 TO A2+419:READ DT:CK=CK+DT

:rem 165

70 POKE AD,DT:NEXT:IF CK<>43460 THEN PRIN
T"{RVS}eRROR in DATA" SPRINT "LINES 2000
-2414": STOP :rem 55

80 PRINT "DATA OK" : PRINT" {DOWN} SYS "Al "TO A
CTIVATE ": PRINT "{down! SYS "Al+3 "TO DISAB
^^" :rem 120

90 SYS Al .rem 218

999 REM ** VIC TURBODISK CODE : rem 151

1000 DATA 24,144,24,169,73,141 : rem 188
1006 DATA 48,3,169,245,141,49 : rem 154
1012 DATA 3,160,0,185,41,-1 :rem 21
1018 DATA 240,6,32,66,231,200 : rem 133
1024 DATA 208,245,96,169,84,141 :rem 3
1030 DATA 48,3,169,-1,141,49 : rem 90
1036 DATA 3,160,21,208,230,13 : rem 128
1042 DATA 84,85,82,66,79,68 : rem 74
1048 DATA 73,83,75,32,68,73 s rem 65
1054 DATA 83,65,66,76,69,68 srem 76
1060 DATA 13,0,13,84,85,82 srem 248
1066 DATA 66,79,68,73,83,75 : rem 78
1072 DATA 32,65,67,84,73,86 :rem 65
1078 DATA 65,84,69,68,13,0 ; rem 14
1084 DATA 133,147,165,147,208,30 ; rem 43
1090- DATA 160,0,177,187,201,36 : rem 194
1096 DATA 240,22,162,16,169,160 : rem 247
1102 DATA 157,148,-4,202,16,250 : rem 231
1108 DATA 177,187,153,148,-4,200 :rem 40
1114 DATA 196,183,144,246,176,5 : rem 1
1120 DATA 165,147,76,73,245,160 :rem 251
1126 DATA 0,185,138,-1,240,30 :rem 129
1132 DATA 32,66,231,200,208,245 :rem 235
1138 DATA 13,84,85,82,66,79 :rem 70
1144 DATA 76,79,65,68,73,78 :rem 79

1150
1156
1162
1168
1174
1180
1186
1192
1198
1204
1210
1216
1222
1228

1234
1240
1246
1252
1258
1264
1270
1276
1282
1288
1294
1300
1306
1312
1318
1324
1330
1336
1342
1348
1354
1360
1366
1372
1378
1384
1390
1396
1402
1408
1414
1420

DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA

DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA

1426

DATA

1432

DATA

1438

DATA

1444

DATA

1999

REM *

2000

DATA

2006

DATA

2012

DATA

2018

DATA

2024

DATA

2030

DATA

2036

DATA

2042

DATA

2048

DATA

2054

DATA

2060

DATA

2066

DATA

2072

DATA

2078

DATA

2084

DATA

2090

DATA

2096

DATA

2102

DATA

2108

DATA

2114

DATA

71,46,46,46,13,0 : rem 247

77,45,87,0,0,32 : rem 206

169,16,133,255,169,0 : rem 202

133,251,169,-3,133,252 : rem 37

169,0,133,253,169,5 : rem 153

133,254,165,186,32,177 :rem 49

255,169,111,32,147,255 :rem 50
165,253,164,254,141,159:rem 100

-1,140,160,-1,160,0 :rem 120

185,156,-1,32,168,255 :rem 245

200,192,6,208,245,160 :rem 234

0,177,251,32,168,255 : rem 199

200,192,32,144,246,165 :rem 33

251,105,31,133,251,165 :rem 32

252,105,0,133,252,165 : rem 235

253,105,32,133,253,165 : rem 31

254,105,0,133,254,32 : rem 187
174,255,198,255,208,180:rem 105

165,186,32,177,255,169 : rem 65

111,32,147,255,169,85 :rem 0

32,168,255,169,67,32 :rem 210

168,255,32,174,255,120 : rem 49

32,137,-2,44,0,-5 : rem 23

48,69,164,195,166,195 :rem 27

165,185,240,6,172,2 :reml52

-5,174,3,-5,132,174 ; rem 127

134,175,162,4,32,113 : rem 188

-2,32,137,-2,173,0 :rem70

-5,48,41,240,6,32 : rem 39

111,-2,24,144,240,162 : rem 224

2,160,0,189,0,-5 :rem 234

145,174,200,232,240,7 : rem 239

236,1,-5,144,242,240 : rem 181

240,32,124,-2,24,166 :rem 186

174,164,175,38,96,169 : rem 22

4,44,169,0,55,176 : rem 53

242,162,2,160,0,189 : rem 146

0,-5,145,174,200,232 : r em 180

208,247,24,152,101,174 : rem 44

133,174,165,175,105,0 : rt'm 248

133,175,96,160,0,169 : rem 205

128,141,17,145,173,17 : rem 255

145,41,2,240,249,169 : rem 195

0,141,17,145,162,7 : rem 91

202,234,208,252,162,4 ; rem 237

173,17,145,74,38,149 : rem 206

74,38,149,234,234,202 : rem 253

208,242,165,149,73,255 :rem 50

153,0,-5,200,208,207 : rem 182

96 :rem 86

* 1541 TURBODISK CODE : rem 177

32,56,208,120,169,18 :rem 191

160,1,141,0,3,140 :rem 20

1,3,32,186,5,169 : rem 248

3,133,60,162,0,134 : rem 82

75,240,41,160,0,177 : rem 139

59.201.130.208.25.200 : rem 227

200.200.185.145.6.201 : rem 230
42,240,61,201,63,240 :rem 179
4,209,59,208,7,200 :rem 100
192,18,240,48,208,234 : rem 251
230,75,166,75,224,8 : rem 152
240,7,189,98,5,133 : rem 112
59,208,208,173,0,3 :rem97
240,6,172,1,3,76 : rem 254

14.5.159.255.141.0 : rem 96
3,32,133,5,88,76 : rem 2
69,217,2,34,66,98 : rem 70
130,162,194,226,230,59 :rem 35
160,0,177,59,141,0 irem 91

3.200.177.59.141.1 : rem 87

April T985 eOMPUTEl 93

2120

DATA

2126

DATA

2132

DATA

2138

DATA

2144

DATA

2150

DATA

2156

DATA

2162

DATA

2168

DATA

2174

DATA

2180

DATA

2186

DATA

2192

DATA

2198

DATA

2204

DATA

2210

DATA

2216

DATA

2222

DATA

2228

DATA

2234

DATA

2240

DATA

2246

DATA

2252

DATA

2258

DATA

2264

DATA

3,32,186,5,32,133

5,173,0,3,208,245

96,160,0,185,0,3

133,133,44,0,24,16

251,169,16,141,0,24

44,0,24,48,251,162

4,169,0,6,133,42

10,6,133,42,10,141

0,24,202,208,240,72

104,72,104,169,15,141

0,24,200,208,206,96

172,1,3,132,7,173

0,3,197,6,8,133

6,40,240,16,169,176

133,0,88,36,0,48

252,120,165,0,201,1

208,78,169,238,141,12

28,169,6,133,50,169

0,133,51,133,48,169

3,133,49,32,58,6

80,254,184,173,1,28

153,0,3,200,208,244

160,186,80,254,184,173

1,28,153,0,1,200

208,244,32,224,248,165

:rem 35

2270

DATA

: rem 41

2276

DATA

:rem 245

2282

DATA

irem 87

2288

DATA

:rem 140

2294

DATA

:rem 89

2300

DATA

:rem 251

2306

DATA

:rem 76

2312

DATA

:rem 138

2318

DATA

•.rem 243

2324

DATA

:reni 138

2330

DATA

;rem 45

2336

DATA

:reni 205

2342

DATA

trem 159

2348

DATA

:rem 250

2354

DATA

:rem 119

2360

DATA

:rem 0

2366

DATA

:rem 154

2372

DATA

irem 148

2378

DATA

irem 0

2384

DATA

irem 148

2390

DATA

irem 134

2396

DATA

:rGm 50

2402

DATA

trem 238

2408

DATA

trem 47

2414

DATA

56,197,71,240
34,208,20,32,
197,58,240,4,
208,9,169,236
28,96,24,105,
68,169,255,14
32,133,5,165,
200,193,32,64
124,6,165,18,
165,19,133,23
133,24,165,7,
169,0,59,22,6
69,24,69,25,1
32,52,249,162
124,6,80,254,
1,28,217,36,0
6,200,192,8,2
96,202,208,23
208,175,169,2
24,169,33,44,
16,163,44,0,2
246,173,1,28,
0,96,160,160,
160,160,160,1
160,160,160,1

,4,169

233,245

169,35

,141,12

24,133

1,0,3

68,76

,6,76

133,22

,165,6

133,25

9,23

33,26

,90,32

184,173

,208

08,240

3,169,32 •

08,141,5

5,24

8,48

184,160

160,160

60,160,160

60,160,160

trem 159
trem 194
trem 164
trem 209
trem 153

t rem 94
trem 105

trem 95
trem 145
trem 149
trem 140

trem 59
trem 107
trem 153
trem 204

t rem 4 1

trem 147

trem 2 54

t rem 6

trem 54

trem 51
trem 208
trem 185

trem 78

trem 75

13
(0
C

0

E

2
a

Program Your Own EPROMS
^^'?/° $99.50

PLUGS INTO USER PORT.
NOTHING ELSE NEEDED.
EASY TO USE. VERSATILE.

• Read or Program, One byte or
32K bytes!

OR Use like a disk drive. LOAD,

SAVE, GET. INPUT PRINT CMD.

OPEN, CLOSE— EPROM FILES!

Our software lets you use familiar BASIC commands to

create, modify, scratch files on readily available EPROM

chips. Adds a new dimension to your computing capability.

Works with most ML Monitors too.

• Make Auto-Start Cartridges of your programs.

• The promenade" 01 gives you 4 programming voltages,
2 EPROM supply voltages, 3 intelligent programming
algorithms, 15 bit chip addressing, 3 LED's and NO
switches. Your computer controls everything from software!

• Textool socket. Anti-static aluminum housing.

• EPROMS, cartridge PC boards, etc. at extra charge.

• Some EPROM types you can use with the promenade"

2758 253Z

2516 2732

2716 27C32

27C16 2732A

J62732P
2564
2764
27C64

27I2B
27256
68764
68766

5133
5143
ZB15-
281 S-
'DerulEs eJetfricallv eraseaU lypes

X2ai6A-

52813"

4e016P'

Call Toll Free: 800-421-7731
In Calilornia; 800-421-7748

Eg

JASON-RANHEIM

580 Parrott St., San Jose, CA 95112

94 COMPUTE) April 1985

(ALMOST)

FREE
CLUES:

If you've ever been stuck in an adventure game, you need
The Book of Adventure Games by Kim Schuette. This
fantastic book contains complete legible (typeset) maps,
magnificent illustrations, and ail the hints you need to
complete 77 of the all-time most popular adventure gannes
including Zorit I, II, III, Deadline, Slarcross, Witness,
Planetfall, Enchanter, Sorcerer, Infidel, Suspended (with
map), Wizardry, Knight of Diamonds, Legacy of
Llylgamyn, Aii Scott Adams, All Sierra On-Line including
Time Zone, Ultima I, II, III and many more! Best of all, the
book doesn't spoil your fun! At about 25<t an adventure, it's
the biggest bargain around. So stop getting ripped off by
SlO cluebooks and call:

1-(800)-821-5226 Ext. 500

24 hrs. a day, 7 days a week

or write:

Witt's End

42 Morehouse Rd., Dept. 12

Easton. CT 06612

Free UPS shipping. Add S3.00 tor COD. APO's FPO's o.k. Add
$5.00 lor foreign shipping. Wo charge tor credit cards. We accept
Visa/lvlaslBrcard. Personal Check (allow 2 weeks toclear), Ceriilied
Check or money order.
All Trademarks are acknowledged

TELECOMPUTING TODAY

Arlan Q. Levilan

Telecomputing To The Rescue

"rm sorry, Mr. Levitan, your 7:45 flight to Las
Vegas has been canceled."

Although I had arrived at the airport eager
to take off for January's Consumer Electronics
Show (CES as it is known in the trade), I was
somewhat slow to reply. After standing in line at
the ticket counter, I was too tired to respond
with the appropriate level of indignation. All I
could manage was a feeble "You've got to be
kidding!"

"I wish 1 was, sir, but I'm afraid we couldn't
muster a full crew for the flight. I'm sorry, but
these things do happen once in a while."

I wearily resigned myself to a couple of
hours hanging around Detroit Metro Airport and
asked, "What time does the next direct flight
leave?"

The countenance of what had seemed like a
mild-mannered airline employee began to take
on sinister undertones.

"I'm afraid that everything we have is
booked," he said. "We can't confirm you all the
way into Las Vegas at this time."

A note of hysteria crept into my voice.
"Listen, I'll fly the plane. Honest, I do it all the
time on weekends. My best friend owns a 747
and I'm qualified on everything up to the Space
Shuttle."

Ignoring my generous offer to help the air-
line and the other 240 stranded travelers out of
an unfortunate predicament, the agent's eyes
started burning with nefarious fire as he chortled,
"We'll fly you into Chicago on a flight leaving
here in about three hours. From there we'll have
to wait-list you on the only two flights we have
from O'Hare to Las Vegas ..."

I staggered backwards as if hit by a sharp
blow to the solar plexus. In a momentary
hallucination, I saw myself as the Lost Air Trav-
eler, doomed to roam the corridors of O'Hare
with a flight bag hanging 'round my neck.

Wait a minute! My flight bag had the an-
swer. I raced over to a nearby pay phone and
whipped out my trusty lap computer and the

acoustic cups necessary to hook the unit's built-
in modem to the nonmodular handset. I must
have looked like a novelty juggling act as I at-
tempted to keep all of my equipment from crash-
ing to the floor. I dialed into the local number for
one of the information services that I subscribe to
and hooked into the electronic edition of OAG,
the Official Airlines Guide (for more info on
OAG see "Telecomputing Today," COMPUTE!,
February 1985). In about two minutes I had the
flight numbers and airlines for five other flights
out of Detroit to Las Vegas. Disconnecting my
computer from the phone, I started calling the
airlines. On my second call I hit pay dirt — an
opening on a flight to Phoenix, Arizona, connect-
ing with a commuter flight to Las Vegas.

Armed with my new flight information, I
boldly swaggered back to my nemesis's ticket po-
sition. "You may not be able to get me where
I'm going, but another airline can. Just issue me
an interrupted flight voucher for my canceled
flight and I'll be on my way." Sheepishly, the
agent completed the necessary paperwork. As I
walked away to catch my new flight I glanced
back over my shoulder in time to see a mass of
angry ex-fellow passengers descending upon my
defeated adversary.

New Lower-Priced Modems

So I finally did make it to the Winter CES and I
return bearing glad tidings. This year will see the
end of the Hayes price umbrella which has
helped keep prices of intelligent 300 and 1200
bits-per-second (bps) modems rather high for the
last 12 months or so.

Now, don't get me wrong — Hayes modems
represented good value for the money at the time
of their introduction. But recent developments in
chip technology have made it possible to dras-
tically reduce the number of components and
amount of support circuitry required for modems.
The problem is that modem manufacturers have
tended to price their goods based more upon the
going rate for market-leading Hayes modems
than upon the actual manufacturing cost. With

Apfit 1965 COMPUTB 95

COMPUTE! Back Issues

Here are some of the applications,
tutorials, and games from available
back issues Of COMPUTE!. Each
issue contains much, much more
than there's space here to list, but
here are some highlights:

Home and Educational COMPUT-
ING! (Summer 1981 and Fall
1981 — count as one back issue):
Exploring The Rainbow Machine,
VIC As Super Calculator, Custom
Characters On The VIC, Alternative
Screens, Automatic VIC Line Num-
bers, Using The Joystick (Spacewar
Game), Fast VIC Tape Locater,
Window, VIC Memory Map.

May 1981: Named GOSUB/GOTO
in Applesoft, Generating Lower
Case Text on Apple II, Copy Atari
Screens to the Printer, Disk Direc-
tory Printer for Atari, Realtime
Clock on Atari, PET BASIC Delete
Utility, PET Calculated Bar Graphs,
Running 40 Column Programs on a
CBM 8032, A Fast Visible Memory
Dump, Cassette Filing System, Get-
ting To A Machine Language Pro-
gram, Epidemic Simulation.

Jane 1981: Computer Using

Educators (CUE) on Software Pric-
ing, Apple II Hires Character Gen-
erator, Ever Expanding Apple
Power, Color Burst for Atari, Mix-
ing Atari Graphics Modes 0 and 8,
Relocating PET BASIC Programs,
An Assembler In BASIC for PET,
Quadra PET: Multitasking?, Map-
ping Unknown Machine Language,
RAM/ROM Memory, Keeping
TABs on a Printer.

July 1981: Home Heating and
Cooling, Animating Integer BASIC
Lores Graphics, The Apple Hires
Shape Writer, Adding a Voice Track
to Atari Programs, Machine Lan-
guage Atari Joystick Driver, Four
Screen Utilities for the PET, Saving
Machine Language Programs on
PET Tape Headers, Commodore
ROM Systems, Using TAB, SPC,
And LEN,

August 1981: Minimize Code and
Maximize Speed, Apple Disk Motor
Control, A Cassette Tape Monitor
for the Apple, Easy Reading of the
Atari Joystick, Blockade Game for
the Atari, Atari Sound Utility, The
CBM "Fat 40," Keyword for PET,
CBM/PET Loading, Chaining, and
Overlaying, Adding A Program-
mable Sound Generator, Converting
PET BASIC Programs To ASCII
Files.

October 1981: Automatic DATA
Statements for CBM and Atari, VIC
News, Undeletable Lines on Apple,
PET, and VIC; Budgeting on the
Apple, Atari Cassette Boot-tapes,
Atari Variable Name Utility, Atari
Program Library, Train Your PET to
Run VIC Programs, Interface a BSR
Remote Control System to PET, A
General Purpose BCD to Binary
Routine, Converting to Fat-40 PET,

December 1981; Saving Fuel $$
(multiple computers). Unscramble
Game (multiple computers). Maze
Generator (multiple computers).
Animating Applesoft Graphics, A
Simple Atari Word Processor, Add-
ing High Speed Vertical Positioning
to Atari P/M Graphics, OSI
Supercursor, A Look At SuperPET,
Supermon for PET/CBM, PET Mine
Maze Game, Replacing The INPUT
# Command, Foreign Language
Text on The Commodore Printer,
File Recovery,

January 1982: Invest (multiple
computers). Developing a Business
Algorithm (multiple computers),
Apple Addresses, Lowercase with
Unmodified Apple, Cryptogram
Game for Atari, Superfont: Design
Special Character Sets on Atari,
PET Repairs for the Amateur,
Micromon for PET, Self-modifying
Programs in PET BASIC, Tinymon:
A VIC Monitor, VIC Color Tips,
VIC Memory Map, ZAP; A VIC
Game.

May 1982: VIC Meteor Maze Game,
Atari Disk Drive Speed Check,

Modifying Apple's Floating Point
BASIC, Fast Sort For PET/CBM,
Extra Atari Colors Through
Artifacting, Life Insurance Estimator
(multiple computers), PET Screen
Input, Getting The Most Out Of
VIC'S 5000 Bytes.

August 1982: The New Wave Of
Personal Computers, Household
Budget Manager (multiple comput-
ers). Word Games (multiple
computers). Color Computer Home
Energy Monitor, A VIC Light Pen
For Under $10, Guess That Animal
(multiple computers), PET/CBM
Inner BASIC, VIC Communications,
Keyprint Compendium, Animation
With Atari, VIC Curiosities, Atari
Substring Search, PET and VIC
Electric Eraser.

September 1982: Apple and Atari
and the Sounds of TRON, Com-
modore Automatic Disk Boot, VIC
Joysticks, Three Atari GTIA Arti-
cles, Commodore Disk Fixes, The
Apple PILOT Language, Sprites and
Sound on the Commodore 64,
Peripheral Vision Exerciser (mul-
dple computers). Banish INPUT
Statements (multiple computers).
Charades (multiple computers), PET
Pointer Sort, VIC Pause, Mapping
Machine Language, Commodore
User-defined Functions Defined, A
VIC Bug.

January 1983: Sound Synthesis And
The Personal Computer, Juggler
And Thunderbird Games (multiple
computers), Music And Sound Pro-
grams (multiple computers). Writing
Transportable BASIC, Home Energy
Calculator (multiple computers).
All About Commodore WAIT,
Supermon 64, Perfect Commodore
INPUTS, VIC Sound Generator,
Copy VIC Disk Files, Commodore
64 Architecture.

May 1983: The New Low-Cost
Printer/Plotters, Jumping Jack (mul-
tiple computers). Deflector (multiple
computers), VIC Kaleidoscope,
Graphics on the Sinclair/Timex,

96 COMPUTEI Apri! 19S5

COMPUTE! Back Issues

Bootmaker For VIC, PET and 64,
VICSTATION: A "Paperless Of-
fice," The Atari Musician, Puzzle
Generator (multiple computers), In-
stant 64 Art, 64 Odds And Ends,
Versatile VIC Data Acquisition,
POP For Commodore.

June 1983: How To Buy The Right
Printer, The New, Low-Cost Print-
ers, Astrostorm (multiple comput-
ers). The Hawkmen Of Dindrin
(multiple computers), MusicMaster
For The Commodore 64, Com-
modore Data Searcher, Atari
Player/Missile Graphics Simplified,
VIC Power Spirals, UnNEW For
The VIC and 64, Atari Fast Shuffle,
VIC Contractor, Commodore
Supermon Q & A.

July 1983: Constructing The Ideal
Computer Game, Techniques For
Writing Your Own Adventure
Game, SpeedSki And Time Bomb
(VIC), Castle Quest And Roadblock
(Atari), RATS! And Goblin (64),
How To Create A Data Filing Sys-
tem (multiple computers). How To
Back Up Disks For VIC And 64,
Atari Artifacting, All About The
Commodore USR Command, TI
Mailing List,

August 1983: Weather Forecaster
(multiple computers). First Math
And Clues (multiple computers),
Converting VIC And 64 Programs
To PET, Atari Verify, Apple
Bytechanger, VIC And 64 Escape
Key, Banish Atari INPUT State-
ments, Mixing Graphics Modes On
The 64, VICplot, VIC/64 Transla-
tions: Reading The Keyboard, Musi-
cal Atari Keyboard, VIC Display
Messages.

September 1983: Games That
Teach, Caves Of Ice, Diamond
Drop, Mystery Spell, and Dots
(multiple computers), VIC Pilot,
Ultrasort (VIC, 64, PET), Easy Atari
Page Flipping, Computer Aided De-
sign On The TI, Relative Files On
the VIC/64, Atari Fontbyter, TI

Sprite Editor, All About Interrupts
(multiple computers). Cracking The
64 Kernal, Making Change On The
Timex/Sinclair, Build Your Own
Random File Manager (multiple
computers),

October 1983: Computer Games By
Phone, Coupon File (multiple
computers). Dragon Master And
Moving Maze (multiple computers),
Merging Programs From Com-
modore Disks, Atari Master Disk
Directory, Sprites In TI Extended
BASIC, Commodore EXEC, Multi-
color Atari Character Editor, High
Speed Commodore Mazer, Apple
Sounds, Extra Instructions (multiple
computers). Commodore DOS
Wedges, Invisible Disk Directory
For VIC And 64.

February 1984: What Makes A
Good Game, Circus (multiple com-
puters), Quatrainment (multiple
computers). Commodore 3-D Draw-
ing Master (Apple version also in-
cluded). Speedy BASIC For VIC
And 64, Dr. Video 64.

March 1984: All About Adding
Peripherals, Modern Memory: The
Future Of Storage Devices, Roader
(multiple computers). Barrier Battle
(multiple computers). Programming
The TI: File Processing, Sound
Shaper (multiple computers), Com-
modore Floating Subroutines, Big
Buffer For Atari.

April 1984: Apple's Macintosh Un-
veiled, Securities Analysis (multiple
computers). Worm Of Bemer (mul-
tiple computers). Programming The
TI: File Processing, Part 2,
1540/1541 Disk Housekeeping,
Hidden Atari DOS Commands,
Function Keys For The Apple, TI
Tricks And Tips, Super Directory
(multiple computers).

May 1984: The Digital Palette: Fun-
damentals Of Computer Graphics,
The Inside Story: Flow Graphics

Tablets And Light Pens Work, Pic-
ture Perfect For Atari And Com-
modore 64, 64 Hi-Res Graphics
Editor, Snertle (multiple comput-
ers), Pentominos: A Puzzle-Solving
Program (multiple computers), A
BASIC Cross-Reference (PET, 64).

June 1984: Choosing The Right
Printer: The Easy Way To Hard
Copy, Pests (multiple computers).
Olympiad (multiple computers).
Programming The TI: TI Graphics,
MacroDOS For Atari, Part 1, Apple
Variable Save, Programming 64
Sound, Part 1, Apple Input And
Menu Screens.

July 1984: Evolutionary To The
Core: The Apple lie Heads For
Home, The ABC's Of Data Bases,
Statistics For Nonstatisticians (mul-
tiple computers). Bunny Hop (mul-
tiple computers), Blueberries
(multiple computers). Atari Artist,
Applesoft Lister, Program Conver-
sion With Sinclair BASIC And TI
BASIC, Commodore 64 ROM
Generations.

Back issues are $4 each. Price in-
cludes freight in the US. Outside
the US add $1 per magazine or-
dered for surface postage, $4 per
magazine for air mail postage.
All back issues subject to
availability.

In the Continental US call

TOLL FREE 800-334-0868

(919-275-9809 in NC)

Or write to:
COMPUTE! Back Issues
P. O. Box 5406
Greensboro, NC 27403 USA

Prepayment required in US

funds.

Master Card, VISA, and

American Express accepted.

NC residents add 4.5% sales tax.

April 1985 COMPUTEI 97

the introduction in 1985 of mass-produced low
chip-count modems from companies like
Panasonic, Atari, and Commodore, tele-
computing at 300 and 1200 bps speeds will be
more affordable than ever before.

Consider Panasonic's new line of modems.
Models KX-D401 and KX-D402 are 300 bps and
300/1200 bps units, respectively. Both have
originate, answer, and autoanswer modes with
LED indicators for data, carrier detect,
autoanswer, and power. Prices? The KX-D401 re-
tails for $99.95, the KX-D402 for $299.95.

How about a Panasonic phone with built-in
modem? The KX-D4130 has all the features of
the KX-D401 modem and sports a 24-button
automatic dialer that can store up to 30 digits per
number. An auto-redial function will redial busy
numbers 15 times every ten minutes.

The icing on the cake is an integral hands-
free speakerphone with excellent audio clarity. At
$199.95, the KX-D4130 is sure to be a favorite of
gadget-happy telecomputing aficionados. All of
the new Panasonics can be used with any com-
puter equipped with an RS-232 interface.

Atari & Commodore Surprises

The price of telecomputing on Atari systems
takes a dive with the introduction of the Atari
XM-301 300 bps direct-connect modem. At
$49.95 it's one of the least expensive autoanswer,
autodial modems around. Since the compact unit
draws its power from the Atari serial bus connec-
tor, no separate power supply is required. Also
announced at CES was a new telecomputing
software cartridge dubbed The Learning Phone,
which will allow Atari systems equipped with
modems to access Control Data Corporation's
vaunted PLATO educational system, complete
with high-resolution graphics. Estimated price of
the new cartridge is in the $30-$40 range.

Micro Peripheral Products of Albany, Oregon,
announced a price cut of $50 on its Model lOOOC
modem for Atari computers (now $149.95) and
introduced the MPP 1064, a new direct-connect
modem for the Commodore 64. The price is
$99.95, which includes a sophisticated smart
terminal program.

Commodore's new palm-sized 1660 Modem
300 is a direct-connect 300 bps unit with
autoanswer, autodial, and a built-in speaker for
monitoring the progress of calls. The 1660 plugs
directly into the user ports of the Commodore
64, Plus/4, or new Commodore 128 computer.
At only $29.95, it will hardly make a dent in
even the most frugal Commodore owner's
pocket.

If that pricing doesn't seem predatory, con-
sider the Commodore 1670 Modem/1200, a 1200
bps twin to the 1660. Slated for introduction

98 COMPUTEI Apfil 1985

three months or so after the introduction of its
little brother, the 1670 is likely to set the modem
market on its ear. I was able to inspect the in-
nards of the 1670 at an after-hours conclave dur-
ing CES and counted only three chips and a
couple dozen small resistors on the modem's
2 X 4-inch circuit board. The low component
count should contribute to relatively high
reliability. The board and chips still bore the
markings of the manufacturer which designed
the unit — U.S. Robotics, an experienced and
well-respected vendor of telecomputing products.
Commodore will manufacture both the 1660 and
1670 internally to keep costs down.

The price? If only one mildly euphoric Com-
modore employee had mentioned a number be-
low $100, I might have dismissed it out of hand.
To my surprise, the figure was seconded by an-
other source the following day. Looks like Com-
modore owners may have the telecomputing
bargain of the year on their hands by summer's
end!

And fAore Good News

Commodore's new 32K LCD lap computer was
the hit of the show for most journalists already
accustomed to lugging around TRS-80 Model
100s or Olivetti MlOs. The modem-equipped
Commodore's 80-column by 16-Iine screen is the
fastest and most legible LCD screen I've seen to
date. Priced at $600 or less, the Commodore lap
portable may cause Tandy to rethink the thousand-
dollar price of its new 24K Model 200 lap com-
puter, whose 40 X 16 LCD screen pales in
comparison.

Racing to beat the band. General Videotex
Corporation announced at CES that its Delphi
information service now supports high-speed
2400 bps access in 34 major cities. The additional
cost to Delphi subscribers for the higher access
rate is a $5/hour surcharge over the normal Delphi
rates of $16/hour during business hours and
$6/hour nonprime time for both 300 and 1200
bps access. Watch for the previously low-key ser-
vice to start making noises like a contender —
new personnel that GVC has picked up in raids
on CompuServe's staff will begin making major
changes in the services offered.

Enough news for now. Next month we'll
cover the ins and outs of transferring information
to and from a remote computer with your own
system. Stay tuned for chapter 1 of the "Compleat
Uploader & Downloader."

Till then, BCNU.

Arlan R. Levitan
Delphi: ARLANl

The Source: TCT987

CompuServe: 70675,463 6

You never know who you will meet
or what will be said when you're on
American People/Link.

AMERICAN PEOPLE/LINK''" users meet a lot of
different people. That's because PEOPLE/LINK- the
natron's first all entertainment videotex
network — allows anyone with a word processor,
personal computer or terminal, and a modem to
communicate with other users throughout the country
from the privacy of their own homes.

Sometimes these electronic conversations are
serious. ..sometimes they're outrageous... but they will
always keep your interest as you talk to friends and
make new ones. PEOPLE/LINK's recreational programs
include:

PARTYLINE — Meet people and talk live with other
PEOPLE/LINK members throughout the country in
groups or privately.

CLUB-LINK — Join or start a club or group devoted to
a favorite hobby, rock group, lifestyle, etc.

WHO-IS-WHO — locate other users with similar interests.

And there's much more with programs like NETMAIL,
our person-to-person electronic mail, PEOPLESCAN,
the national bulletin board system, and play games such
as poker, blackjack, checkers, chess, backgammon, and
bridge (color graphics are available for most popular
computers).

And the greatest thing is that you don't have to be a
computer whiz or even know how to type to use
PEOPLE/LINK. ..just be smart enough to subscribe now!

Talk live nationwide for $2.95/hour* . . . an exciting and
inexpensive way to meet new friends.

AMERICAN

PEOPLE

All Machine Language Word Processor For Expanded VIC- 20

COMPUTE! continues its SpeedScript
3.0 series this month ivith our en-
hanced version for the Commodore
VIC-20 (with at least 8K memory ex-
pansion). Written entirely in machine
language, SpeedScript contains
nearly every command and conven-
ience you'd expect from a quality
word processor. First introduced in
the January 1984 issue of our com-
panion magazine, computei's
GAZETTE, SpeedScript incorporates a
year's worth of improvements, read-
ers' suggestions, and additional de-
bugging. Because the VIC version is
so sitnilar to the Commodore 64 ver-
sion, refer to last month's article for a
full tutorial-style explanation. This
month's article is an abbreviated de-
scription, look for the Atari and Ap-
ple versions of SpeedScript 3.0 in
coming issues.

SpeedScript 3.0, though compact in
size (6K), has many features found
on commercial word processors.
SpeedScript is also very easy to
learn and use. You type in every-
thing first; previevi' and make cor-
rections on the screen; insert and
delete words, sentences, and para-
graphs; then print out an error-free
draft, letting SpeedScript take care
of things like margins, centering,
headers, and footers.

Entering SpeedScript

SpeedScript is one of the longest
machine language programs we've
ever published, but the MLX entry
system helps you type it right the
first time. MLX can detect most er-
rors people make when entering
numbers. (See the MLX article else-
where in this issue.) MLX also lets
you type SpeedScript in more than
one sitting. (Unfortunately, if you
have an earlier version of
SpeedScript, you cannot just make
certain changes to bring it up to
version 3.0. You have to type it

100 COMPUTH April 1985

Charles Brannon, Program Editor

from scratch.) Although the pro-
gram listing is lengthy, we guaran-
tee the effort will be worthwhile.

Before you begin typing
SpeedScript (or begin a subsequent
session of typing if you enter
SpeedScript in more than one sit-
ting), you must enter the following
POKES before you load and run the
MLX program. These POKEs are
essential to protect SpeedScript
from BASIC while you are typing it
in. Again, these POKEs should be
performed before you load MLX,
but are not necessary to run the
finished SpeedScript program:

POKE 44,42:POKE 10752,0:NEW

Now load and run the VIC
version of MLX (remember that you
need at least 8K memory expansion
to run VIC MLX). Answer the first
two questions like this:

Starling Address? 4609
Ending Address? 10482

The screen will then show the
first prompt, the number 4609 fol-
lowed by a colon. Type in each
three-digit number shown in the
listing. You do not need to type the
comma shown in the listing. MLX
inserts the comma automatically.

The last number you enter in
each line is a checksum. It repre-
sents the values of the other num-
bers in the line summed together. If
you make a mistake while entering
the line, the checksum calculated
by MLX and displayed on the
screen should not match that of the
listing, and you will have to retype
the line. MLX is not foolproof,
though. It's possible to fool the
checksum by exchanging the posi-
tion of the three-digit numbers.
Also, an error in one number can
be offset by an error in another
(just as 3 + 4-1-7 = 1 + 4 + 9).
Keep this in mind. MLX will help
catch your errors, but you still must
be careful.

Typing In Muitiple
Sittings

If you want to stop typing the
listing at some point and pick up
later, press SHIFT-S and follow
the screen prompts. Remember to
note the line number of the last
line you typed in. When you are
ready to continue typing, enter
the POKEs mentioned above, load
MLX, answer the starting and
ending address prompts, then
press SHIFT-L. MLX asks for the
filename you gave to the partially
typed program. After the LOAD is
complete, press SHIFT-N and tell
MLX the line number you stopped
at. Now continue typing as before.
When you finish all typing, MLX
automatically prompts you to save
the program.

At this point MLX has saved
a program file on tape or disk. If
you load it and list it, you'll see
that it looks like a normal one-
line BASIC program, with a line
number and a SYS command. The
machine language program that is
SpeedScript starts in memory just
after the SYS command. The sim-
ulated BASIC line is included so
you can load SpeedScript like any
BASIC program and enter RUN to
start it. You don't need to add the
",1" like you do when loading
many machine language pro-
grams. Just LOAD "SPEED-
SCRIPT" (or whatever filename
you called it) for tape, or LOAD
"SPEED5CR1PT",8 for disk, then
enter RUN. Once SpeedScript is in
memory, you can save it from
BASIC like a BASIC program. If
SpeedScript is running, press
RUN/STOP-RESTORE to exit to
BASIC.

Before using SpeedScript, you
should generally unplug all car-
tridges such as the Super Expander.
You must have a memory expan-
sion cartridge plugged in that

provides at least an additional 8K,
although SpeedScripf can take ad-
vantage of up to 24K of memory.
SpeedScript cannot take advantage
of any custom hardware configura-
tions except those that do not inter-
fere with normal operations.

Entering Text

When you run SpeedScript, the
screen colors change to black on
white. The first two lines on the
screen are black with white letters.
SpeedScript presents all messages
on these command lines. The re-
maining 21 lines of the screen are
used to enter, edit, and display
your document. The cursor shows
where the next character you type
will appear on the screen.
SpeedScript lets you move the
cursor anywhere within your docu-
ment, making it easy to find and
correct errors.

To begin using SpeedScript,
just start typing. When the cursor
reaches the right edge of the
screen, it automatically jumps to
the beginning of the next line, just
as in BASIC. But unlike BASIC,
SpeedScript never splits words at
the right edge of the screen. If a
word you're typing won't fit at the
end of one line, it's instantly
moved to the next line. This fea-
ture, called word wrap or some-
times parsing, makes it much easier
to read your text on the screen.

Scrolling And Screen
Formatting

When you finish typing on the last
screen line, SpeedScript automati-
cally scrolls the text upward to
make room for a new line at the
bottom. Imagine the screen as a 21-
iine window on a long continuous
document. In total, there's room for
3072 characters of text with an 8K
expander; up to 19,456 with a 24K
expander. To check at any time
how much space is left, press
CTRL-= (hold down the CTRL
key while pressing the = key). The
number which appears in the com-
mand line indicates how much
room remains for characters of text.

If you're used to a typewriter,
you'll have to unlearn some habits.
Since the screen is only 22 columns
wide, and most printers have 80-
column carriages, it doesn't make
sense to press RETURN at the end
of each line as you do on a type-

writer. SpeedScript's word wrap
takes care of this automatically.
Press RETURN only when you
want to force a carriage return to
end a paragraph or limit the length
of a line. A return-mark appears
on the screen as a left-pointing
arrow.

Using The Keyboard

Most features are accessed with
control-key commands — you hold
down CTRL while pressing another
key. In this article, control-key
commands are abbreviated CTRL-
X (where X is the key you press in
combination with CTRL). An ex-
ample is the CTRL-= mentioned
above to check on free memory.
CTRL-E means hold down CTRL
and press E. Sometimes you have
to hold down both SHIFT and
CTRL as you type the command
key, as in SHIFT-CTRL-H. Other
keys are referenced by name or
function, such as back-arrow for
the left-pointing arrow in the top-
left comer of the keyboard, pound
sign for the British pound sign (£),
CLR/HOME for the home cursor
key, SHIFT-CLR/HOME for the
clear screen key, fl for special func-
tion key 1, and up-arrow for the
upward-pointing arrow to the left
of the RESTORE key. See Figure 1
for a complete quick-reference chart
of all keyboard commands.

Some keys let you move the
cursor to different places in the
document to make corrections or
scroll text into view. You can move
the cursor by character, word, sen-
tence, or paragraph. Here's how to
control the cursor;

• The left/right cursor key

works as usual; pressing this key
by itself moves the cursor right
(forward) one space, and pressing it
with SHIFT moves the cursor left
(backward) one space.

• The up/down cursor key
moves the cursor forward to the
beginning of the next sentence.
Pressing it with SHIFT moves the
cursor backward to the beginning
of the previous sentence.

• The fl special function
key moves the cursor forward to
the beginning of the next word.
The f2 key (hold down SHIFT and
press fl) moves the cursor back-
ward to the beginning of the previ-
ous word.

• The f3 special function

key moves the cursor forward to
the beginning of the next sentence
(just like the up/dOwn cursor key).
The f4 key (hold down SHIFT and
press f3) moves the cursor back-
ward to the beginning of the previ-
ous sentence (just like pressing
SHIFT and the up/down cursor
key).

• The f5 special function
key moves the cursor forward to
the beginning of the next para-
graph. The f6 key (hold down
SHIFT and press f5) moves the
cursor backward to the beginning
of the previous paragraph.

. The CLR/HOME key,
pressed once by itself, moves the
cursor to the top of the screen
without scrolling. Pressed twice, it
moves the cursor to the beginning
of the document.

• CTRL-Z moves the cursor to
the bottom of the document.

Correcting Your Typing

Sometimes you'll have to insert
some characters to make a correc-
tion. Use SHIFT-INST/DEL to
open up a single space, just as in
BASIC. Merely position the cursor
at the point where you want to in-
sert a space, and press
SHIFT-INST/DEL.

It can be tedious to use the
SHIFT-INST/DEL key to open up
enough space for a whole sentence
or paragraph. For convenience,
SpeedScript has an insert mode
that automatically inserts space for
each character you type. In this
mode, you can't type over charac-
ters; everything is inserted at the
cursor position. To enter insert
mode, press CTRL-I. To cancel in-
sert mode, press CTRL-I again. To
let you know you're in insert mode,
the normally black command lines
at the top of the screen turn blue.

Insert mode is the easiest way
to insert text, but it can become too
slow when working with a very
long document because it must
move all the text following the
cursor position. So SpeedScript has
even more ways to insert blocks of
text.

One way is to use the
RUN/STOP key. It is pro-
grammed in SpeedScript to act as a
five-space margin indent. To end a
paragraph and start another, press

April 1985 COMPUTEI 101

Figure 1:

VIC SpeedScript 3.0 Keyboard Map

Use [ CTKi J with most commands.

Insert 5
(indrnt)
w /shift:
Insert 255
spaces

Backspace
Pplete In

Disk Rfstorr •[«••'* t^'"
Directorii guffer "•"* buffer

Print

«r©©®

Disk
Command

Enter
format kei|

Delete
V /shift
Insert a

Home *P»«=*

cursor /

w /shift /
Erase All /

(O^ (p] (V) (T) (T) (restore/

©@ CI) © (Sc^®tll© © 0 Qii^S

Return
mark

Change
Case

CSVP)

pose

Search
& Replace

Quick Reference Chart to Editing Commands

* Notes commands changed or added since Version 2.0

Change case ,

Change Border Color
Delete (5.W,P)
Erase (S,W,P)
Auto. Search & Replace
Hunt. w/SHIFT: Select Hunt Phrase
Enter/Exit Insert node *

Replace. w/SHIFT:Select Replace Phrase
Kill Buffer

Change Lettering Color
Print

Restore Buffer
Verify

Transpose Characters
Go to End of Text
Display free memory
Send disk command/read error
Display Disk Directory
Enter Formal (printer) command

Lettering I Next'

Replace color Memoru sentence

left ^/shift:

Previous
sentence

Cursor

left/

right

lETRll A
fCTRLlB

(TfRLpll

fcTRDB

*[C7RL]@
«[CTRnm

(CTRLia

♦ fcTRLlJ

fcTRLlB

(TfRLi a

(CTRL) 19

[CTRD?a

(CTRLlW

(CTRLla

(CTJFLla

[CTRLI a

(cTrlH^

fCTRL) a

Indent 5 spaces

w/5HIFT:lnsert 255
spaces

Press once to qo to top of screen-
hold down to go to top of text
w/SHlFT: Erase ALL

Cursor left/right

(restore) Exit SpeedScript

©Backspace
w/CTRL:Delete In
w/SHIFT & CTRL;
Delete spaces
Return mark
r RETURN 1 W/SHIFT:
\ -^ End Paragraph

Delete
w/SHIFT:lnsert space

Go to next sentence
w/SHIFT: Goto
previous sentence.

Word Right
Word Left
Next Sentence
Previous Sentence
Next Paragraph
Previous Paragraph
Load
Save

RETURN twice and press RUN/
STOP. You can use RUN/STOP to
open up more space than
SHIFT-INST/DEL. No matter how
much space you want to insert,
each insertion takes the same
amount of time. So the RUN/STOP
key can insert five spaces five times

102 COMPUTE! April 1985

faster than pressing SHIFT-INST/
DEL five times.

There's an even better way,
though. Press SHIFT-RUN/ STOP
to insert 255 spaces. You can press
it several times to open up as much
space as you need. And SHIFT-
RUN/STOP is fast. (You don't

want to be in insert mode when
you use this trick; that would de-
feat its purpose.)

Since the INST/DEL key also
is slow when working with large
documents (it, too, must move all
text following the cursor), you may
prefer to use the back-arrow key to

backspace. The back-arrow key by
itself moves the cursor left one
space and blanks out that position.
It's more like a backspace than a
delete.

After you're done inserting
with these methods, there will
probably be some inserted spaces
left over that you didn't use. Just
press SHIFT-CTRL-back arrow.
This instantly deletes all extra
spaces between the cursor and the
start of following text.

Erasing Text

Press the INST/DEL key by itself
to erase the character to the left of
the cursor. All the following text is
pulled back to fill the vacant space.

Press CTRL-back arrow to
delete the character on which the
cursor is sitting. Again, all the fol-
lowing text is moved toward the
cursor to fill the empty space.

These keys are fine for minor
deletions, but it could take all day
to delete a whole paragraph this
way. So SpeedScnpf has two com-
mands that can delete an entire
word, sentence, or paragraph at a
time. CTRL-E erases text after (to
the right of) the cursor position,
and CTRL-D deletes text behind
(to the left of) the cursor.

To use the CTRL-E erase
mode, first place the cursor at the
beginning of the word, sentence, or
paragraph you want to erase. Then
press CTRL-E. The command line
shows the message "Erase (S,W,P):
RETURN to exit." Press S to erase
a sentence, W for a word, or P for a
paragraph. Each time you press one
of these letters, the text is quickly
erased. You can keep pressing S,
W, or P unhl you've erased all the
text you wish. Then press RETURN
to exit the erase mode.

The CTRL-D delete mode
works similarly, but deletes only
one word, sentence, or paragraph
at a time. First place the cursor
after the word, sentence, or para-
graph you want to delete. Then
press CTRL-D. Next, press S, W, or
P for sentence, word, or paragraph.
The text is immediately deleted and
you return to editing. You don't
need to press RETURN to exit the
CTRL-D delete mode unless you
pressed this key by mistake. (In
general, you can escape from any
command in SpeedScript by sim-
ply pressing RETURN.) CTRL-D is

Figure 2: Quick Reference Chart

Format (Printer) Commands

Enter with CTRL-L

Command Description

Default

Command Description Default

Q True ASCII

Off

□

Next Page

1^ Bottom nargin

58

n

Page Length*

66

^1 Centering

□

Right Margin

75

El Edge Right

B

Spacing

1

Mm Footer

D

Top Margin

5

f^ Goto Linked File*

□

Underline toggle

171 Header

Ea

Page Wait

H Inrormation*

□

Columns across*

80

pj Select linefeeds

»

S

Initial pagett *

1

n Left Margin

5

B

Skip pages *

fffl Margin Release *

D

Print page number

QHspeedScnpt/0<
D10Q70S24-

0D;SpeedScript.2*-

Centered Header with page number

Left margin 10. right margin 70,
double spacing.

Goto and continue printing with
filename "SpeedScript. 2"

Moles command changed or added since Version 2.0

most convenient when the cursor is
already past what you've been
typing.

The Text Buffer

When you erase or delete with
CTRL-E and CTRL-D, the text isn't
lost forever. SpeedScript remem-
bers what you've removed by stor-
ing deletions in a separate area of
memory called a buffer. The buffer
is a fail-safe device. If you erase too
much, or change your mind, just
press CTRL-R to restore the dele-
tion. However, be aware that
SpeedScript remembers only the
last erase or delete you performed.

Another, more powerful, use of
this buffer is to move or copy sec-
tions of text. To move some text
from one location in your docu-
ment to another, first erase or de-
lete it with CTRL-E or CTRL-D.
Then move the cursor to where you
want the text to appear and press
CTRL-R. CTRL'R instantly inserts

the contents of the buffer at the
cursor position. If you want to copy
some text from one part of your
document to another, just erase or
delete it with CTRL-E or CTRL-D,
restore it at the original position
with CTRL-R, then move the cursor
elsewhere and press CTRL-R to re-
store it again. You can retrieve the
buffer with CTRL-R as many times
as you like.

Important: The CTRL-E erase
mode lets you erase up to the max-
imum size of the buffer (IK, or
1024 characters), and CTRL-E also
removes the previous contents of
the buffer. Keep this in mind if
there's something in the buffer
you'd rather keep. If you don't
want the buffer to be erased, press
SHIFT-CTRL-E. This preserves
the buffer contents and adds newly
erased text to the buffer.

If you ever need to erase the
contents of the buffer, press
CTRL-K {kill buffer).

April 1985 COMPUTE1 103

The Wastebasket
Command

If you want to start a new docu-
ment, or simply obliterate all your
text, press SHIFT-CLR/HOME.
SpeedScript asks, "ERASE ALL:
Sure? Y/N." This is your last
chance. If you don't want to erase
the entire document, press N or
any other key. Press Y to perform
the irreversible deed. There is no
way to recover text wiped out with
Erase All.

If vou press RUN/STOP-
RESTORE, you'll find yourself back
to BASIC'S READY prompt. Once
in BASIC you still have one chance
to reenter SpeedScript without los-
ing your text — simply enter RUN
(but your chances decrease if you
execute other commands in BASIC).

Search And Replace

SpeedScript has a Hunt command
that searches through your docu-
ment to find a selected word or
phrase. A Replace option lets you
automatically change one word to
another throughout the document.

SHIFT-CTRL-H activates
the Hunt feature, SHIFT-CTRL-J
(J is used because it's next to the H)
lets you selectively hunt and re-
place, and CTRL-G (also next to
the H) is for automatically search-
ing and replacing.

Searching is a two-step pro-
cess. First you need to tell
SpeedScript what to search for,
then vou trigger the actual search.
Press'SHlFT-CTRL-H. The com-
mand lines say "Hunt for;". Type
in what you'd like to search for, the
search phrase. If you press RE-
TURN alone without typing any-
thing, the Hunt command is
canceled.

When you are ready to search,
press CTRL-H. SpeedScript looks
for the next occurrence of the
search phrase starting from the
current cursor position. If you
want to hunt through the entire
document, press CLR/HOME twice
to move the cursor to the very top
before beginning the search. Each
time you press CTRL-H, Speed-
Script looks for the next occurrence
of the search phrase and places the
cursor at the start of the phrase, if
the search fails, you'll see the mes-
sage "Not Found."

CTRL-J (Replace) works to-

104 COMPUTEI April 1985

gether with CTRL-H. After you've
specified the search phrase with
SHIFT-CTRL-H, press SHIFT-
CTRL-J to select the replace
phrase. (You can press RETURN
alone at the "Replace with:"
prompt to select a null replace
phrase. When you hunt and re-
place, this deletes the located
phrase.) To manually search and
replace, start by pressing CTRL-H.
After SpeedScript finds the search
phrase, press CTRL-J if you want to
replace the phrase, if you don't
want to replace the phrase, don't
press CTRL-J. You are not in a spe-
cial search and replace mode.
You're free to continue writing at
any time.

CTRL-G links CTRL-H and
CTRL-J together. It first asks "Hunt
for:", then "Replace with:", then
automatically searches and replaces
throughout the document starting
at the cursor position.

Storing Your Document

Just press f8 (SHlFT-f7) to store a
document. You'll see the prompt
"Save:". Type in a filename up to
16 characters long, but do not use
question marks or asterisks. You
cannot use the same name for two
different documents on a single
disk. To replace a document al-
ready on disk using the same file-
name, precede your filename with
the characters (a)0: or @:. You can
also precede the filename with
either 0: or 1: if you use a dual
disk drive. SpeedScript cannot ac-
cess a second disk drive with a de-
vice number of 9.

After entering the filename,
answer the prompt "Tape or Disk"
by pressing either the T or D key.
You can cancel the SAVE command
by pressing RETURN without typ-
ing anything else at either the
"Save:" or "Tape or Disk?" prompt.

When the SAVE is complete,
SpeedScript reports "No errors" if
all is well, or reads and reports the
disk error message if not. It is not
possible to detect errors during a
tape SAVE, so if you want peace of
mind, use the Verify command. Re-
wind the tape, press CTRL-V,
then type tlie filename. Press T for
tape, then press PLAY on the re-
corder. SpeedScript compares the
file on tape with that in memory
and reports "No errors" if the ver-

ify succeeds, or "Verify Error" if
not. You can also verify disk files.

Loading A Document

To recall a previously saved docu-
ment, press f7. Answer the "Load:"
prompt with the filename. Insert
the tape or disk, rewind the tape,
then answer T or D. Press PLAY on
tape. SpeedScript loads the file and
should display "No errors." Other-
wise, SpeedScript reads the error
channel of the disk drive or simply
reports "Load error" for tape.

The position of the cursor is
important before loading a file.
SpeedScript starts loading at the
cursor position, so be sure to press
CLR/HOME twice or SHiFT-CLR/
HOME (Erase All) to move the
cursor to the start of text space, un-
less you want to merge two docu-
ments. When you press (7 to load,
the command lines turn green to
warn you if the cursor is not at the
top of the text space.

To merge two or more files,
simply load the first file, press
CTRL-Z to move the cursor to the
end of the document, and then
load the file you want to merge. Do
not place the cursor somewhere in
the middle of your document
before loading. A LOAD does not
insert the text from tape or disk,
but overwrites all text after the
cursor position. The last character
loaded becomes the new end-of-
text pointer, and you cannot access
any text that appears ahead of this
pointer.

Disk Commands

Sometimes you forget the name of
a file, or need to scratch or rename
a file. SpeedScript gives you full
control over the disk drive. Just
press CTRL-up arrow, then type
in a 1541 disk command. You don't
need to type PRINT#15 as you do
in BASIC, just the actual command.
If you press RETURN without typ-
ing a disk command, SpeedScript
displays the disk status. It also dis-
plays the status after completing a
disk command.

Additional Features

SpeedScript has a few commands
that don't do much, but are nice to
have. CTRL-X exchanges the
character under the cursor with the
character to the right of the cursor.
Thus you can fix transposition er-

rors with a single keystroke.
CTRL-A changes the character
under the cursor from uppercase to
lowercase or vice versa.

Press CTRL-B to change the
background and border colors. Each
time you press CTRL-B, one of 16
different background colors ap-
pears. Press CTRL-L to cycle be-
tween the eight character (lettering)
colors. The colors are preserved un-
til you change them. If you resave
SpeedScript from BASIC as de-
scribed above, the program will
load and run with your color choice
in the future.

PRINT!

To begin printing, simply press
CTRL-P. If your printer is at-
tached, powered on, and selected
(online), SpeedScript begins print-
ing immediately. To cancel print-
ing, hold down the RUN/STOP
key until printing stops, then re-
lease it when the border color
changes to white. SpeedScript as-
sumes a left margin of five, a right
margin of 75, single-spacing, and
continuous-feed paper. You can
change these default settings if you
want (see below).

Before printing, be sure the
paper in your printer is adjusted to
top-of-form (move the paper per-
foration just above the printing
element). CTRL-P assumes a Com-
modore printer, so it's helpful if
your interface simulates the modes
and codes of the Commodore 1525,
MPS-801, or 1526 printer. CTRL-P
prints with a device number of 4
and a secondary address of 7
(uppercase/lowercase mode).

If CTRL-P doesn't work for
you, try another variation, SHIFT-
CTRL-P. Answer the prompt
"Print to: Screen, Disk, Printer?"
with the single letter S, D, or P,
Press any other key to cancel the
command.

If you press P for printer,
SpeedScript requests two more
keystrokes. First answer "Device
number" with a number from 4 to
7. This lets you print to one of sev-
eral printers addressed with differ-
ent device numbers. Next answer
"Secondary Address?" with a num-
ber from 0 to 9.

Printing To Screen And Disk

SHIFT-CTRL-P prints to the screen
when you press S. The screen col-

ors change to white letters on a
black background, and what ap-
pears on the screen is exactly what
would print on the printer. It takes
about four screen lines to hold one
80-column printed line, of course.
If you use double-spacing (see be-
low), it's much easier to see how
each line is printed. With this
screen preview, you can see where
lines and pages break. To freeze
printing, hold down either SHIFT
key or engage SHIFT LOCK. When
printing is finished, press any key
to return to editing.

SHIFT-CTRL-P prints to a disk
file when you press D. Enter the
filename when requested. Speed-
Script sends out all printer infor-
mation to a sequential file, You can
use other programs to process this
formatted file (see last month's
SpeedScript article for details).

Formatting Commands

The print-formatting commands
must be distinguished from normal
text, so they appear onscreen in
reverse field with the text and
background colors switched. You
enter these reverse-field letters by
pressing CTRL-£ (pound sign).
Answer the prompt "Enter format
key:" by pressing a single key. This
key is inserted into text in reverse-
field. All lettered printer commands
should be entered in lowercase
(unSHIFTed). During printing,
SpeedScript treats these characters
as printing commands.

There are two kinds of printing
commands, which we'll call Stage 1
and Stage 2. Stage 1 commands
usually control variables such as
left margin and right margin. Most
are followed by a number, with no
space between the command and
the number. Stage 1 commands are
executed before a line is printed.

Stage 2 commands, like center-
ing and underlining, are executed
while the line is being printed.
Usually Stage 1 commands must be
on a line of their own, although
you can group several Stage 1 com-
mands together on a line. Stage 2
commands are by nature embedded
within a line of text.

Stage 1 Commands

1 Left margin. Follow with a
number from 0 to 255. Use 0 for no
margin. Defaults to 5.

r Right margin position, a

number from 1 to 255. Defaults to
75. Be sure the right margin value
is greater than the left margin
value, or SpeedScript will go
bonkers.

t Top margin. The position at
which the first line of text is
printed, relative to the top of the
page. Defaults to 5. The header (if
any) is always printed on the first
line of the page, before the first line
of text,

b Bottom margin. The line at
which printing stops before con-
tinuing to the next page. Standard
8V2 X 11-inch paper has 66 lines.
Bottom margin defaults to the fifty-
eighth line. The footer (if any) is al-
ways printed on the last line of the
page, after the last line of text.

p Page length. Defaults to 66.
If your printer does not print six
lines per inch, multiply lines-per-
inch by 11 to get the page length.
European paper is usually longer
than American paper — 11% or 12
inches. Try a page length of 69 or
72.

s Spacing. Defaults to single-
spacing. Follow with a number
from 1 to 255. Use 1 for single-
spacing, 2 for double-spacing, 3 for
triple-spacing.

@ Start numbering at page
number given. Page numbering
normally starts with 1.

? Disables printing until se-
lected page number is reached. For
example, a value of 3 would start
printing the third page of your doc-
ument. Normally, SpeedScript
prints starting with the first page.

X Sets the page width, in col-
umns (think fl cross). Defaults to
80. You need to change this for the
sake of the centering command if
you are printing in double-width or
condensed type, or are using a 40-
column or wide-carriage printer.

n Forced paging. Normally,
SpeedScript prints the footer and
moves on to the next page only
when it has finished a page, but
you can force it to continue to the
next page by issuing this command.
It requires no numbers.

m Margin release. Disables
the left margin for the next printed
line. Remember that this executes
before the line is printed. It's used
for outdenting.

a True ASCII. Every character
is assigned a number in the ASCII

April 1985 COMPUTEI 105

(American Standard Code for Infor-
mation Interchange} character set.
Most printers use this true ASCII
standard, but Commodore printers
exchange the values for uppercase
and lowercase to match Commo-
dore's own variation of ASCII.
Some printer interfaces do not
translate Commodore ASCII into
true ASCII, so you need to use this
command to tell SpeedScript to
translate. Also, you will sometimes
want to intentionally disable your
interface's emulation mode in order
to control special printer features
that would otherwise be rejected by
emulation. Place this command as
the first character in your docu-
ment, even before the header and
footer definitions. Don't follow it
with a number.

w Page wait. Like the true
ASCII command, this one should
be placed at the beginning of your
document before any text. With
page wait turned on, SpeedScript
prompts you to "Insert next sheet,
press RETURN" when each page is
finished prindng. Insert the next
sheet, line it up with the printhead,
then press RETURN to continue.
Page wait is ignored during disk or
screen output.

j Select automatic linefeeds
after carriage return. Like a and w,
this command must be placed
before any text. Don't use this com-
mand to achieve double-spacing,
but only if all text prints on the
same line.

i Information. This works like
REM in BASIC. You follow the
command with a line of text, up to
255 characters, ending in a return-
mark. This line will be ignored dur-
ing printing, and is handy for
making notes to yourself such as
the filename of the document.

h Header define and enable.
The header must be a single line of
text (up to 254 characters) ending
in a return-mark. The header prints
on the first line of each page. You
can include Stage 2 commands
such as centering and page num-
bering in a header. You can use a
header by itself without a footer.
The header and footer should be
defined at the top of your docu-
ment, before any text. If you want
to prevent the header from printing
on the first page, put a return-mark
by itself at the top of your docu-
ment before the header definition.

106 COMPUTEI April 1985

f Footer define and enable.
The footer must be a single line of
text (up to 254 characters) ending
in a return-mark. The footer prints
two lines prior to the last line of
each page. As with the header, you
can include Stage 2 printing com-
mands, and you don't need to set
the header to use a footer.

g GOTO (link) next file. Put
this command as the last line in
your document. Follow the com-
mand with the letter D for disk or
T for tape, then a colon (:), then the
name of the file to print next. After
the text in memory is printed, the
link command loads the next file
into memory. You can continue
linking in successive files, but don't
include a link in the last file. Before
you start printing a linked file,
make sure the first of the linked
files is in memory. When printing
is finished, the last file linked to
will be in memory.

Stage 2 Commands

These commands either precede a
line of text, or are embedded within
one.

c Centering. Put this at the be-
ginning of a line you want to cen-
ter. This will center only one line
ending in a return-mark. Repeat
this command at the beginning of
every line you want centered. Cen-
tering uses the page-width setting
(see above) to properly center the
line. To center a double-width line,
either set the page width to 40 or
pad out the rest of the line with an
equal number of spaces. If you use
double width, remember that the
spaces preceding the centered text
will be double-wide spaces.

# When SpeedScript encoun-
ters this command, it prints the cur-
rent page number. You usually
embed this within a header or
footer.

u A simple form of under-
lining. It does not work on Com-
modore printers, but only on print-
ers that recognize CHR$(8) as a
backspace and CHR$(95) as an un-
derline character. Underlining
works on spaces, too. Use the first
u to start underlining, and another
one to turn off underlining.

Fonts And Styles

Most dot-matrix printers are capa-
ble of more than just printing text
at ten characters per inch. The

Commodore MPS-801 can print in
double width and reverse field.
Some printers have several charac-
ter sets, with italics and foreign lan-
guage characters. Most can print in
double width (40 characters per
line), condensed (132 characters per
line), and in either pica or elite.
Other features include programma-
ble characters, programmable tab
stops, and graphics modes. Many
word processors customize them-
selves to a particular printer, but
SpeedScript was purposely designed
not to be printer-specific. Instead,
SpeedScript lets you define your
own Stage 2 printing commands.
You define a programmable
printkey by choosing any character
that is not already used for other
printer commands. The entire upper-
case alphabet is available for
printkeys, and you can choose let-
ters that are related to their func-
don (like D for double width). You
enter these commands like printer
commands, by first pressing
CTRL-E.

To define a printkey, just press
CTRL-£, then the key you want to
assign as the printkey, then an
equal sign ( = ), and finally the
ASCII value to be substituted for
the printkey during printing.

Here's how you could program
reverse-video printed text. Reverse-
on, a value of 18, prints all text in
reverse video until canceled by
reverse-off (a value of 146) or a
carriage return. So define SHIFT-R
as 18 and SHIFT-O as 146 (CTRL-C
SHIFT-R=18). Anywhere you want
to print a word in reverse, bracket
the word with printkey R and
printkey O.

You can similarly define what-
ever codes your printer uses for
features like double width or em-
phasized mode. For your conven-
ience, four of the printkeys are
predefined, though you can change
them. The keys 1-4 are defined as
27, 14, 15, and 18, common values
for most printers.

We hope SpeedScript is as
valuable to you as it has been for
thousands of existing users. Again,
for more information, see the article
accompanying the Commodore 64
version in the March 1985 issue of
COMPUTE!. And keep sending in
your suggestions and criticisms —
someday they may help make
SpeedScript 4.0 a reality.

SpeedScrlpf 3.0 For VIC-20

Please refer to the "MLX" article
before entering ttiis listing.

011

018

010,000,158

052,

054

050

049,000,000

000,

032

131

019,169,203

205,

109

044

141,109,044

240,

003

032

050,019,032

195,

019

076

038,020,165

038,

141

067

018, 165,039

141,

068

018

165,158,141

070,

018

165

159,141,071

018,

166

181

240,032,169

000,

141

000

041,160,000

185,

000

000

153,000,000

200,

204

000

041,208,244

238,

068

018

238,071,013

224,

000

240

007,202,203

224,

165

180

208,222,096

165,

181

170

005,180,208

001,

096

024

138,101,039

141,

139

018

165,038,141

138,

01R

024

138,101,159

141,

142

013

165,158,141

141,

018

232

164,180,208

004,

240

013

160,255,185

000,

000

153

000,000,136

192,

255

208

245,206,139

018,

206

142

018,202,208

234,

096

169

044,133,195

133,

020

169

016,133,196

169,

148

133

021,173.252

040,

133

251

173,253,040

133,

252

173

255,040,032

014,

020

162

002,160,000

173,

020

023

145,020,177

251,

153

006

041,200,041

127,

201

031

240,019,192

022,

200

235

136,177,251

041,

127

201

032,240,005

136,

2«8

245

160,021,200

132,

059

136

185,008,041

145,

195

136

016,248,164

059,

024

152

101,251,133

251,

IS';

252

105,000,133

252,

224

002

208,003,140

251,

040

192

022,240,008

169,

032

145

195,200,076

004,

019

024

165,195,105

022,

133

195

133,020,144

004,

230

196

230,021,232

224,

023

240

003,076,190

018,

165

251

141,006,041

165,

252

141

007,041,096

173,

243

040

133,251,141

252,

040

141

002,041,133

057,

173

244

040,133,252

141,

253

040

141,003,041

133,

058

056

173,246,040

237,

244

040

170,169,032

160,

25S

198

252,145,251

200,

230

252

145,251,200

208,

251

230

252,202,208

246,

145

251

096,133,059

132,

060

160

000,177,059

240,

006

032

210,255,200

208,

246

096

032,228,255

240,

251

096

169,000,141

255,

040

141

243,040,141

245,

fl40

141

247,040,141

249,

040

141

155,041,141

196,

041

169

045,024,105

001,

141

244

040,056,165

056,

233

001

141,250,040

056,

233

004

141,248,040

056,

233

001

141,246,040

169,

255

141

153,041,032

202,

023

169

147,076,210

255,

169

128

141,138,002

133,

157

173

005,023,032

241,

022

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173

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040,133,058

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169,072,160

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108

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000,141,254

040,

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5113
5119
5125
5131
5137
5143
5149
5155
5161
5167
5173
5179
S1B5
5191
5197
5203
5 209
5215
5221
5227
5233
5239
5245
5251
5257
5263
5269
5275
5281
5287
5293
5299
5305
5311
5317
5323
5329
5335
5341
5347
5353
5359
5365
5371
5377
5383
5389
5395
5401
5407
5413
5419
5425
5431
5437
5443
5449
5455
5461
5467
5473
5479
54S5
5491
5497
5503
5509
5515
5521
5527
5533
5539
5545
5551
5557
5563
5569
5575
5581
5587
5593
5599
5605
5611
5617
5623
5629
5635

096

162

043

169

160

157,

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5785

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5827

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5899

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5905

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5911

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5917

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5929

:240

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5935

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5941

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5947

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5965

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5971

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5977

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5983

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6025

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6031

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165

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6037

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6043

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6049

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6067

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6079

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6035

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6091

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040

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6097

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6103

:250

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169

093

160

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6109

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141

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6115

:254

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056

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127

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6121

:237

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160

6127

:05e.

237

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040

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114

199

6133

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104,

104

096,

165,

157

113

6139

:0S7,

133,

038,

165,

058,

133,

067

235

6145

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096,

056,

165,

057,

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121

6151

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255,

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6157

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124.

240

April 1985 COMPOTH 107

6169 8041, 165,038, 141, 125, 041, 064 6697 : 109 , 148 , 041 , 173 , 003 , 041 , 044 7225 : 108 ,019 , 032 , 148 , 028 , 176 , 056

6175 :165, 039, 141, 126, 041, 165, 196 6703 : 1 09 , 149 , 041 , 205 , 246 , 040 , 069 7231 !032 , 1 73 , 243 , 040 , 1 33 , 251 , 167

6181 ! 158,141,127,041,133,038,163 6709 ! 144 , 005 , 104 , 104 , 076 , 116 , 090 7237 : 173 , 244 , 04& , L 33 , 252 , 174 , 061

6187 :155, 159,141,128,041,133,042 6715 : 626 , 024 , 1 6 5 , 05 7 , 1 33 , 038 , 246 7243 : 002 , 041 , 172 , 003 , 041 , 169 , 247

6193 1039,056,173, 124, 041, 109, 079 6721 ; 109, 148 , 041 , 1 33 , 158 , 165 , 051 7249 : 251 , 032 , 216 , 255 , 176 , 009 , 252

6199 :120, 041, 205, 250, 040, 144, 087 6727 : 058 , 1 33 , 039 , 109 , 149 , 041 , 088 7255 : 165 , 144 , 041 , 191 , 208 , 003 , 071

6205 1020,032,250,019, 169, 108, 147 6733 : 1 33 , 159 , 056 , 173 , 002 , 041 , 129 7261 :076 , 1 30, 029 , 240 . 036 , 17 3 , 009

6211 :160, 039, 032, 108, 019, 169, 082 6739 : 229 , 030 , 133 , 180 , 173 , 003 , 071 7267 : 147 , 028 , 201 , 008 , 144 , 006 , 121

6217 :001, 141, 254, 040, 169, 000, 166 6745 1041,229,039,133,181,032,232 7273 : 032 , 202 , 036 , 076 , 1 23 , 028 . 095

6223 :133, 198, 096, 173, 119, 041, 071 6751 : 09 i , 0 I 8 , 024 , 173 , 002 , 041 , 193 7279 : 1 7 3 , 147 , 028 , 201 , 001 , 240 , 13 3

6229 !l33, 158, 173, 120,041,133,075 6757 : 109 , 148 , 041 , 141 , 002 , 041 , 071 7285 : 249 , 032, 250 , 019 , 169 , 220 , 032

6235 :159, 173, 123, 041 ,133,180,132 6763 : 173 , 003 , 041 , 109 , 149 , 041 , 1 1 1 7291 : 160 , 039 , 032 , 108 , 019 , 169 , 138

6241 !024, 109,119,041,141,119,138 6769 : 141 , 003 , 041 , 096 , 173 , 255 , 054 7297 : 001 , 141 , 254 , 040, 096 , 032 , 181

6247 :041,173,124,041,133,181,02a 6775 :040 , 073 ,006 , 141 , 255 , 040 , 162 7303 : 250 , 019 , 169 , 231 , 160, 039 , 235

6253 :109, 120, 041, 141,120,041, 169 6781 .-096,169,135,160,039,032,244 7309 -032 108 019 076 128 028 020

6259 :032, 035, 018, 173, 125, 041, 027 6787 : 108 , 019 , 032 , 228 , 255 , 240 , 245 7313 .ggg 032 199 027 740 022 155

6265 :133,038, 173, 126,041, 133,253 6793 ! 251 , 201 , 147 , 240 , 247 , 041 , 240 7331 • 1 69 ' 006 ' 160 ' 040 ' 032 ' 108 ' 1 56

6271 1339,173,127,041,133,158,030 6799 : 127 , 201 , 089 , 096 , 169 , 002 , 059 7327 ^019 '032 ' 125 ' 019 ' 162 ' 300 ' 012

6277 : 173,128,041, 133,159,056,055 6805 : 032 , 014 , 020 , 032 , 250 , 019 , 004 7333 ^ 201 ' 068 ' 240 ' 012 ' 162 ' 001 ' 081

6283 :173, 002, 041, 229, 150, 133, 107 6811 r 169 , 148 , 160 , 039 , 032 , 108 , 043 7339 ^ 201 '084 ' 240 ' 006 ' 032 ' 234 ' 200

6289 1190,173,003,041,229,159,162 6817 1019,032,126,026,240,003,095 73,5 i 019 ' 104 ' 104 ' ngc ' 142 ' 147 ' 021

6295 =133,181,032,035,018,056,094 6823 :076 , 234 , 019 , 162 , 250 , 154 , 038 735^ -'028 ' 169 ' 001 ' 160 ' 000 ' 032 ' 061

6301 :173, 002, 041, 237, 123, 041, 006 6829 : 032 , 050 , 019 , 032 , 195 , 019 , 008 7357 - 186 255 160 ' 000 224 ' 001 247

6307 :141, 002, 041, 173, 003, 041, 052 6835 : 076 , 038 , 020 , 160 , 000 , 177 , 1 38 7353 ^ 240 '049 ' 185 ' 048 '04I ' 201 ' 191

6313 1237,124,041,141,003,041,244 6841 : 057 , 201 , 031 , 240 , 017 , 200 , 163 7369 i 054 ' 208 ' 014 ' 185 ' 049 ' 041 ' 250

6319 :096, 032, 230, 033, 032, 069, 145 6847 : 208 , 247 , 230 , 058 , 165 , 058 , 133 7375 • 201 ' 058 ' 240 ' 035 ' 185 ' 050 ' 208

6325 :022,032,003, 024,056, 173, 235 6353 ! 205 , 003 , 041 , 144 , 238 , 240 , 044 7331 .'041' 201 ' 0S8 ' 240 ' 0?ft ' T f,9 ' 1 R?

6331 =119,041,233, 001, 141, 119, 073 6859 =236,076,189,022,200,208,110 7387 ^048 ' 141 '088 ' 041 ' 169 058 ' 252

6337 =041,173,120,041,233,000,033 6865 =002,230,058,076,174,022,003 7393 . 141 089 041 ' 185 ' 04R ' 041 ' 00?

6343 :!41, 120, 041, 096, 173, 141, 143 6871 =165,057,133,251,165,058,020 "" ,./!!!' !1 ' ,^«i«!' «^ = ' ^! =

6349 =002,201,005,208,003,076,188 6877 1 133 , 252 , 198 , 252 , 160 , 255 , 1 91 ^^^^ =153,090,041,200,204,005,156

6355 :081, 025, 032, 060, 022, 032, 207 6883 =177,251,201,031,240,017,120 l'*'^^ ''Hil' itV Itl' ^tt'ltl' 1°.^ '^^t

6361 =230,023,032,069,022,032,113 6889 ; 1 36 , 192 , 255 , 208 , 245 , 1 98 , 187 ^^" '^l-,'^tu'llVl^l'Vr..'tl\ ,^l

6367 =003,024,076,185,024,032,055 6895 =252,165,252,205,244,040,117 i^^l? =153,088,041,200,204,005,172

6373 =202,023,169,002,032,014,159 6901 =176,236,076,110,023,056,154 ^^23 = 041 , 208 , 244 , 140 , 1 12 , 04; , 017

6379 =020,032,250,019,169,120,077 6907 =152,101,251,133,251,169,028 l^.P. :^32 , 250 , 019, 169 , 048, 160 , 171

6385 =160,039,032,108,019,032,119 6913 =000,101,252,133,252,056,027 ^"^ j^^ ' ^^2 , 108 , 019 , 173 , 112 , 240

6391 =125,019,072,032,234,019,235 6919 : 165 , 251 , 229 , 357 , 1 33 , 059 , 133 7447 ^ 139 ' 255 ' 169 '013 '076 ' 210 ' 167

6397 =104,041,191,201,023,208,253 6925 =165,252,229,058,005,059,013 7453 -255 032 ' 250 ' 019 ' 169 ' 196 ' 182

6403 =009,032,230,023,032,080,153 6931 =208,018,132,059,024,165,113 7459 -160 039 032 108 019 032 169

6409 =022,076,003,024,201,019,098 6937 =251,229,059,133,251,165,089 7455 .,25 019 032 026 020 009'ai6

^li? '0^l'0^^^7^««^«?^^^^?^I iv'i =2=2,233,000,133,252,076,209 7471 :i28;072;i73;25s;040;240:i87

All 0,V^-^ll'^lt-lVo'tlt'l.Vi\i ^If =233,026,165,251,133,057,134 7477 = 003 , 032 , 015 026 032 234 , 139

6427 =016,208,009,032,230,023,033 6955 =165,252,13 3,058,076,134,093 7,10, -019 ih4 =571= ififi ctci « = = ,Ad

6433 =032,215,026,076,003,024,153 6961 =021,173,141,002,041,001,172 Itll ; ^" ' ^^^ ' ^^^ ' ^" ' ^^^ ' f ^^ - 2^4

6439 =096,056,165,057,237,252,134 6967 =208,003,032,202,023,032,043 ™l 251 ' 165 '058 ' 2^7 244 ' 040 ' 0I2

6445 =040,133,059,165,058,237,225 6973 =250,019,169,158,160,039,088 ItH '.^s ' 2^1 ' 240 ' 007 ' 1 69 ' 00R ' ^4^

6451 =253,040,005,059,240,011,147 6979 =032,108,019,160,000,177,051 Itl] ,VV 11} •liVml' itl'lV^' Itl

6457 =173,252,040,133,057,173,117 6985 =057,073,128,145,057,032,053 "^^ ! ^^0 ' 0^9 '?m ' 0,^ ^^0 ' 0^0 ' 9I1

6463 =253,040,133,058,096,173,048 6991 =158,018,160,000,177,057,137 ?'^ Rlj'f^R'^fq'a^t' 4«'0^fli0fi

6469 =243,040,133,057,173,244,191 6997 =073,128,145,057,169,002,147 11],^. dVlT^ ylV^lVltl f^lV ^Z

6475 =040,133,058,076,134,021,025 7003 =032,014,020,032,125,019,077 llf, IrI, '0S0 'm 9 ' ^69 ' 000 ' ^66 ' n^f

6481 =165,057,133,251,133,158,210 7009 =009,064,201,087,208,009,163 7c, 7 i h^, , k^' „„ ' i„ ' ,, , tc^ , ,i

6491 yll Zl ^11 -X^ -,1] oXV^aI ^^^^ =032,144,027,032,134,022,238 7543 =144,003,076,096,028,142,096

6499 ■i0fi'H'iI«i™'?^7'?^^!t^ '^21 =076,159,027,201,083,208,095 7549 =002,041,140,003,041,032,128

6499 =208,030,200,208,247,165,133 7027 .009,032 144 027 032 123 226

6505 =252,205,003,041,144,015,253 7033 .023 076 159 ' 027 ' 201 080 175 "" =234,251,032,231,255,032,142

6511 =173,002,041,133,251,173,116 7039 '208 009 032 ' 144 ' 027 ' 032 ' 067 "" =250,019,169,252,160,039,002

6517 =003, 041, 133, 252, 160, 000, 194 7045 = l82 02I 076; ^59 ! 02^ 1 032 ,' 123 "" I3? ' ^S0 ' m ^ ?^^ ^^^ ?^0 ' ^f,

6523 =076,131,025,230,252,076,145 7051 .134 021 076 234 019 165 020 =032,250,019,169,032,160,043

6529 =095,025,024,152,101,251,009 7057 • 057 , 1 33 ! 158 ' 141 ' 1 13 ' 041 ' 020 ^^^^ =040,032,108,019,032,148,022

6535 =133,038,169,000,101,252,060 7063 -165 058 133 159 141 114 153 ''^^^ =028,169,001,174,243,040,048

6541 =133,039,056,173,002,041,073 7069 • 041 , 096 , 056 ' 165 ' 057 ' 1 33 ' 193 ^^^^ =172,244,040,032,213,255,099

6547 =229,158,133,100,173,003,255 7075 -038,237 113 041 141 123 088 ''^^^ =165,144,041,191,240,207,137

6553 =041,229,159,133,181,056,184 7081 -041,165 058 133 039 237*074 '^^^ =032,250,019,169,239,160,024

6559 =165,033,229,158,141,123,245 7087 = 114 , 041 , 141 , 124 , 041 , 032 ! 156 If^.l '■lll'V^-^l^'llVV.l-^lVlll

6565 =041,165,039,229,159,141,171 7093 =026,024,173 113,041 133 179 =028,169,147,032,210,255,008

6571 =124,041,032,035,018,056,221 7099 =057,173,114,041,133,058 251 I \ = 169, 013 , 032 , 210 , 255 , 032 , 140

6577 =173,002,041,237,123,041,026 7105 = 032 , 158 , 018, 076 , 070 , 027 ! 062 ll\l '^V^X''^^ll'lVo^^^,\l^'lll^l\V\l^

6583 =141,002,041,173,003,041,072 7111 =169,044,229,211,141,004,229 ^"^ ! ?^n ' «?q ' nt^ ^^^ ' ^^^ ^n^ ' ^^I

6589 =237,124,041,141,003,041,008 7117 =041,160,000,169,166,032,005 IHI 'i?^ ?io ' ?ia ' „?? ' ?5^ ^?o ' ^^t

6595 =096,169,255,141,148,041,021 7123 =210,255,169,157,032,210,220 ItV', ' «io ' o«! ' o = ! ' ?Io ' ^a? ' ^i^ ? = ^

6601 =076.222 025 169 00"; 141 07 1 ifi^l =032,204,255,169,001,032,152

6607 ^143 041 032'222'025 177'0R4 '^^9 =255,140,005,041,032,125,047 7657 =195,255,096,032,231,255,017

6613 ;o57;20l;032;208:00i;200;!44 ]\i\ \\\Vl\VlfA\l'\\V?^Vlt llll ^i^^^^li^^-^^b, 160,000, 227

6619 =076,174,022,169,000,141 033 7}^^ ^^ ' ^" ' ^f^ , 210 , 255 , 169 , 072 7669 =032,186,2 55,169,001,162,026

6625 =149,041,032,037,026,169,167 l\\\ i™! ' ^?? ii^ ^^^ i^? ' ^^^ f!a ^^^^ =069,160,040,032,189,255,228

6631 -032 174 148 041 160 000 018 Ml = ^^l ' <^13 ' 240 , 050 , 201 , 020 , 198 7681 =032,192,255,176,221,162,015

.Mj.i, 1/4, i4M,a41, 160,000,019 7^55 :20H,0i5, 136,016,004, 200,058 7687 =001,032,198,255,032,081,094

6637 =145,057,200,202,208,250,019 7165 =076,208,027,169,157,032,154 7693 =030,032,081,030,032,031,043

6643 =096,032,015,026,032,015,203 7171 =210,255,076,208,027,165,176 7699 =030,032,081,030,240,202,122

6649 =026,169,031,160,000,145,012 7177 =059,041,127,201,032,144,101 7705 =032,204,255,032,228,255,007

6655 =057,200,145,057,032,153,136 7183 ; 192 , 204 , 004 , 041 , 240 , 107 , 1 IS 7711 =201,032,208,003 032 125 120

6661 =018,032,060,022,032,060,229 7189 =165,059,153,048,041,032,007 7717 =019,162,001,032,198,255,192

6667 =022,076,204,025,169,001,252 7195 =210,255,169,000,133,212,238 7723 =032,081,030,072,032,081,115

6673 =141,148,041,169,000,141,145 7201 =133,216,200,076,208,027,125 7729 =030,168,104,170,152,032,193

6679 =149,041,032,037,026,169,221 7207 =032,210,255,169,000,153,090 7735 =205,221,169,032,032,210,156

6685 =032,160,000,145,057,076,243 7213 =048,041,152,096,032,250,152 7741 =255,032,081,030,240,006,193

6691 =134,021,024,173,002,041,174 7219 =019,169,214,160,039,032,172 7747 =032,210,255,076,062,030,220

lOe COMPUTEI April 1985

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April! 985 COMPUTEI 109

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9337 1041,104,104,162,001,032,053

934 3 : 201, 255, 076, 228, 032,032,183
9349 : 23 1,25 5, 169, 000, 032, 189, 241

935 5 :255, 169,015, 162,008, 160, 140
9361 : 01 5, 0 32,186,2 55, 0 32, 192,089
9367 : 255, 144, 01 1,169, 015, 032, 009
9373 :195, 255, 032, 231, 255, 076, 177
9379 :234, 01 9, 032, 250, 019, 169, lie
9385 : 055, 160, 040, 0 32, 108, 01 9, 071
9391 : 0 32, 199, 02 7, 240, 022, 162, 009
9397 : 01 5, 032, 201, 2 55, 176,223,059
9403 : 1 69, 04B, 160,041 ,03 2, 108,233
9409 1019,169,013,032,210,2 55,12 3
9415 : 032, 204, 255, 032, 23 1,255, 184
9421 : 169, 000, 032, 189,255, 169,251
9427 :015, 162,008, 160,015,032,091
9433 : 186, 2 55, 03 2, 1 92, 25 5, 176,03 3
943 9 1186,032,250, 019, 162, a 15, 119
9445 : 0 32, 198, 2 55, 032, 199, 027, 204
9451 : 032, 204, 255, 169,015,032, 174
9457 :195,2 55,032,231,2 55,169,09a
9463 : 001, 141 ,254,040,096,032,043
9469 :036, 037, 173, 155, 04 I, 240, 167
9475 : 022, 032, 199, 037, 03 2, 074, 143
9481 :037, 173, 153, 04 1,20 1,255, 101
9487 1240,009,03 2, 2 34, 037, 032, 087
9493 : 158, 01 8, 076, 007, 037, 076, 137
9499 =234,019, 173, 141 ,002,281,029
9 50S :005,208,03a, 0 32, 2 50, 019, 07 3
9511 : 169, 209, 160, 040, 03 2, 108, 245
9 517 : 019, 032, 199,027,141,155,106
95 2 3 :041 ,208,003,076, 234,019,120
9529 : 160,000, 185,048,041, 153,132
9535 :156,041, 200, 204,005,041, 198
9541 :208, 244, 076, 2 34, 019, 165, 247
9547 : 057, 13 3, 25 1,165, 058, 13 3, 104
95 53 .■252,169,255,141,153,041,068
9559 : 160, 00 1,16 2, 000, 173, 15 5, 226
9565 : 041, 240, 089, 189, 156, 041, 072
9571 : 032, 026, 020, 209, 2 5 1,240, 109
9577 : 002, 162, 2 55, 200, 208, 01 1,175
95B3 : 230, 252, 165, 252, 205, 003, 194
9589 : 041, 240, 002, 176,054, 232,094
959 5 : 2 36, 15 5, 04 1,208, 224, 024, 243
9601 : 152, 101, 2 51, 133,059,165,222
9607 ! 2 52, 10 5,000, 133,060, 173 ,090
9613 :002,041, 197,059, 173,003, 104
9619 :041 , 229,060 , 144 ,024 ,056, 189
962 5 : 165, 059, 237, 155, 041, 133, 175
9631 : 057, 14 1, 15 2, 041 ,165,060,007
9637 : 233, 000, 133, 058, 141, 153, 11 5
9643 : 041, 032, 134, 02 1,096, 032, 01 5
9649 : 2 50, 01 9, 169, 219, 160,040,010
9655 :032, 108, 019, 169, 001, 141, 141
9661 : 2 54, 040, 096, 173, 141,002, 127
9667 : 201, 005, 208, 03 5, 032, 250, 15Q
9673 : 019, 169, 229, 160, 040, 032, 082
9679 :108, 019, 032, 199, 027, 141, 221
9685 : 196, 04 1,240, 01 4, 160,000,096
9691 ilR5,B4!i, 34 1,153, 197, 041,116
9697 : 200, 204,005,041 ,208, 244,10 3
9703 :076, 234, 019, 056, 165, 057, 070
9709 : 133, 158,2 37, 15 2,041, 13 3,067
9715 :059, 155,050,133, 159,237,030

9721

9727

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:169,255,

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;109,196,

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:a31,200,

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: 147,041 ,

:067, 20R,

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:237, 131 ,

:032, 168,

:172, 146,

:201 ,069,

: 132, 041,

:237, 131,

:076,173,

:008, 173,

:141, 151 ,

:018,140,

:041 ,173,

:221, 172,

:038, 174,

:041,032,

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[133,059,

:144,0ia,

;170, 165,

:128,074

:005,059

:056,173

:041,170

:003,04i

:001,141

:014,211

:211,067

:032,051

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: 06 5, 082

:194,082

:078,000

;069,0a2

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:0a5,070

005.

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180,
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173,
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059,208,
153,041,
101,057,
101,058,
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181,032,
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00H, 141 ,
041 , 240,
169,000,
037,026,
041,032,
200,204,
024,165,
133,057,
133,058,
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177,253,
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169,008,
095,032,
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041 , 127,

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05G, 173,
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376,138,
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168,169,
201,085,
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041 .032,
041,076,
041 ,189,
031,076,
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127,201,
091,176,
041,128,
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,040,237
,246,040
,205,221
,040,096
,069,069
,073,080
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101,048

024,014

133, 153

133,254

229,045

041,199

035,030

237,050

173,082

003,212

041,017

141,187

160,254

026,040

196,131

057,052

165,022

076,013

900, 106

048, 130

252,110

151,200

032,113

168,026

096,171

141,011

201 ,222

142,060

056,098

032, 177

250,230

038,022

173,141

056,186

032,207

208,216

001, 144

208,224

138,110

205,090

138,003

237,041

138,219

026,152

065,115

014,139

073,137

, 138, 113

,019,230

,002,016

,237,176

,169,202

,008,077

,068,054

,084, 146

,013,001

,072,033

,032,230

,079,149

,070,076

,069, 108

, 194,069

,032,005

10099
10105
10111
10117
10123
10129
10135
10141
10147
10153
10159
10165
10171
10177
10183
10199
10195
10201
10207
10213
10219
10225
10231
10237
10243
10249
10255
10261
10267
10273
10279
10285
10291
10297
10303
10309
10315
10321
10327
10333
10339
10345
10351
10357
10363
10369
10375
10331
10387
10393
10399
10405
10411
10417
10423
10429
10435
10441
10447
10453
13459
10465
10471
10477

s 198, 085

: 069, 076
1040,211
!041 ,000
: 082, 069
:206,05S
: 211 ,197
1000,197
:032,04O
:20a, 041
:069,0a3
:197,212
:032,084
:073,084
: 083, 083
:077,065
: 089, 058
: 069, 058
: 069, 032
:210,000
:080, 069
: 082, 073
: 082, 082
:079,032
: 082,083
:212,146
: 079, 082
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:210,206
:083,075
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:210,197
:018,000
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:206,079
:085,07a
:080,076
: 000, 209

076,076
069,084
044, 215
058,032
063,032
000,197
032, 193
082,065
211 ,044
013,018
083,032
213,210
079,032
000, 208
032,070
084,032
000,211
000,212
197,210
211 ,084
068,000
070,089
079,082
069,082
000, 147
065,080
032,018
075,063
068,058
073,070
082,069
210,197
146,300
032,067
078,068
079,032
000,206
088,084
066,085
046,000
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075,044
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066 ,069
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200,085
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000,196
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211,085
217,047
210,193
204,204
083,069
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208,082
146,210
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069,088
082,069
079,082
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065,086
065, 080
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214,069
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369,032
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000,214
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083,083
212,213
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058,000
210,079
079,032
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212,000

Break
the

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FORTRAN-64 — based on Fortran 77. Common.
Data. Dimension. Equivalence. External, Implicit, Goto, Else
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compiler and linker. April 1985 S79.95

Other titles available: Write or call:

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IBM Graphics Printer Switch Settings

Michael A. Covington

Although neither the IBM PC reference manuals nor
the instructions that come with the printer mention
them, the IBM Graphics Printer has a set of internal
DIP switches which allow you to control how it
operates.

The switch settings within the IBM Graphics
Printer determine the defaults that apply when
the printer is first turned on; almost all of them
can be overridden by sending appropriate escape
codes to the printer. But there may be situations
in which you'll want to change the defaults.

To get at the switches, unplug the printer,
disconnect the interface cable, remove the plastic
cover and wire-grid paper guide, and turn the
printer upside down. Unscrew the four Phillips-
head screws at the corners, then put tape over
the deep holes they sit in so they won't fall out.
Now turn the printer right side up, pull off the
paper advance knob, and carefully lift off the
cover, maneuvering it clear of the knob shaft.

On the main circuit board you should find
two sets of DIP switches under removable plastic
dust covers. Using a ballpoint pen or similar tool,
set them according to your preference (see
accompanying table), put the dust covers back in
place, and reassemble the printer.

The most useful thing the switches can do
for you is give you access to the full character
set. The IBM PC Guide to Operatioris lists two
character sets for the printer; in character set 1,
ASCII codes 128 to 159 are duplicates of codes 0
to 31, but in character set 2, they are accented
letters for foreign languages. (Both character sets
include a variety of mathematical symbols and
box-drawing characters.)

A few programs may not work properly with
character set 2; if you have this problem, you can
either set the switch back to its original setting.

or set the printer back into character set 1 by
sending it ASCII codes 27 and 55 as an initializa-
tion sequence.

IBM Graphics Printer Internal Switch Settings

Asterisks mark how switches are set at the factory.

A. Large set of S switches:

1 Not used; normally on.

2 Off: Printer generates a linefeed of its own

ajfter every carriage return.
•On: Printer does not advance to next line
until it receives a linefeed character
(ASCII 10).

3 *Off: When more characters are received than

will fit on a line, printer begins a new
line.
On: When more characters are received than
will fit on a line, printer overprints on
same line.

4 *Off: ASCII code 24 clears the printer buffer.

On: ASCII code 24 has no effect.

5 Not used; normally on.

6 Off: Buzzer on printer will not sound.
*On: Buzzer sounds when out of paper or

when ASCII code 7 is received.

7 'Off: Character set 1.

On: Character set 2.

8 Off: Computer sends "Select" signal to

activate printer.
*On: Printer is always ready to receive input.

B. Small set of 4 switches:

1 *Off: Paper length is 11 inches.

On: Paper length is 12 inches.

2 *Off: Lines are spaced 6 to the inch.

On: Lines are spaced 8 to the inch.

3 *Off: Paper feeding is controlled by computer.

On: Paper automatically advances after
printing.

4 *Off: Printer does not skip over the perforation

where pages join.
On: Printer skips 1 inch where pages join. ©

April 1985 COMPUTEI 111

Creating Atari
iViacliine Language Strings

Tom Sak

This clever utUih/ program converts a machine lan-
guage subroutine into fast-executing BASIC string
statements and stores them on disk for later use. Re-
quires at least 16K RAM.

The most common way to use a machine lan-
guage subroutine in a BASIC program is to con-
vert the object code into decimal numbers, put
the numbers into DATA statements, then READ
the numbers and POKE them into memory.

However, if you'd like your programs to
initialize faster, or if you're running short of
memory, there's a better technique you should
consider: converting the machine language into
strings. Using string assignment statements in-
stead of DATA statements not only saves the
time required to POKE the numbers into mem-
ory, it also consumes only about one-third as
much RAM. The main limitation of this tech-
nique is that the machine language routine must
be completely relocatable — not a serious handi-
cap for short (under 256-byte) routines.

The listing following this article, "ML String
Creator," is a self-modifying BASIC program that
automatically creates string assignment state-
ments from your object code and LISTs them to
disk for inclusion in other BASIC programs.

Direct Execution From A String

The string technique works because, essentially,
these statements are equivalent:

CJ 10 DATA 33,37,106,47,122,65
OD 30 A«=" ! 7. j/zA"

If your subroutine contains internal JMPs or
JSRs, which are not relocatable, you must use the
conventional DATA statement technique. Until a
BASIC program runs, you don't know where a
certain string will end up in memory; therefore, if
you encode your machine language (ML) into a
string, it will end up at an unpredictable memory
address. However, when the ML is relocatable, it

112 COMPUTE! April) 985

is possible to execute the subroutine directly from
the string with a statement like this:
50X = USR(ADR(A$))

The ADR() function lets you find the begin-
ning address of the string (and therefore of your
subroutine). Of course, this assumes you have
previously encoded the ML into the string vari-
able A$ with ML String Creator.

The string assignment statement also is pref-
erable when you're trying to squeeze a few more
bytes into limited memory. Each ML byte has a
decimal value in the range of 0-255. Represent-
ing this in a decimal DATA statement requires as
many as three bytes, plus a comma to separate
the entries. In a string assignment, each ML byte
is represented as a single character.

There are a few other limitations, however.
It's not possible to represent the decimal values
155 or 34 inside quotes in a string assignment.
The value 155 represents a carriage return or
end-of-line marker which cannot be embedded in
the assignment statement, even as part of an es-
cape sequence. The value 34 represents the
double-quote character used as a delimiter in the
assignment statement.

Stringing It All Together

Keeping these limitations in mind, you can use
ML String Creator to locate an ML subroutine
somewhere in memory, turn it into one or more
string assignment statements, and LIST the state-
ments to disk. It is your responsibility to initially
load the ML into memory. If you're using an
assembler that lets you switch back to BASIC
without erasing memory, you can assemble di-
rectly to memory and then load ML String Cre-
ator to convert the object code into strings.

The program begins by requesting that you
supply the first and last memory addresses (in
decimal) of your routine, the name of the string
variable to be created, and a line number for the
first string assignment statement. A maximum of
80 bytes can be contained in a single statement

string, and the maximum ML program length
accommodated by the program is 256 bytes.

The string variable name is limited to seven
characters, including the trailing $ symbol which
must be present. Finally, the line number for the
first string assignment statement must be greater
than 190. Subsequent lines are numbered in in-
crements of ten,

ML String Creator is self-modifying; the
string assignment statements become a part of
the program. However, the part of the program
which is taking care of business protects itself
from modification. The program can be used
repeatedly without being reloaded, but it will
grow in size.

The self-modification feature is also used to
produce a LIST statement at line 150. In the list-
ing below it appears as a REM statement, but
after the string assignment statements are created
it will be modified.

Finally, ML String Creator will prompt you
for the filename of the disk file in which it will
store the assignment statements. This filename
and the first and last statement numbers of the
created statements are concatenated with 150
LIST, in addition to the appropriate commas and
double quotes, to form a genuine LIST statement.

Checking For Quotes And Carriage
Returns

Before retiring, the program will indicate the
memory locations, if any, at which a decimal
value of either 155 or 34 was encountered. The
program substitutes a value of zero in these in-
stances. If more than ten occurrences of 155 or
34 are detected, the program stops with an error
message.

The technique used to create the strings con-
sists of printing string assignment statements on
a previously cleared screen, just as you would do
from the keyboard if you were typing in a BASIC
program. After the last string assignment state-
ment is placed on the screen, a CONT statement
is written on the screen in immediate mode (that
is, with no statement number).

Another feature of the program is its auto-
matic RETURN. Normally when you press RE-
TURN after typing a BASIC statement, the
statement is either immediately executed (for ex-
ample, LIST) or incorporated into your BASIC
program (for example, 10 A = B*C). The Atari has
a switch which makes pressing the RETURN key
optional. The switch is location 842, which
usually contains a 12. POKE 842,13 switches to
automatic RETURN.

Brace Yourself For Fast Action

Processing takes place rapidly when the com-
puter presses RETURN, so be prepared. The

commands to be processed must be both correct
and in the right place on the screen, and the
cursor must be positioned on or above the first
statement. If an error is detected, a message will
be written on the screen, but the Atari, using the
automatic RETURN, will process the error mes-
sage as a command and a- syntax error will result.

Lines 50 and 70 write the string assignment
statements onto the screen. Line 85 places CONT
on the screen and positions the cursor at the top,
well above the first statement to be processed.
The switch at location 842 is set at line 90. Then
the program is stopped. When you are entering
BASIC statements from the keyboard, you don't
have one of your BASIC programs executing, and
that is what is happening here, except that the
text is "typed," the cursor is positioned, and RE-
TURN supplied by the computer.

Watctiing The Atari Type

If you want to watch this action, you can see
most of it by looking at the screen carefully. In-
sert the following statement to see what the
screen looks like immediately before processing:
86 GOTO 86

Press BREAK to regain control; a STOPPED
AT LINE 86 message will be displayed, destroy-
ing portions of the information which you are
attempting to view.

The figure below depicts a typical screen im-
age immediately following the STOP statement
in line 90 and just before the automatic RE-
TURN. (Of course, the actual string characters
will vary depending on the ML subroutine you
are reading.) Don't forget to delete line 86 when
you've seen enough.

STOPPED AT LINE 99

t

C¥¥

'^-'"'*t^?ii^fflEA;:

1 •¥¥eChl ¥vy:aiP¥»¥+Eirirc
_ ran] era era tG<- 7"

1829 fliTci61J="C»¥¥-!-V¥77UH V6<^k»¥^&¥¥1Mr

183© A$C2413="a3H:TVt¥S»21f»1f1^V
CONT

The CONT statement is the last one exe-
cuted by the flying cursor before it returns con-
trol to your program. (The immediate execution
of GOTO 100 would have the same effect.) The
same technique is used to create and incorporate
the LIST statement.

With a little imagination, you can modify
this program to accept other forms of input of
decimal or hexadecimal values to be converted to
character strings, or to accept an ML object file
from disk.

If you are interested in adapting some of

April 1985 COMPUTEI 113

EC 20

JN 25

CC 30

OK 35

OJ 40

FL 45

FO 50

DC 60
DI 65
fiL 70

M 75

FP 85
EG 90
QN 100
CN 1 10

U 120

on disk,
RTNl (11)
? "START
" END ADD

these techniques to your own programs, there are
a few things to watch out for. First, when placing
the cursor at the top of the screen prior to
activating the automatic RETURN, be sure to
allow sufficient room so the screen text produced
by the STOP statement won't overwrite the
statements which your program placed on the
screen. Second, be sure to turn off the automatic
RETURN (POKE 842,12) when you're done.

ML String Creator

Please refer to "COMPUTE! 's Guide To Typing In
Programs" before entering ttiis listing.

PF 1 REM ML STRING MAKER

Hft2 REM Writes string asBignment 5ta
tements -from up to 256 memory lo
cations and LISTs them
« 10 DIM NAME* ( 10) , RTN f 1 1 ) ,
? CHR* < 125) ; "ENTER - " i
ADDRESS" ;: INPUT FBA:?
RESS" : : INPUT LBA

? " STRING NAME";: INPUT NAME*:?
" FIRST STATEMENT NUMBER" ;:INP
UT FBN: SN=FSN-10: I=LEN (NAME*)
IF LBA<FBA OR LBA-FBA>25S DR I<
2 DR I >7 OR NAME* ( I , I > <>"*" OR
FSN<191 THEN ? CHR* ( 253 ): GOTO 2
0

? CHR«<1255;? : D I SP=-79 : FBA=FB A
-80

SN=SN+10: FBA=FBA+80: DISP=DISP+8
0:IF FBA>LBA THEN GOTO 85
RANGE=79:IF LBA-FBA<79 THEN RAN
6E=LBA-FBA

? SN; " " ; NAME* ; " ( " : DISP; " ) =" ; CH
R*(34);:FDR I=FBA TO FBA+RANGE:
J=PEEK< I )

IF J=155 THEN J=0 : K=K+ 1 : RTN (K) =
I: IF K=l 1 THEN 190

IF J = 34 THEN J = 0 : L = L+ 1 : RTN 1 ( L ) =
I ; IF L=l 1 THEN 190

? " <ESCJ";CHR* ( J) ; : NEXT I:? CHR
* (34)
GOTQ 40

? "CONT" sPOSlTION 0,0
POKE 842, 13: STOP
POKE 842, 12
? CHR* ( 125) ; "ENTER -'
NAME" ; : INPUT NAME*
? CHR* £ 125) : ? : ? : ? '
;CHR«(34);"D:";NAME*
" , " ; FSN; " , " ; SN-10; *?
ITION 0,0
HE 130 POKE 842,13:ST0P
PB 140 POKE 842, 12
iini45 ? CHR* ( 125) ; "LISTING
DK 150 REM LIST statement will

ert ed her e .
LP 160 ? CHR* (125): IF K>0 THEN ? "Zer
o substituted for 155 3":FDR I
= 1 TO K:? " "; RTNd ) ; ;NEXT I
NF 170 IF L>0 THEN ? :? "7ero substit
uted -for 34 3":F0R 1 = 1 TO Li?
" ";RTN1 (I) ; :NEXT 1
Hfl 180 END

EB 190 ? CHR*(125):? "TOO MANY 155s A
ND/OR 34s" SEND O

114 COMPUTE) April! 985

■:7 " FILE

'150 LIST"

CHR* (34) ;

'C0NT":POS

NAME*
be i n<

MAXIMIZE STORAGE CAPACITY
ON YOUR ATARI 1050* DISK DRIVE
WITH THE HAPPY 1050 MAXIMIZER"

Now you can store twice as much data on your
ATARI 1050 disk drive with this easy to install high
quality plug in adapter. Requires no soldering and no
permanent modifications. Runs all popular true double
density programs, utilities, and operating systems.

You can upgrade your HAPPY 1050 MAXIWIIZER to
a WARP SPEED HAPPY 1050 ENHANCEMENT".

Improves reading and writing speed 500% and comes
with the HAPPY COMPUTERS WARP SPEED
SOFTWARE" package Makes your ATARI 1050 the
most powerful disk drive available. Easy plug in installa-
tion lets you upgrade your HAPPY 1050 MAXI-
WIIZER to WARP SPEED at any time.

Take COMMAND with the
HAPPY 1050 CONTROLLER"

When used with the ENHANCEMENT or MAXI-
MIZER allows writing on the flip side of disks without
punching holes. Selects protection from writing on
valuable disks. Selection can be made both from
software commands and a three position switch.
When used with the ENHANCEMENT allows both
switch and software control of reading and writing
speeds. Plug in installation requires no soldering. May
be used without ENHANCEMENT or MAXIMIZER
with manual control of write protection.

Discount prices ttirough Dec 31, 1984:

HAPPY 1050 MAXIMIZER complete SI 24.95

MAXIMIZER to ENHANCEMENT UPGRADE SI 29.95

(You must already have a Happy 1050 Maximizer)
HAPPY 1050 MAXIMIZER with factor^' installed

MAXIMIZER to ENHANCEMENT upgrade, same as
WARP SPEED HAPPY 1050 ENHANCEMENT .... S249.9S

HAPPY 1050 CONTROLLER $49.95

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for 8 1 0 d isk d rive (supports hig ti speed

single density) S249.9S

Price above include free delivery in ttie USA
California residents add 6.5% sales tax.

•Note: ATARI 1050 is a trademark of Atari, Inc

HAPPY COMPUTERS, INC.

P.O. Box 1268, Morgan Hill, CA 95037
(408) 779-3830

Commodore File Protector

John Dearinger

You won't have to worry about accidentally erasing
important files off your disks ivith "Commodore File
Protector." It lets you protect individual files or
entire disks. The program works on any Commodore
64, VIC-20 with at least 3K RAM expansion, Plus/4,
or 16 with a 1541 or 1541-compatible disk drive.

Have you ever scratched a program on a disk
and then realized you just deleted the wrong
one? Perhaps it was a mental error, or maybe
you used a filename with a wild card (* or ?) and
got rid of more than you bargained for.

Some computers, such as Apple and Atari,
allow you to lock and unlock disk files, offering
some protection. Commodore computers, how-
ever, don't have any such commands. Neither
does the Commodore 1541 disk drive. Yet, in-
terestingly enough, the 1541 does have the rou-
tine built into its Disk Operating System (DOS).
In fact, the disk drive actually uses the routine to
check for a locked file during a write operation.

Here's what happens. Whenever the 1541
starts to scratch a file, it first must find the file on
the disk to make sure it exists. Once it is found,
the disk drive knows several things about the
file, because this information is stored with the
filename in the directory on track 18. It knows
the track and sector where the first block of the
file is stored on the disk. It knows how long the
file is and the file type (PRG, SEQ, etc.) by read-
ing the byte stored in the first location of each
file entry. The first byte normally is a number
from 128 to 132 decimal. (See the charts on
pages 56 and 57 of the 1541 User Guide.) Another
DOS routine also checks this location to tell if a
file is locked or not. If bit 6 is set, DOS knows
the file is locked and won't modify it in any way.
For example, if the 1541 finds the number 194
decimal instead of 130 decimal, it knows that a
PRG file is locked.

"Commodore File Protector" uses the direct
access disk commands to lock the files on a disk
so they cannot be deleted — until, of course,
they've been unlocked.

Disk Command Menu

To make File Protector compatible with your

computer, only one line must be added to the
program listing. If you have a Commodore 64,
add this line:

20 F1=4:F7=3:POKE53281,12:POKE53280,6

If you have a VIC-20, add this line:

20 Fl=39 ;F7=63 :NS=4 :U$=LEFT$ (U$ , 23 )

If you have a Plus/4 or 16, add this line:

20 F0RA=1T08:KEYA, " " :NEXT:KB=239 !SF=1347 :
KL=198:F1=4:F7=3

Once File Protector is running, you'll have
several options on a menu. First, you can view a
directory. This option is offered within several of
the routines as well.

You have the option to lock all the files on a
disk at once. This will save you a great deal of
typing and time when you first use the program
on a disk.

You can choose to lock or unlock one spe-
cific file at a time, in case you later want to
scratch a file or modify a file and replace the old
version.

When a file is locked, a less-than sign ap-
pears to the right of the file type whenever you
list the directory — whether you LOAD "$",8, use
DOS 5.1, or choose option 1 on the File Protector
menu.

Scratching a file is another option on the
menu, and the only one that allows wild cards (*
or ?). All the other options require you to enter
the exact filename. Some interesting possibilities
arise from this. For example, by locking some
files and not others, you could clear a disk of un-
wanted files with many different names (and
save a lot of typing) just by specifying an asterisk
(*) for a filename to delete.

The last option on the File Protector menu
allows you to lock or unlock the entire disk itself.
It's best to use this command only on full or
completed disks, though, because once the disk
is locked, it cannot be written on again until it is
unlocked. Locked files on a disk don't prevent
the rest of the disk from being used.

Not Totally Foolproof

There are three normal ways to remove files
from a disk;

April 1985 COMPUTEI 115

1 . Scratch the file

2. Clear the directory with OPEN15,8,15,"N0:filename"

3. Reformat the disk with OPEN15,8,15,"N0:filename,

ID#"

Files locked with Commodore File Protector
will withstand number 1 but not numbers 2 and
3. A locked disk will withstand numbers 1 and 2
but not number 3.

One final word of warning: I strongly recom-
mend that you do not use this program on any
commercial software. These programs often use
parts of track 18 in their copy protection, and
since File Protector alters that track, it may change
something that shouldn't have been changed.

No More Sticky Tabs

The method for locking the entire disk is similar
to that for locking a file. In track 18, sector 0, the
Block Allocation Map (BAM) is stored. The first
two locations (bytes 0 and 1) tell the 1541 where
it can find the first directory block containing the
first eight filenames on the disk. The third loca-
tion (byte 2) denotes on which drive this particu-
lar disk was formatted. This location should
contain the hexadecimal number $41 (65 deci-
mal), which indicates 1541 and 4040 format. If it
doesn't, the 1541 will assume that the disk was
formatted on a different disk drive and will read
the disk, but refuse to write on it.

So, by writing a different number at this
location, the disk can be effectively write-
protected. No more of those sticky little tabs that
are always coming off anyway.

The program also changes location 166 from
a $41 (65 decimal) to a $42 (66 decimal). This
has no effect on whether the disk is write-
protected or not, but is done only to visually in-
dicate a locked disk. The directory header will
read 0 "Diskname" ID 2B— note the 2B instead
of the normal 2A.

Commodore File Protector

Please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide To Typing in
Programs" before entering this listing,

5 PRINT" {CLR] " :Q$=CHR$( 13) :rem 59
10 U$="{RVS){40 SPACES}":KB=198:SF=653:KL
=203:NS=12 :rem 223

50 GOSUB1240:GOTO1080 : rem 232

60 PRINT#15,"U1";2;0;T;S:GOTO670 : rem 119
70 PRINT#15,"B-P 2 0" : PRINTI15 , "U2" ; 2 r 0f T
jS:GOTO670 : rem 90

80 T=PEEK( 681 ) ;S=PEEK( 682) : RETURN :rem 8
90 REM::: LOCK ALL FILES::: : rem 30
100 PRINT" {CLR}"SPC(NS) "LOCK ALL FILES":P

RINTU$ :GOSUB660:T=18:S=I : rem 75
110 P=2:GOSUB60 :rem 113

120 GET#2,A$:T1=ASC{A$+CHR${0) ) :GET#2,A$:

S1=ASC(A$+CHR$(0) ) :rem 196

130 FORI=0TO7:PRINT#15, "B-P" ; 2 f P+32*I

:rem 133
140 GET#2,A$:A=ASC(A$+CHR$(0)) :IFA=.THEN1

70 ;rem 137

150 1FAAND64THEN170 :rem 106

160

170
180

190

200
210

220

230

240

250
260

270
280

290

300

310

320

330

340
350

360

370

380

390
400
405

410
420
430

440

450
460

470

PRINT#15, "B-P" f 2;P+32*I:PRINT#2,CHR$(
A0R64) ; : rem 248

NEXT:GOSUB70:IFETHENRETURN : rem 21
P RINT " TRACK "T" SECTOR" S" IS LOCKED" ; T=T
1:S=S1:IFTTHEN110 :rem 168

GOSUB730:GOSUB740: RETURN : rem 35
REM;:;READ DIRECTORY::: :rem 163
H$=CHR$(18) :PRINT" {CLRI f RVS ) HOLD [SHT
FT] TO PAUSE [down} : rem 20

GOSUB660: PRINT#15 , "M-R"CHR$ C 144) CHR$ {
7)CHR$(23) :rem 103

FORI=0TO22:GET#15,A$:H$=H$+CAS+CHR$(0
) ) : NEXT : PRINTH? " { ELK 3 " : POKEl 40 , 1 : T=18
:S=1 :rem 84

GOSUB60 ; SYS 828 :GOSUB80 : 1 FPEEK ( SF ) THEN
WAITSF,1,1 :rem 8

IFTTHEN240 :rem 63

PRINT#15, "M-R"CHR$(250)CHR$(2) :GET#15
,LO$ :PRINT#15 , "M-R"CHR$ ( 252 )CHR$ ( 2 )

:rem 224
GET#15,Hl9:PRlNTASC(LO$+CHR$(0))+256*
ASC(HI$+CHR$(0))" BLOCKS FREE: rem 188
GOSUB730 : GOSUB740 ; POKE140 , 0 : RETURN

jrem 12 5
REM: !! INPUT NAME::: : rem 140

PRINT" {down} [Fl] EXIT{13 SPACES }CF7]
(SPACE 3 DIRECTORY : rem 166

PRINT" {down} FILENAME? "CU$; ;POKEKB,0:
F$="" :rem 100

KQ=PEEK ( KL ) :GETA? : I FA$= " " ANDKQ=64THEN
320 :rem 131

IFKQ=F10RKQ=F7THENPRINTCHR$ ( 20 ) ; RETUR
N :rem 246

IFA5=CHR$(20)ANDF$=""THEN320 : rem 254
IFA5=CHRS (13 ) ANDF$ < > " "THENPRINTCHR? ( 2
0) : RETURN ;rem 4

IFAS=CHRS(13)ANDF$=""THEN320 : rem 2
IFA$=CHR$ ( 20 ) THENPRINTCHR? ( 20 ) A5CU? ; :
F$=LEFT$(F$,LEN(F$)-1) :GOTO320:rem 98
PRINTCHRS(20)A?CU9; :F$=F$+A$ :GOTO320

:rem 27
REM:::LOCK A FILE::: :rem 102

PRINT" {CLR}"; :rem 51

PRINTSPC(NS) "LOCK A FILE" ;PRINTU$

:rem 12
GOSUB300 : IFKQ=F1THENRETURN
IFKQ=F7THENGOSUB210 :GOTO405
POKE679 , 1 : GOSUB780 : GOSUB660 ;

:rem 208

:rem 201

T=ia:S=l

:rem 167

GOSUB60:SyS828:A=PEEK(252) : IFATHEN470

:rem 244
GOSUB80:IFTTHEN440 : rem 101

PRINT" {D0\VN} {RED} FILE NOT FOUND {BLKI
{DOWN)":GOTO410 : rem 206

IF {AAND64)THENPRINTF$: PRINT" IS ALREA
DY LOCKED" :GOSUB730:GOSUB740:GOTO510

: rem 44

480 P=PEEK(255) :GOSUB60:PRINT#15, "B-P" r2;

P:PRINT#2,CHR$(AOR64) ; :rem 243

490 GOSUB70:IFETHEN400 : rem 85

500 GOSUB730:PRINTF$:PRINT"IS LOCKED" :GOS
UB740 ;rem 142

510 POKE679,0:GOTO400 : rem 206

520 REM:::UNLOCK A FILE::: :rem 4

530 PRINT "{CLR}";, :rem 55

535 PRINTSPC(NS) "UNLOCK A FILE" : PRINTU$

;rem 179
540 GOSUB300:IFKQ=F1THENRETURN : rem 212
550 IFKQ=F7THENGOSUB210:GOTO535 :rem 209
560 POKE679,1:GOSUB780:GOSUB660:T=18:S=1

:rem 171

116 COMPUTEI April 1985

570 GOSUB60:SYS828;A=PEEKC252) :IFATHEN600

;rem 243
580 GOSUB80:IFTTHEN570 : rem 109

590 PRINT" {down] {REDIfILE NOT FOUNDEbLK]

{DOWN3":GOTO540 : rem 214

600 IF(AAND64)=.THENPRINTF$Q$"IS ALREADY

{ SPACE } UNLOCKED" ; GOSUB7 30 s GOSUB740 : GO

TO640 :rem 231

610 P=PEEK( 255) :GOSUB60 :PRINT#15 , "B-P" ; 2 ;

P!PRINT#2,CHR$(AAND135) ; : rem 79
620 GOSUB70:IFETHEN530 : rem 84

630 GOSUB730:PRINTF$: PRINT" IS UNLOCKED" :G

OSUB740 -rem 5 3

640 POKE679,0:GOTO530 ! rem 214

650 REM::;OPEN FILE;:: ; rem 45

660 CLOSE2;CLOSE15:OPEN15,8,15, "10" :OPEN2

,8,2, "#" :rem 254

670 INPUT#15,E,EM$,ET,ES : rem 146

680 IFE=73ORE=26THENGOSUB730 :GOTO710

:rem 248
690 IFETHENPRINT"{RED} { RVS } ERROR: ": PRINTS

" , "EM$", "ET", "ES"{BLK}" :GOSUB730:END

irem 225
700 RETURN t rem 119

710 IFE=73THENPRINT"DISK IS LOCKED" :GOSUB

740: RETURN : rem 251

720 PRINT"REMOVE WRITE PROTECT TAB":GOSUB

740: RETURN j rem 42

730 CLOSE2:CLOSE15:RETURN : rem 114
740 PRINT" [RVS) {D0WN)PRESS ANY KEY{D0WN}"

:POKEKB,0 : rem 80

750 KO=PEEK(KL) :GETA$ : IFA$=" "ANDKQ=64THEN

750 :rem 145

760 RETURN : rem 125

770 REM:::STORE NAME FOR ML::: : rem 12
780 IFLEN{F5)<16THENF$=F$+CHR${160) :G0T07

80 : rem 209

790 FORI=lTOLEN(F$) : POKE683+I , ASC (HID$ ( F$

,1,1) ) :NEXT:POKE700,0: RETURN : rem 199
800 REM::: LOCK ENTIRE DISK::: ; rem 243
810 PRINT" {CLR}"SPC(NS) "LOCK ENTIRE DISK"

:PRINTU$ ;rem 116

820 PRINT" {down} INSERT DISK IN DRIVE

{2 SPACES} [Fl] TO ABORT" :FORTD=1TO900

:NEXT:GOSUB740 : rem 8

830 IFKQ=F1THENRETURN trem 137

840 GOSUB660:T=18:S=0:GOSUB60;PRINT#15, "B

-P 2 2" :rem 233

B50 PRINT#2,CHR$(66)f :PRINT#15,"B-P 2 166

" : PRINT! 2 , CHR$ ( 66 ) ; : GOSUB70 : I FETHEN81

0 :rem 42

860 GOSUB730:GOSUB660:GOSUB730 : rem 98
870 PRINT"THE DISK IS NOW WRITE PROTECTED

":GOSUB740: RETURN : rem 176

880 REM: : :SCRATCH A FILE::: : rem 73
890 PRINT" EcLR}"; ; rem 64

895 PRINTSPC(NS) "SCRATCH A FILE" :PRINTUS

:rem 248
900 GOSUB300:IFKQ=F1THENRETURN : rem 212
910 IFKQ=F7THENGOSUB210 :G0T0895 : rem 218
920 INPUT "{DOWN 3 ARE YOU SURE" ; A? : IFA$<> "Y

"THEN890 :rem 73

930 GOSUB660:PRINT#15, "S0:"+F$ :INPUT#15,E

, EM? , ET , ES : IFE > 1THENGOSUB680 : GOTO890

:rem 215

940 GOSUB7 30:IFET=.THENPRINT"{ RED} FILE IS

LOCKED OR NOT ON DISK{ BLK} " :GOSUB740

:GOTO890 : rem 97

950 IFET > ITHENPRINTET ; EM$ : GOSUB740 : GOT089

0 :rem 228

960 PRINTF$: PRINT "IS SCRATCHED" :GOSUB740 :

GOTO890 srem 55

970 REM::: UNLOCK A DISK::: : rem 24

980 PRINT" {CLR}"SPC(NS)" UNL0CK{2 SPACES}

DISK":PRINTU5 : rem 88

990 PRINT" {down} INSERT DISK IN DRIVE

{3 SPACES }[F1] TO ABORT" :FORTD=1TO900

:NEXT:GOSUB740 : rem 16

1000 IFKQ=F1THENRETURN :rem 175

1010 GOSUB660:T=18:S=0:GOSUB60 : rem 44

1020 PRINT#15, "M-W";CHR?(1) ; CHR? ( 1 ) ; CHR? (

1) ;CHR$(65) ,- :rem 135

1030 PRINT#15,"B-P 2 2" : PRINT#2 , CHR$ ( 65 ) r

:PRINT#15,"B-P 2 166" : rem 251
1040 PRINT#2,CHR${65) ; :GOSUB70 : IFETHEN980

:rem 202
1050 GOSUB60:GOSUB730:PRINT"DISK IS UNLOC

KED ; rem 5

1060 GOSUB740: RETURN :rem 252

1070 REM:::MAIN MENU::; : rem 98

1080 PRINT" {CLR}{ BLK} {DOWN} "SPC( NS-2 ) " < <F

ILE PR0TECT0R>>" :rem 31

1090 PRINT" {down} 1) DIRECTORY : rem 153
1100 PRINT" 2) LOCK ALL FILES :rem 65
1110 PRINT" 3) LOCK A FILE ;rem 88
1120 PRINT" 4) UNLOCK A FILE :rem 253
1130 PRINT" 5) LOCK ENTIRE DISK : rem 237
1140 PRINT" 6) UNLOCK A DISK : rem 12
1150 PRINT" 7) SCRATCH A FILE : rem 63
1160 PRINT" 8) QUIT :rem 27

1170 PRINT" {2 DOWN] ENTER YOUR CHOICE"

:rem 52
1180 GETA5:IFA5=""THEN1180 :rem 183
1190 C=VAL(A?) :IFC<lORC>BTHEN1180:rem 176
1 200 ONCGOSUB21 0 ,100, 400 ,530,810, 980 , 890 ,

1220 :rem 71

1210 GOTO10B0 :rem 198

1220 CLOSE2:CLOSE15:END ; rem 148

1230 REM: : :VARIABLES & M/L::: : rem 141
1240 POKE679,0:POKE140,0:CU$=CHR$(31)+CHR

$(161)+CHR$(144) :rem 102

1250 FOR0Z=8 28TO1006 : READZQ : POKEQZ , ZQ :NEX

T: RETURN : rem 34

1260 DATA 169,0,141,168,2,133,253,162,2,3

2,198,255,32 srem 46

1270 DATA 228,255,141,169,2,32,228,255,14

1,170,2,230,253 srem 192

1280 DATA 230,253,32,228,255,133,252,165,

253,133,255,32,228 : rem 91

1290 DATA 255,32,228,255,230,253,230,253,

160,0,32,228,255 :rem 241

1300 DATA 230,253,153,189,2,200,24,192,16

,144,242,160,243 :rem 230

1310 DATA 32,228,255,230,253,165,144,240,

3,141,168,2,200 :rem 178

1320 DATA 208,241,165,252,208,7,173,168,2

,208,22,240,191 : rem 194

1330 DATA 165,140,240,3,32,199,3,173,167,

2,240,3,32 :rem 191

1340 DATA 175,3,173,168,2,240,171,32,204,

255,96,160,0 :rem 42

1350 DATA 185,172,2,240,8,217,189,2,208,7

,200,208,243 :rem 47

1360 DATA 238,168,2,96,169,0,133,252

:rem 245
1370 DATA 96,160,0,185,189,2,240,6,32,210

,255,200,208 :rem 41

1380 DATA 245,165,252,41,64,240,10,169,14

4,32,210,255,169,60,32,210,255,169

: rem 111
1390 DATA 13,32,210,255,169,144,32,210,25

5,96 :rem 167 ©

April 1985 COMPUTEI 117

PROGRAMMING THE Tl

C. Pegena

Matching Quiz

This month's column presents a general matching-
quiz program that can be adapted to any topic. It
contains no graphics or sound, so it should be
easy to translate to other computers. Feel free to
add your own graphics and sound to enhance
your particular quiz.

The sample program is a quiz of terms and
their definitions. This particular quiz can be used
in a computer literacy class for learning general
computer terminology.

First the program prints a definition on the
screen followed by 12 possible terms. The user
must press the letter corresponding to the term
defined. If the answer is correct, the program
continues and that definition will not appear
again. If the answer is incorrect, the program
gives the correct answer and the definition will
appear again.

The score is kept by keeping track of how
many times an answer is attempted. A perfect
score in this case would be 12. Each time a defi-
nition is shown, the score is incremented.

If you want to use this matching quiz for
several different topics, type in and save the pro-
gram consisting of lines 100 through 710. Now,
to build a custom program, start with this basic
structure and then add DATA statements starting
at line 720. Then save the quiz on a different
tape or with a different name on the disk. Dif-
ferent quizzes will simply have different DATA
statements. You may also need to change the
instructions.

Creating DATA Statements

Notice that each DATA statement contains two
items separated by a comma. The first item is the
term, and the second item is the corresponding
definition. If the definition contains a comma, it
must be surrounded by quotation marks. Other-
wise, the computer will mistake the characters

118 COMPUTH April 1965

after the comma for another DATA element.

On a quiz for a different topic, use the same
idea — put matching parts in the same DATA
statement.

Line 110 DlMensions arrays for the quiz.
Since this quiz has 12 definitions and terms, the
numbers in the DIM statement are 12. You will
need to adjust this for the number of items in
your own quiz. Line 120 sets the variable N to
12 for the 12 items in this example program. If
you have a different number of items, be sure to
change this line.

Lines 130-200 clear the screen and print the
instructions. Lines 210-230 READ from the
DATA the 12 words (W$) and their correspond-
ing definitions {D$). Within the FOR-NEXT loop,
a counter with the variable name A varies from 1
to 12. Line 220 looks for DATA statements and
reads in order first a word W$(A), then the defi-
nition DS(A). The number A keeps them matched
up properly. Make sure when you type your
DATA statements that you have matched pairs of
items (separated by commas).

Program Setup

Lines 240-270 wait for the user to press ENTER
before clearing the screen to start the quiz. Line
280 initializes the score (SC) to zero at the begin-
ning of each quiz.

Lines 290-310 set up a temporary word file
array, T$(A), which is the same as the original
W$ array. This temporary array is used in choos-
ing the terms for the quiz,

Lines 320-550 perform the quiz for the
number of items to be matched, N, or in this
case 12. Line 330 increments the score SC for
each time a definition is shown.

Line 340 clears the screen. Lines 350-370
randomly choose one of the terms which has not

previously been matched correctly. The term
chosen is denoted by the number R. Line 380
prints the definition D$(R) corresponding to the
term chosen.

Lines 390-420 print all of the terms possible
for answers with a letter to indicate the answer.
Line 430 sounds a prompting tone. Lines 440-460
accept the user's answer, making sure the key
pressed is an acceptable letter of one of the
terms, then prints the letter chosen.

Evaluating The Answer

Line 470 tests the user's response with the cor-
rect answer stored in R. If the answer is in-
correct, lines 480-510 print the correct answer,
wait for the user to press ENTER, then branch
back to line 330 to increment the score and print
the next definition. If the answer is correct, lines
520-540 print the message CORRECT!, set T$(R)
equal to the null string so the term cannot be
chosen again, and then wait for the user to press
ENTER, Line 550 increments P for the loop
counter to go to the next problem.

After the quiz is complete and all terms have
been correctly matched, line 560 clears the
screen. Lines 570-580 print the possible score
and the user's score. Lines 590-600 print a mes-
sage if there is a perfect score.

Lines 610-670 present the option to try the
quiz again or to end the program.

Lines 680-710 contain the subroutine to wait
for the user to press the ENTER key before
continuing the program.

Lines 720-840 in this program contain the
data for the quiz. Notice that some of the defi-
nitions contain extra spaces. These are used to
print the definition on the 28-column screen
without splitting words.

Customizing Ttie Quiz

Now to change the topic of the quiz. Decide how
many items will need to be matched. Keep in
mind how it will look when printed on the 24 -row
screen. Change the DIMension statement of line
110 and the definition of N in line 120 to reflect
the number of items.

Next add the DATA statements starting with
line 720. For example, if you want a quiz on
BASIC programming commands, a typical DATA
statement might be:

720 DATA GOTO, Command to transfer program
control

A history quiz might contain:

720 DATA 1492,Columbus discovered America.
An algebra quiz could use:

720 DATA x = 2,x + 5=5x-3
A States and capitals quiz could use:

720 DATA Providence,Rhode Island

When typing the DATA statements, make
sure there are matching pairs. If there are short
words, you may put more than one matching
pair in a DATA statement — just be sure to use
commas to separate each item. With longer
phrases, make sure you use spaces to print the
phrase properly on the screen without splitting
words.

Remember that you can add your own sound
effects and graphics for positive reinforcements
on correct answers. You may also wish to use
graphics and sound as part of the matching
process.

If you wish to save typing effort and obtain
a copy of this program, send a blank cassette or
disk, a stamped, self-addressed mailer, and $3 to:

C. Regena

P.O. Box 1502

Cedar City, UT 8i720
Please be sure to specify the title of the program
and the type of computer you use.

Matctiing Quiz For Tl

Please refer to "COMPUTE! 's Guide To Typing In
Programs" before entering this listing.

100 REM MATCHINB QUIZ

110 DIM W* (12) , T« (12) ,D* < 12)

120 N=12

130 CALL CLEAR

140 PRINT TAB (9) ; "CHAPTER 1"

150 PRINT :;:"A DEFINITION WILL BE

GIVEN. "

160 PRINT

170 PRINT

180 PRINT

"CHOOSE THE TERM WHICH"
"MATCHES THE DEFINITION.

"PRESS THE LETTER OF THE

ANSWER. "

THERE WILL BE";N;"PROBL

190 PRINT

200 PRINT
EMS. "

210 FOR A=l TO N

220 READ W*(A),D*(A)

230 NEXT A

240 PRINT :: "PRESS <ENTER> TO START

250 CALL KEY<0,K_,S)

260 IF KOI 3 THEN 250

270 CALL CLEAR

280 SC=0

290 FOR A=l TO N

300 T« < A) =W$ ( A>

310 NEXT A

320 FOR P=l TO N

330 SC=SC+1

340 CALL CLEAR

350 RANDOMIZE

360 R=1NT (N*RND) +1

370 IF T*(R}="" THEN 360

330 PRINT D* (R) : :

390 FOR A=l TO N

400 PRINT CHR*<64+A);" ";W*(fl)

410 NEXT A

420 PRINT

430 CALL SOUND < 150, 1500, 2)

440 CALL KEV<0,K,S>

April 1985 COMPUTE1 119

450

460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570

5B0

590
600
610
620

6 30
640
650
660
67 0
630
690

7 00
710
720

7 30

IF < K <
PRINT
IF K-6
PRINT
PRINT
GOSUB
GOTO 3
PRINT
T* <R) =
SOSUB
NEXT P
CALL C
PRINT
NS. "
PRINT
R S " : -. :
IF SC<
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
AM"

CALL K
IF K = 4
IF K < >
PRINT
STOP
PRINT
CALL K
I F K < >
RETURN
DATA D
D MANU
PUTER-
DATA S
T 0FC5

65) + (K>64 + N) THEra 440

CHR* (K) : :

4=R THEN 520

"THE CORRECT ANSWER IS"

CHR«(R+64) ; " ";W«<R>

680

30

"CORRECT ' "

680

LEAR

"THERE WERE-

: " YOUR SCORE:

>N THEN 610
"GOOD WORK ■ " :
"PRESS 1 TO T
"{6 SPACeS>2

E Y ( 0 , i<; , S )

9 THEN 270
50 THEN 630

: : " 2 END" : : :

: "PRESS <ENTEF
E Y < 0 , K , S )
13 THEN 690

DCUMENTAT I ON.
ALS THAT ACC
RELATEDPRODUC
YSTEM.A SET 0
spaces: PARTS

N; "DEFINITIO
" ; SC; " ANSWE

RY A6AIN"

TO END PROGR

THE BOOKS AN
OMPANY A COM

R ARRANBEHEN
ACTING TOGE

THER T0<:4 spaces: PERFORM A FUNC

TION
740 DATA INFORMATION SYSTEM, "A SYST

EM THAT TAKES INPUT, PROCESSES
IT, AND PRODUCES INFORMATION

AS OUTPUT"
750 DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, "A SY

STEM THAT CONSISTS OF A SENDER.

A PHYSICAL CHANNEL, AND A RECE

IVER"
760 DATA HARDWARE, THE PHYSICAL COMP

ONENTS{5 spaces: ASSOCIATED WITH
A COMPUTER OR OTHER SYSTEM
770 DATA SOFTWARE, PROGRAMS THAT CON

TRQL THEC3 SPACES: FUNCT 1 DNS OF

SYSTEMS
780 DATA NETWORK, TWO OR MORE COMMUN

ICATING<;3 spaces: DEVICES THAT A

RE connected TOGETHER
790 DATA APPLICATI ON, WHAT IS DONE W

ITH COMPUTERS
800 DATA CIRCUIT, AN INTERCONNECTED

SET 0FC4 SPACES:COMPONEN'TS THAT

PERFORM AN ELECTRONIC FUNCTION

310 DATA BINARY SIGNAL, A COMPUTER C

IRCUIT THAT IS REPRESENTED BY

TWO DIFFERENTLEVELS OF CURRENT
820 DATA DATA, "FACTS, NUMBERS, AND

SYMBOLS PROCESSED BY A COMPUTER
TO PRODUCE INFORMATION"
830 DATA BINARY DIGIT (BIT), A BASIC
BUILDING BLOCK 0RC3 SPACESJUNI

T OF INFORMATION USED IN COMPUT

ER SYSTEMS
840 END ©

THE BEGINNER'S PAGE

Tom R. Holfhill, Editor

Programs Within Programs

Imagine what your life would be like if every
time you had to perform a routine task — such as
starting your car or switching on a TV — you had
to think really hard about it, almost as if you
were learning the task for the first time. Starting
a car doesn't seem too difficult, but it does re-
quire you to execute a number of smaller tasks in
exactly the same sequence each time. You have
to find the right key, unlock the door, grasp the
handle, pull open the door, climb into the seat,
stick the key into the ignition, twist the key, and

120 COMPUTEI April 1985

press the gas pedal.

Yet, unless the car is brand-new or belongs
to someone else, you can probably do all of this
with your eyes closed, like a blindfolded soldier
reassembling his rifle. That's because you've per-
formed the actions so many times that they're
carved into your unconscious. You just think
start the car, and a little "program" takes over.

When you think about it, your brain stores
thousands of such tiny programs. They let you
perform everyday tasks almost on autopilot.
Without them, every routine action would be like

a new learning experience. Life might be nnore
interesting, like a young child's, but you'd be a
lot less efficient.

Computer programs can benefit from the
same sort of efficiency. After all, a program at its
most basic level is just a list of instructions tell-
ing the computer how to perform some kind of
job. That job might be something as simple as
adding two numbers or something as complex as
modeling the economy of a large nation. Still,
even simple jobs can often be broken down into
several smaller tasks which are executed repeat-
edly. So why make the computer do things the
hard way? Why not equip your programs with
the same kind of subprograms that your brain
seems to use to automate routine tasks?

This concept of smaller programs within
larger programs is so powerful that virtually
every computer language offers some way to do
it. By identifying these repetitive tasks and turn-
ing them into subprograms or subroutines, you
can write programs that run faster, consume less
memory, and are easier to understand and
modify.

When To Use A Subroutine

Your brain acquires a subroutine by rote — it sub-
consciously memorizes a task that you perform
over and over again. Today's computers aren't
quite intelligent enough to learn this way, so you
have to spell it out for them more literally with
BASIC commands.

First you have to decide when to take a
piece of a program and make it into a subroutine.
This judgment comes naturally after a while, but
as a general rule, any small task which is per-
formed more than once in a program is a can-
didate for a subroutine.

Once you've identified this task, you write
the little routine and make the program detour to
those lines whenever you need to perform that
task. At the end of each subroutine, you use the
command RETURN to automatically go back into
the main program and proceed with other things.

Let's try an example. Assume you're writing
a program that frequently pauses and asks the
user to press a key. With no subroutines, this is
how clumsy the program would be:

90 DIM A$(1):REM This line for Atari only

100 PRINT "During the Civil War,"

110 PRINT "more American soldiers died"

120 PRINT "than in all other"

130 PRINT "American wars combined."

140 PRINT 'TRESS C AND RETURN TO

CONTINUE";
150 INPUT A$

160 IF A$<>"C" THEN GOTO 140
170 PRINT "Poor medical care accounted"
180 PRINT "for many casualties,"

190 PRINT 'Tsut outmoded military tactics"

200 PRINT "were also to blame."

210 PRINT 'TRESS C AND RETURN TO

CONTINUE";
220 INPUT A$
230 IF A$<>"C" THEN GOTO 210

Notice how the lines which ask the user to
press a key (lines 140-160 and 210-230) are sim-
ply repetitious; only the Hne number references
are different.

In each case these lines keep printing the
prompt PRESS C AND RETURN TO CONTINUE
until the user presses the C key. (Make sure to
press a capital C if you try running this example.
If you have a TI-99/4A, change every occurrence
of THEN GOTO to THEN in this and all follow-
ing examples.) A little three-line routine like this
one might not seem like much, but if it's re-
peated throughout a long program, considerable
space and programming time would be wasted.
This is an ideal candidate for a subroutine.

Why Not GOTO?

At this point, you might be thinking about build-
ing a subroutine with the GOTO command. After
all, a subroutine requires a detour from the main
program, and GOTO is a programming detour
(see last month's column). Why not just jump to
the subroutine with GOTO and then exit from it
the same way? The program might look like this:

90 DIM A$(1):REM This line for Atari only

100 PRINT 'T>uring the Civil War,"

110 PRINT "more American soldiers died"

120 PRINT "than in all other"

130 PRINT "American wars combined."

140 GOTO 1000

150 PRINT 'Toor medical care accounted"

160 PRINT "for many casualties,"

170 PRINT "but outmoded military tactics"

180 PRINT "were also to blame."

190 GOTO 1000

200 PRINT 'Tor instance, many battles"

210 PRINT "were fought with mass charges"

220 PRINT "of infantry and cavalry."

230 GOTO 1000

1000 PRINT 'TRESS C AND RETURN TO

CONTINUE";
1010 INPUT A$

1020 IF A$<>"C" THEN GOTO 1000
1030 GOTO 150

At first this seems to fit the bill. The lines
which await the user's keystroke are grouped to-
gether in a neat subroutine at the end of the pro-
gram. All it takes is a simple instruction — GOTO
1000 — to activate (or call) the subroutine.

If you try running the program, however, a
problem soon becomes apparent. The subroutine
works great the first time it's called. The first
paragraph of text appears on the screen, followed
by the prompt, and the program continues print-

Aprin9S5 COMPUTEf 121

ing when you press C. But after the second time
the subroutine is called, the program prints the
second paragraph all over again! In fact, it keeps
printing the same paragraph no matter how
many times you press C — it never reaches the
third paragraph at all.

GOTO is the culprit. GOTO 1000 works
okay for calling the subroutine, because the rou-
tine is always at line 1000. But GOTO doesn't
work so well when returning from the sub-
routine. The line number in the routine's final
GOTO statement is fixed (GOTO 150), but the
line number where the program should continue
after calling the routine keeps changing. What's
needed is a substitute for GOTO that always
knows how to pick up where the program left
off. That substitute is the pair of commands
GOSUB and RETURN.

GOSUB: A GOTO With Brains

If you understood how the above programs
work, you'll have no trouble at all grasping
GOSUB and RETURN. GOSUB (which means
GOto SUBroutitie) is merely a smarter version of
GOTO. The statement GOSUB 1000 does the
same thing as GOTO 1000 — it detours the pro-
gram to line 1000. However, it also makes the
computer remember where it detoured from. Then,
when a RETURN statement is encountered, the
program automatically returns from the sub-
routine and begins executing the statement
which immediately follows the original GOSUB.

Here's how the previous example would
look after GOSUB and RETURN are substituted
for the GOTO statements that caused the
problem:

90 DIM A$(1):REM This line for Atari only

100 PRINT "During the Civil War,"

110 PRINT "more American soldiers died"

120 PRINT "than in all other"

130 PRINT "American wars combined."

140 GOSUB 1000

150 PRINT "Poor medical care accounted"

160 PRINT "for many casualties,"

170 PRINT "but outmoded military tactics"

180 PRINT "were also to blame."

190 GOSUB 1000

200 PRINT "For instance, many battles"

210 PRINT "were fought with mass charges"

220 PRINT "of infantry and cavalry."

230 GOSUB 1000

240 END

1000 PRINT 'TRESS C AND RETURN TO

CONTINUE";
1010 INPUT A$

1020 IF A$<>"C" THEN GOTO 1000
1030 RETURN

Think how much memory (and program-
ming time) you could save by simply inserting a
GOSUB 1000 statement whenever you want the
user to press a key to continue, instead of

122 COMPUTEI April 1985

redundantly entering the routine itself each time
you need it. The memory savings are even more
dramatic with longer subroutines.

For that reason alone, GOSUB and RETURN
are worth their weight in RAM chips. Yet mem-
ory conservation is only one advantage of using
subroutines in your programs. We already men-
tioned how they can increase execution speed
and help make programs easier to understand
and modify. But they can also drastically reduce
the time you spend writing and debugging a pro-
gram. Once you get a subroutine up and running
without bugs, you can call it with confidence
whenever necessary. If an error does result, you
can be fairly certain that something outside the
subroutine is causing the error. This narrows
down your search for the elusive bug.

Subroutines can also make it less intimidat-
ing to write large, complex programs. By break-
ing a big job down into many smaller jobs, and
then tackling them one at a time, the program
seems to fall together much more easily. In fact,
many programmers keep a library of frequently
used subroutines and stick them into new pro-
grams wherever needed.

Questions Beginners AsIc

Qln manuals^ books, and articles, I keep
seeing the term "default." What does de-
fault mean?

A Default means the way something starts out,
its normal condition. For example, many
computer games default to one-player mode. If
there are two players, you have to let the game
know by pressing a special key.

In computer terminology, default can refer to
the standard setting of a switch, the screen colors
when you first turn on the computer, the number
stored in a memory location before it's altered by
a program, and many other things. For example,
the LOAD command on a Commodore 64 or
VIC-20 defaults to tape instead of disk. If you
type:

LOAD"PROGRAM NAME"

the computer assumes you are loading from the
cassette recorder and responds PRESS PLAY ON
TAPE. To load a program from the disk drive,
you have to add a device number to the com-
mand which overrides the default:
LOAD"PROGRAM NAME",S

Another example is a dot-matrix printer
which defaults to a standard typeface. To print in
a special typeface such as bold or italics, you
must send the printer a command (usually from
within a program) which overrides the default
setting. @

INSIGHT: Atari

Bill Wilkinson

Atari Acquires Apple!

As I write this, the Winter Consumer Electronics
Show (CES) in Las Vegas has just ended. By now
you have probably read in the papers and maga-
zines just what real marvels the new Atari
Corporation introduced at CES. While I didn't
get a chance to attend CES (though others from
my company were there), I did have the privilege
of getting some preshow information about
Atari's new products. Also, thanks to being just a
bit nosey, I learned a little about how Atari
developed their remarkable new computers and
even a little bit of what's yet to come.

Purchase Obvious In Retrospect

(An important aside: The issue of COMPUTE!
which will carry this article is dated April 1985.
However, since this issue will most likely appear
on newsstands and in subscribers' mail by about
mid-March, you might be reading this before
April. If so, be sure to keep all of what I am
about to reveal secret until at least the first of
April.)

Reveals Ottier Buys

Anyway, as I started to say, I was lucky enough
to be privy to some early information and
(thanks to my nosey nature) overhear even more.
One thing I overheard was a simple question,
"Should we take the Mac with us?" (An obvious
reference to an Apple Macintosh.) It seems that
in the process of designing the 130ST and 520ST
computers, the engineers at Atari looked at sev-
eral existing computers. Now, no rival companies
were about to be so generous as to donate ma-
chines. So, looking back, it seems obvious that
Atari had to go out and buy several — including
the Mac, of course.

IBIM Failure Described

In the process of evaluating the various comput-
ers. Atari also was able to look at the
microprocessors (CPUs) which they used. It
comes as no surprise that the 8/16 bit 8088 used
by the IBM PC was rejected early on as being
unable to achieve the speed Atari desired. So
what processor got the nod for the 130ST and
520ST?

Leonard Tramiel Departs Company

Although I have managed to enjoy Leonard
Tramiel's company in several meetings, the one
time we managed to get in a really interesting
discussion of processors he had to depart early
(for another meeting, probably). Before he left,
he did seem to indicate that his personal choice
for a CPU might be the National Semiconductor
32016 and 32032 processors. They are very
powerful and very orthogonal machines, but
(and this is speculation on my part) the fact that
they are available only from National Semi prob-
ably makes choosing them difficult for any
company.

In any case. Atari chose to go with the tried
and true Motorola 68000 series of processors, the
same one used in the Apple Macintosh and Lisa
computers. (An aside' The official meaning of the
ST designation is "Sixteen /Thirty- two" for the
16-bit bus and 32-bit registers of the 68000 chip.
XE implies XL compatibility, but Extended.)

Future Plans Fall Flat

What about all the loyal Atari 400/800/
1200XL/600XL/800XL owners? Has Atari com-
pletely forgotten them? No way! Apple has Mac
and Lisa, both built around a 68000 chip, in its
"sort of 32-bit" division, and the He and lie, both
using a 650x CPU, in its 8-bit division.

Lo and behold! We already saw that Atari

April! <?S5 COMPUTE! 123

has the 130ST and 520ST built around the
68000. Does it really surprise you to learn that
the 65XE and 130XE will be produced using a
650x processor? And we were even given the
privilege ofhaving a set of drawings for a port-
able computer (in the 650x line) dropped flat on
the table in front of us!

Original Projections Unrealized

The same day we saw those plans for the port-
able, we also got to see some of the features that
the new machines will be sporting. On that day I
decided that my predictions of success for Atari,
which 1 made in this column in December, could
very well have been ridiculous underestimates.

Operations Shut Down

What kind of features impressed me? 1 think it
will be obvious to you when you read a spec
sheet at your local dealer or the other CES cover-
age in this issue. In the meantime, I'll give a brief
list of what 1 think are the best features of each
machine at the end of this column. 1 tried to ask
some of my contacts at Atari about a couple of
things I am not quite clear on, but the lure of
CES left the software and engineering depart-
ments virtually shut down for these four days.

Long-Term Outloolc Bright

If there is any area of concern to those of us here
at Optimized Systems Software, it is about those
products where our software sales overlap those
of Atari Corporation, New prices on Atari soft-
ware have made us rethink some of our plans,
but we think that there will always be sophis-
ticated and/or advanced users out there who will
be willing to pay a little more for higher quality.
And we are not alone: The number of companies
showing Atari-compatible software or hardware
at CES was almost amazing. Will we stay in the
Atari software market? How^ could we not?

At Last

"What the heck," you ask, "was all that about?"
The answer: Every word that you just read was
true. Even the subheadlines are properly ex-
plained in the text. Oh, I may have bent some
words here and there to make the headlines
more spectacular, but that was the whole pur-
pose of this exercise. I always wanted to show
how you can take an innocuous and/or positive
review and generate sensational National
Enquirer-type headlines.

If you're an acrostics fan, you may have al-
ready caught the significance of the first letter of
each headline. (Go back and reread them if you
want a minor laugh,) This is, of course, my an-
nual attempt at some humor. It's not very subtle
or well-hidden this year, because I thought it

124 COMPtrret April 1985

would be fun to find out how many COMPUTE!
readers actually plow through all my verbiage. If
you got to here unscathed, congratulations. Time
for a complete change of pace.

New Machine Features

This is just a simple table of what I feel are the
most important features of four of the new Atari
machines. I am sure that more info will be avail'
able by the time you read this, but maybe these
specs will whet your appetite.
65XE

• 6502-series processor.

• 64K of RAM.

• Very, very compatible with 800XL.

• Nicely sculptured case and keyboard.

• Cartridge port on rear (where our ugly orange
cartridges won't be so obtrusive).

• About $100.

130XE

• Identical to 65XE plus:

• 128K of RAM (supported as a ramdisk by new DOS
2.5).

• Expansion port on rear (used in conjunction with
cartridge slot),

• About $150.

130ST

• 68000-series processor.

• 128K of RAM.
. 192K of ROM.

• Uses Digital Research's GEM windowing and dis-
play system — virtually identical in form and
function to Apple's Macintosh system.

• Built-in RS-232 interface.

• Built-in parallel printer interface.

• Built-in disk controller handles up to four floppy
disk drives (designed to use very inexpensive 3,5-inch
drives, 360K each— priced perhaps as low as $100!),

• DMA-capable expansion port (designed for very fast
hard disk drives).

• Three-voice sound chip.

• Color graphics (640 X 400 in black and white,
640 X 200 with four colors, 320 X 200 with 16
colors).

• Cartridge slot (up to 128K ROM in cartridge).

• 10 special function keys.

• MIDI interface {for music synthesizers and ???).

• About $400.

520ST

• All the features of the 130ST plus:

• 512K of RAM instead of 128K.

• About $600 (Yep . . . that gives you a color 'Tat Mac" at
around $1,000).

Information Please

It's time, once again, to respond to some letters. I
may have made a mistake in publishing the P.O.
box where you can write me directly, since I find
myself with about five or six times as much mail
to answer as I had before. Until I get adjusted to
answering this much correspondence, please bear

with me.

For this month, I have decided to select
some letters which (I think) really need answers.
Surprisingly, for such varied topics, the answers
to all may be much the same.

Bob Dorn, of College Park, Georgia, was the
first of three or four to ask me how to use an
Atari 1030 direct-connect modem to upload and
download files. Well, you got caught in the great
Atari let's-protect-the-poor-dumb-user game. For
reasons best understood only by now-extinct
marketing people at the old Atari, neither the
835 or 1030 modem came with software support
for uploading and downloading programs, text
files, and so on. I guess those marketers never
used a computer with a modem, so they couldn't
see any use for the capabilities.

Luckily, many other people, including a few
software gurus, found themselves in the same fix
you are in. One commercial company which
seems to be doing a lot of work with these
modems is Gardner Computing, P.O. Box 388,
Holbrook, NY 11741. I am not endorsing them (I
have never used any of their products — I have
only read their ads), and I apologize in advance
for inadvertently slighting any other companies
supplying similar software.

There are other solutions. See the "Readers'
Feedback" letter headlined "Atari Modem Up-
date" in the February 1985 issue of COMPUTE!.
There are also some programs floating around in
public domain user group libraries which allow
upload/download and more. As a general rule,
such programs come without documentation (or,
at most, with a few paragraphs on the disk with
the program), so you may need to do a little
detective work to use them.

Good Local Support

Again, though, there may be another solution.
Join your loca} user group. Come on now, what
will it cost you? One evening and a couple of
dollars a month will probably be the best invest-
ment you ever made in computing. And so many
user groups have people who know the answers.
To almost anything you ask!

Another practical reason for joining such a
group is that Atari has already announced that
its primary means of providing programming
support to users will be through the user group
network. The toll-free phone lines are gone, and
the support group is decimated. This may be the
only way to get technical answers in the future
(aside from writing to me or "Readers'
Feedback").

All of this, and we haven't even mentioned
the fact that most user groups have literally hun-
dreds of programs available for next to nothing.
Okay, okay. Some of the programs don't work

right, are poorly written, are too slow, etc. So
what? You are getting what you paid for and
more. If nothing else, a cruddy little Atari BASIC
subroutine may lead your computer to uses you
hadn't thought of yet.

So join, join, join. Why wait five months for
my answer to appear in this magazine when help
is available two miles from your home?

How do you know where/who/when/what
your local group is? Well, try asking at local com-
puter stores, even those that don't sell Atari
products. Look in your local paper. Look in
Atari-oriented magazines, which sometimes have
listings of clubs. If you are really desperate, send
me a self-addressed and stamped card or envelope.
No guarantees, because I don't know where all
the clubs are, but if there's one on my list I will
tell you. Please use me only if all else fails, be-
cause (1) I'm always too busy, (2) it may take me
some time to answer, and (3) if I ask my kids to
help me with this, they will charge me.

Deluged With Information

From going to users who can't find what they
need, we go to a couple of readers who have
found too much. Jamie Patterson, of Hooker,
Oklahoma, sent me a well-argued plea for some
help in choosing material about his three-month-
old baby, an 800XL computer. 1 quote: "How
does a three-month-old know which books to
choose?"

Darned good question. My usual answer,
when I want to choose a new computer book, is
to go to two or three bookstores that carry a cou-
ple of hundred computer books each and browse.
This works because there are at least a dozen
such bookstores within reasonable distance of my
house. Now, 1 have to admit I don't know where
Hooker, Oklahoma, is, but if it isn't within 20
miles of a major computer bookstore, my method
won't work for Jamie. What can he do?

The editors of COMPUTE! might like me to
answer, "Buy a COMPUTE! book." But whatever
book you buy, you must choose one which is at
the right level for you. From COMPUTE! Books,
the most general material may be found in the
First, Second, and Third Book of Atari, along with
the two books on Atari Graphics. Some, but not
all, of this material is relevant to someone who
has learned the fundamentals of Atari BASIC.

Suppose, though, that you aren't even to
that level yet. You don't know a PRINT from a
PLOT statement. Where do you turn? Since Atari
stopped shipping copies of Inside Atari BASIC
with the XL computers, buyers have been left to
choose their own tutorial. And what should they
choose?

My trouble is that every time 1 look at a
book that purports to teach BASIC (or word

April 1985 COMPUTEI 125

processing or assembly language or . . . ), I find
something wrong. I don't like the order of
presentation of the topics. There are mistakes in
the section on how to speed up your programs.
The author encourages poor programming style.
The list goes on and on. So I refuse to make a
firm recommendation.

The Great Book Survey

What, then, can Jamie Patterson and others like
him do? What else? Join a user group. Ask other
Atari owners. Ask to look at their books. Okay,
so maybe none of the over-200 user groups is
close enough to Jamie. And, besides, he asked me
for an answer. I guess I should do something,
right?

So here it comes, I am asking you, my read-
ers, to make some comments on the books you
have learned from. Don't stick to learning
BASIC. Any aspect of Atari computers is eligible,
even manufacturers' manuals. To make life easier
for me, just send the title(s) of the book(s), the
level (1 to 10, with 1 being rank beginner), and
your overall rating (0 for trash to 10 for perfec-
tion). A postcard will do fine.

1 don't want any experts evaluating these
books; 1 can mishandle that aspect myself. In-
stead, 1 want actual real-life experiences. Did or
did not the book teach you what it said it would?
If it did, was it an uphill battle or did the style
make it downright easy for you? I can't respond
personally to these rating cards, but 1 will report
the results received by April 20 in the August or
September issue (sorry, but that's the fastest
turnaround possible).

Translators, Again

Robert Glover, of Cleveland, Tennessee, has
been the proud owner of an Atari 400, an 800,
and now an 800XL. He asks me why he can't
simply use the binary save option of Atari DOS
to make a copy of the 800's operating system
ROMs and then load that file into his 800XL as a
home-brew translator disk. He suggests that I
perform this service in my column.

Well, in theory, and with some modifications
to his method, I }night be able to do so. Why
won't 1? First, there are several problems to over-
come. Two of the simpler examples: (1) You can't
write/save ROM directly with DOS 2. OS; you
have to copy it down to RAM first. (2) Joystick
ports 3 and 4 are used for output in an 800XL
and for input in an 800.

Also, how many readers have access to both
an 800 and 800XL? And, finally, why go to that
kind of trouble when the translator disks are so
available?

Ah, but that last point was raised by Mr.
Glover. He says he cannot find the translator

126 COMPUTEI April 1985

disks anywhere. Hmmmm. Guess where I am
going to suggest he look? Right. Ask your local
user group. And that brings us back to the quan-
dary of the last reader: What if there is no user
group nearby?

I have a couple of partial solutions. First,
there are a few mail-order organizations which,
in addition to selling commercial software, sell
public domain programs for reasonably low
prices. Right now, LotsaBytes (15445 Ventura
Blvd., Suite 10, Sherman Oaks, CA 91413) seems
to be the leader in this category, but I should
also mention DynaComp, Antic, and ANALOG
(the latter two offer primarily games and BASIC
utilities from their magazines).

Perhaps even better, many user groups (es-
pecially the larger ones) allow mail-order
memberships. Since there are so many of these
groups just crying for members, I hesitate to
recommend one over another. But because their
newsletter has been around the longest and may
have the greatest number of readers, 1 will at
least mention the very friendly people of ACE
(3662 Vine Maple Dr., Eugene, OR 97405).

So my message this month is clear; Atari is
very, very, very much alive and well. Keep your
interest in your machine similarly healthy by
joining a user group. @

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BASIC'S Undocumented
SHELL Command

Michael A. Covington

With DOS 3.0, IBM has announced a number of
new features for disk BASIC. At least one of them' is
actually present in DOS 2.0 and 2.1 as loell, though
the manuals do not mention it. That feature is a
command called SHELL that allows you to execute
DOS commands from ivithin BASIC. (The technique
does not work with PCjr Cartridge BASIC.)

The SHELL command in IBM BASIC takes one
parameter, a character string containing the DOS
command to be executed. SHELL works by load-
ing, from drive A, a second copy of
COMMAND.COM (the DOS command proces-
sor) and invoking it as a subprocess. (Note that
this implies that COMMAND.COM must be
present on the disk in drive A when the SHELL
command is executed.) The top level
COMMAND.COM and the BASIC interpreter are
in suspended animation until the subprocess
finishes; then control returns to BASIC,

SHELL handles the cursor somewhat awk-
wardly. When the SHELL command is executed,
the screen is cleared from the current cursor po-
sition to the bottom; DOS writes its output there,
scrolling as needed (the twenty-fifth line scrolls
along with the others). But when control returns
to BASIC, the cursor suddenly appears one line
below where it was when the subprocess started,
ignoring all screen activity that took place under
the subprocess.

The best way to prevent chaos on the screen
is to execute a CLS (clear-screen) immediately
after each SHELL, or as soon afterward as you're
done looking at the output.

Not A Child

The one command that SHELL cannot issue,
either directly or indirectly, is BASIC (or

BASICA). If you try to do this, you get the mes-
sage "You cannot run Basic as a Child of
Basic" — naturally enough, you can't run BASIC
in the subprocess because most of BASIC is in
ROM and there's only one copy of it in the ma-
chine. If you issue a SHELL and
C0MMAND.COM is not on drive A, you get a
"File not found" error within BASIC.

The most useful SHELL commands are
probably:

SHELL "A:"
SHELL "B:"

and the like, to change logged disks. These are
foolproof commands; they produce no messages
to clutter up the screen, and they can't terminate
abnormally.

You can also use SHELL without parameters,
in immediate mode, to enter the DOS command
mode. The advantage of this over SYSTEM is
that when you're done issuing DOS commands,
you can type EXIT and return to BASIC with
your program undisturbed.

Most kinds of errors in the subprocess will
return you to BASIC with no problem, but a few,
such as typing A in response to "Abort, Retry,
Ignore," will leave you in the DOS command
level of the subprocess, in which case you must
type EXIT to get back to BASIC.

One Ai A Time

Don't issue several SHELL commands in succes-
sion if you can avoid it; each of them loads
C0MMAND.COM all over again. Instead, if you
have a series of commands to issue, write them
onto a .BAT file from within BASIC, and give
one command to run the whole file.

The accompanying program demonstrates

April! 986 COMPUTEr 127

one way to use SHELL to create a menu-driven
user interface for DOS, Naturally, a practical pro-
gram would include many more options and
more error-checking.

Puqjose: Executes a DOS command from within

BASIC. This is done by loading a second
copy of COMMAND.COM and invoking it
as a subprocess.

Versions; Cassette Disk Advanced Compiler

no yes yes ?

Format: SHELL or SHELL X$

Remarks: X$ is a character string constant, variable,
or expression containing any valid DOS
command.

In order for SHELL to work,
COMMAND.COM must be present on disk
A. If it is not, the message "File not found"
is displayed.

X$ can be an internal DOS command or
invoke a .COM, .EXE, or .BAT file. How-
ever, the BASIC interpreter cannot be in-
voked using SHELL; if this is attempted,
the message "You cannot run Basic as a
Child of Basic" is displayed.

The amount of memory available in the
subprocess is markedly less than is avail-
able in DOS by itself.

If X$ is omitted, the user is placed at the
DOS command level of the subprocess. To
return to the calling BASIC program, type
the command EXIT.

Certain fatal errors in the subprocess may
also leave the user at the DOS command
level of the subprocess; again, typing EXIT
returns control to BASIC. However, most
errors in the subprocess return control to
the calling BASIC program automatically.

(to go temporarily
into command mode)
"B:" (to change logged

disk)
'T)IR A: : SORT : MORE"
"MYFIL" (to invoke

MYFIL.COM,
MYFIL.BAT, or
MYFIL.EXE, as the
case may be)

Examples: SHELL

SHELL

SHELL
SHELL

Demo of SHELL Command

Gl 10 ' COMMAND. COM must be on drive A
ift 20 ' M0RE.COM and CHKDSK.COM must be
HE 30 ' on the current default disk
YM 40 CLS: KEY OFF

6D 50 PRINT "Welcome to menu-driven DOS.
Fl 60 PRINT
LQ 70 PRINT "
NS 80 PRINT ■'
m 90 PRINT ■'
aj 100 PRINT
at ion'
BD 110 PRINT
flB 120 PRINT
JK 130 PRINT

Available -functions are:"

1 Directory of disk A"

2 Directory of disk B"
" 3 Disk and memory inform

" 4 Copy a file"

5 View a file"

6 End thiis program"

JI 140 PRINT

Kfl 150 INPUT "Choose one. ..";W

Bi. 160 IF N=6 THEN CLS: END

Of 170 IF (N<1) OR (N>5) THEN BEEP: GOTO

150
BN 180 CLS

Kfi 190 ON N GOTO 210,240,270,320.370
ND 200 ' directory of A
AH 210 SHELL "dir a; "
CP 220 GOTO 400
ON 230 " directory of B
CK 240 SHELL "dir b: "
CF 250 GOTO 400
OS 260 ■' disk & memory info.
CE 270 INPUT "Drive to check " ; A«
BI 280 IF A«="a"OR A«="A" THEN SHELL "chk

dsk a: "
FG 290 IF A*="b"OR AS="B" THEN SHELL "chk

dsk b:"
CM 300 GOTO 400
HL 310 ' copy a file

«C 320 INPUT "File to copy -from ";A*
CH 330 INPUT "File to copy onto " ; B«
EO 340 SHELL "copy "+A«+" "+B«
CG 350 GOTO 400
M 360 ' view a file
Oft 370 INPUT "Name of file " ; A*
CS 380 SHELL "more <"-t-At
LJ 390 ' finish up
DN 400 LOCATE 25, 1
KD 410 WHILE INKEY*<>"": WEND
OB 420 PRINT " <Press any key to continue.

• • ' J
lA 430 WHILE INKEY«="": WEND
OF 440 GOTO 40 Q

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128 COMPIH'il April 1985

Apple SuperFont

Custom Character Set Graphics

For The Apple

Tim Victor, Editorial Programmer

Here's a significant enhancement for graphics on
Apple Il-family computers. With "Apple
SuperFont," you can now place upper- and lower-
case text anywhere on the high-resolution screen. In
addition, you're not limited to the built-in character
set, either — you can easily define foreign character
sets, italics, boldface, and underline fonts, as well as
shapes for high-speed animated games in BASIC.
Apple SuperFont is an all-neiv, original version of
the SuperFont series of programs published by
COMfVTm for Atari, Commodore 64, and TI
computers and adds several new features especially
for the Apple. It requires a 48K or 64K Apple II+,
Apple He, or Apple Ik, with either DOS 3.3 or
ProDOS.

Without resorting to machine language, program-
ming high-speed graphics is difficult on the
Apple. High-resolution graphics look nice, but
shape tables are too slow for most animation
purposes. One alternative is to use character
graphics for animation. Characters can move a
whole block (character position) at a time, and
can be placed on the screen with a simple PRINT
statement. Unfortunately, ordinary Apple charac-
ters aren't very suitable for games or even busi-
ness charts.

But now there's a way around these prob-
lems. With "Apple SuperFont" and its
accompanying utility programs, you can easily
redefine a character into practically any shape
you want and print it directly on the hi-res
graphics screen. Custom character sets are a snap
to design, and fast animation is as simple as
printing a character, erasing it, and printing it
again in a new location.

Several programs already exist for printing
characters on the hi-res screen, including HRCG
(High Resolution Character Generator), which is
part of the Apple DOS Toolkit. The Apple

SuperFont HROUT program works much like
HRCG, putting characters on the high-resolution
screen from a table of character images, but the
Apple SuperFont system is much more versatile.

The Apple SuperFont Editor makes it easy
for you to create character sets (fonts) for use
with HRCG or HROUT. Special features help
you design multicharacter shapes and allow you
to see the effects of the Apple's unusual use of
color in hi-res graphics. Once you've created or
customized a character set, you can easily use
these fonts in your own programs.

Typing Apple SuperFont

To run SuperFont, you need to have four files on
the same disk: APPLEFONT, APPLEFONT2,
HROUT, and NORMAL.SET. There are two dif-
ferent versions of APPLEFONT. Program 1 is for
using SuperFont with DOS 3.3. Program 2 shows
the changes necessary to use Program 1 with
ProDOS. The other three files need no changes
to be used with either disk operating system.

APPLEFONT2 (Program 3, the Apple
SuperFont Editor), NORMAL.SET (Program 4),
and HROUT (Program 5) are all machine lan-
guage binary files and must be entered with the
Apple's built-in machine language editor (mon-
itor). It's easy; you don't need to understand
machine language to use these programs.

Here's how to type them in. To enter the
monitor, type CALL —151. The Applesoft
prompt (normally a ]) will be replaced by the
monitor's prompt, an asterisk (*). To enter a line
from the listing, first type in the four-digit hexa-
decimal number, then type a colon (:) instead of
the hyphen shown in the listing produced by the
monitor. This is the address where you'll enter
the rest of the line. Type in the rest of the line
after the colon, leaving a space between each
two-digit number. After eight numbers, press
RETURN and enter the address for the next line.

April 1985 COMPUTEI 12<?

Again, use a colon instead of the hyphen shown
in the program listing. If you want to review
what you've entered to check for accuracy, you
can Ust a block of data by typing the address of
the first location in the range, then a period, then
the last address, and pressing RETURN.

Once you've entered one of the machine
language programs, save it to disk using the
BSAVE command. This command can be used ei-
ther from BASIC or from the monitor (you can
exit the monitor and return to BASIC by pressing
CTRL-C, then RETURN). To BSAVE Program 3
(APPLEFONT2), the command is:

BSAVE APPLEFONT2,A$1000,L$FE0
Save Program 4 (NORMAL.SET) by entering:

BSAVE NORMAL.SET,A$8D00,L$300

Save Program 5 (HROUT) by entering:
BSAVE HROUT,A$300,l$58

Because of the length of APPLEF0NT2, typ-
ing mistakes could be difficult to find. As a
check, BLOAD APPLEF0NT2 and enter the
following line, then hit RETURN:

S=0 : FOR 1=4096 TO 8159 : S = S+FEEKa) : NEXT :
PRINT S

If the result of this calculation is not 365090,
there is at least one error in your copy of
APPLEF0NT2. To help locate errors, we've in-
cluded a small checksum program (Program 6).
To use it, BLOAD APPLEFONT2, then run Pro-
gram 6. If you have mistyped some data, it will
tell you where to look to find the mistake.

When all the files are entered and saved to
disk, type RUN APPLEFONT. APPLEFONT first
checks to see which operating system is in your
Apple. If the correct operating system for this
version of APPLEFONT is present, it will
BLOAD the other three files, and connect
HROUT to the standard character output routine.
APPLEF0NT2, the SuperFont Editor, is started
with a CALL to 4096. From then on, the
SuperFont Editor is in complete control except
when it needs to access the disk drive. If you ask
to load or save a character set, control returns to
the BASIC program, the file is transferred using
BASIC'S disk access commands, and the
SuperFont Editor program is CALLed again.

Using The SuperFont Editor

Characters are designed and edited on a grid that
represents 32 (vertical) X 55 (horizontal) pixels.
Each cell in the grid is a fourfold enlargement of
actual size. Individual cells can be turned on
(white) or off (black) with the bit-editing func-
tions, and blocks of cells can be copied from one
place to another on the screen. Patterns of 7 X 8
cells can be saved from the screen to the charac-
ter set being edited with the Put command. The

130 COMPUTEI April 1<?86

HB= SET

SJESCDEFGHlJKLKNCPeRSTUyWKV"
"abcdef 9hi 3kl«rtop<(rstuv«xy:

;yzC|5-5

The main editing screen of "Apple SuperFont," showing
the design grid, an option menu, and the Apple's built-in
character set (NORMALSET).

Get command does just the reverse, pulling a
character from the character set onto the editing
screen.

All of the features of the Editor are con-
trolled with a series of four menus, entitled Bit
Edit, Charsets, Utility, and Display. Each of these
menus contains three to six selections. Only one
menu is displayed on the screen at a time.

To change menus, press the space bar. The
next menu title will be printed on the screen,
along with its menu selections. The top selection
will be printed in inverse characters to indicate
that it has been chosen. To select a different
menu item, use the left- and right-arrow keys.
The large cursor bar moves up or down the
menu to show you which selection is active.

Some menu items, like Clear Screen or Save
Set, wait for you to press the RETURN key
before performing their functions.

Three Cursors

You will be using three visually distinctive
cursors in the SuperFont Editor: the bit cursor,
the box cursor, and the character cursor. When a
menu item is selected, one of the cursors may be-
gin to flash, indicating that it can be moved. The
cursors are controlled by a keypad centered on
the D key:

w

T

E

R

^ s

D

— ^
F

/ X

ic

\
V

FLIP
IWERT

Using the Copy command, you can duplicate shapes on
the edititig grid quickly and easily, as demonstrated with
this Space Invaders-fy;?e character.

The bit cursor is a 1 X 1 cell box displayed
on the editing screen. It flashes whenever the Bit
Edit menu is displayed. Moving the bit cursor
around on the editing screen sets (white) or
clears (black) the cells that the cursor passes
over. In other words, the bit cursor leaves a trail
of black or white behind it. Selecting Black or
White changes the color drawn when the bit
cursor is moved. If you want to move the bit
cursor without drawing on the screen, select the
Move option.

The box cursor is a box displayed on the
editing screen, but its size can be changed. It can
be as small as a 1 XI cell, or as large as the en-
tire editing screen. When you're using a utility
such as Copy or Flip, the box cursor outlines the
area on which the utility will operate. These util-
ities can be used on a character, part of a charac-
ter, on shapes made up of several characters, or
on a portion of a character, simply by changing
the size of the box. Pressing the RETURN key
when Flip is selected turns the contents of the
box cursor upside down, and the Mirror function
reverses left and right sides of the box. The In-
vert function changes all of the white cells inside
the box to black cells, and all black cells to
white. When Copy is selected, the cursor pad
controls a second box cursor, which initially
appears on top of the original box. Pressing the
RETURN key copies the contents of the original
box to the second box.

You can also use the box cursor to select the
7X8 cell character pattern for the Put and Get
functions. The character cursor, located in the
character set displayed at the bottom of the
screen, flashes when the Get or Put function is
selected. Use it to select the character that is the
source of the Get or the destination of the Put.

The contents of the box cursor are displayed
at actual size (one cell = one pixel) in the upper-
right corner of the screen. Two parameters, HB
and PX, affect how colors are presented. Pressing
the RETURN key when the High Bit menu entry
is selected changes the setting of HB. In Apple
hi-res graphics, the status of seven one-bit pixels
is stored in the lower seven bits of a byte in
memory. The eighth bit, the most significant bit,
controls the colors in which these bits will be
drawn. When drawing on the high-resolution
screen in BASIC, the high bit is clear when
HCOLOR is between zero and three, and is set
when HCOLOR is between four and seven. The
display is in blue and orange when the high bit
is set, or green and violet when the high bit is
clear.

The Even/Odd menu entry controls whether
this display starts on an even or an odd pixel
(PX). When a shape is shifted by one bit, the
colors in the display are reversed (blue for
orange or green for violet). The alignment of the
shape is changed by pressing RETURN when
Even/Odd is selected.

At the bottom of the screen, all of the
characters in a 96-character set are shown. With
the RAM/ROM function in the Display menu,
the character set displayed can be either the set
you are currently editing or the hardware charac-
ter set in your Apple. Get and Put operate only
on the RAM character set no matter which set is
being displayed.

HROUT, The Character Generator

Apple SuperFont uses a machine language
graphics utility called HROUT, for high-
resolution output. HROUT links into the stan-
dard character output vector and permits text to
be displayed on either hi-res screen. Because the
standard text output routine also remains active,
the PRINT command, and any other text com-
mands, can be used to create hi-res text.
HROUT's only limitation is that it cannot per-
form screen scrolls at the bottom of the screen.

To use HROUT in your own programs,
BLOAD it into memory. It can be loaded any-
where in memory, but to make things simpler,
we'll use location $300. First, let HROUT know
which character set to use by POKEing the ad-
dress of the character set into locations 6 and 7,
low byte first. If you put your character set at
$8D00, the POKES are:

POKE 6,0 : POKE 7,141

If you are using DOS 3.3, you can activate
HROUT by entering:

POKE 54,0 : POKE 55,3 : CALL 1002

When in immediate mode, these commands
have to be entered together on a multistatement

April 1986 COMPUTEI 131

line (separated by colons). They can be on sepa-
rate lines in a BASIC program, but the three
commands should be executed one after another.
Since locations 54 and 55 are being POKEd with
the low and high bytes of the address of
HROUT, these POKEs will be different if you put
HROUT somewhere other than $300.

From ProDOS, it's easier to turn on HROUT.
Just type

PR# A$300

Avoiding Screen Scrolls

Since HROUT concludes by calling the standard
ROM routine for displaying a character on the
text screen, all cursor control remains the same.
You can move to any location on the screen by
using the HTAB and VTAB commands. HOME
still moves the cursor to the upper left of the
screen, but will not clear the hi-res screen. To get
the equivalent of a text HOME, use HOME :
CALL -3092. The routine at -3092 clears the
current hi-res screen and turns on hi-res
graphics.

If you need to know what's where on the
screen, you can PEEK to the text screen. By tak-
ing a couple of precautions, both text and hi-res
screens should be the same. First of all, make
sure that you clear both screens at the same time,
as mentioned above. Second, don't let the text
screen scroll. In order to make HROUT as small
(88 bytes) and fast as possible, no provision was
made for scrolling the screen. This could even be
to your advantage for many applications, but you
have to be careful if you want the text and
graphics screens to agree.

The biggest problem arises when you print
to the last character on the twenty-fourth line.
Even if you follow the PRINT statement with a
semicolon, the cursor will wrap onto the twenty-
fifth line and the screen will scroll. There is a
solution: Fool the computer into thinking the
screen has 25 lines by using POKE 35,25. The
output routine will then have no qualms at all
about advancing the cursor to the twenty-fifth
line, leaving it there, and even printing there. A
lot of responsibility now rests on your shoulders,
because the twenty-fifth line doesn't really exist.
Printing something there is the same thing as
POKEing out of the range of the text screen. That
could cause significant problems.

If you change the text attribute with the
INVERSE or FLASH commands, the bit patterns
will be reversed before they are plotted on the
screen, inverting the character. The NORMAL
command also works, canceHng inverted
printing.

Now you can label high-resolution charts
and graphs with a choice of any font, and you

132 COMPUTE! April 1985

can design these fonts yourself with the Apple
SuperFont Editor. Also, letters of the alphabet
can become detailed shapes, permitting fast high-
resolution game graphics in BASIC. In fact, we've
started using this technique ourselves for some of
the Apple games published in COMPUTE!.

Program 1 : Apple SuperFont For DOS 3.3
(APPLEFONT)

100

PRINT

IF PEEK C978) < > )57 THEN

"DOS 3.3 NOT FOUND": END
1 1 0 HQR
120 Dt = CHRt 141

PRINT Dli"BLOAD HROUT"

PRINT D»i"BLOAD NORMAL . SET , At 8DO0

130
140

ISO
160
170

180
190
200
210
220

230
240

250

260
270

280

290

300

310
320

POKE 6,0: POKE 7,141

POKE 54,0: POKE 55,3: CALL 1002

PRINT D«i"BLOAD APPLEF0NT2 " : CE =

096

ONERR GOTO 280

CALL CE
NA* = "": I = 14 « 256

IF PEEK CI) = 141 THEN 260
NAt = NAt + CHRt ( PEEK CM): I =
+ 1 : IF PEEK ( I ) t > 14 1 THEN

20

IF PEEK C 14

PRINT Ot

256 * 32} THEN 250

260

PRINT

0"

GOSUB 320

CALL CE +

GOSUB 320

C222)

IF EN

OULDN

IF EN

"BLOAD" ;NA»i " .AtSAOO" ; GOTO
Dt ! '•eSAVE")NAt I" ,At8A00,Lt30

3: GOTO 200
VTAB 18: HTAB

1 :EN

PEEK

6 OR EN = 7 THEN PRINT "(
FIND "NAt: GOTO 270
13 THEN PRINT NAt" ISN'T
A CHARACTER SET": GOTO 270
PRINT "DISK ERROR": GOTO 270
VTAB 18: HTAB 1: FOR I = 1 TO 80:
" "i: NEXT : RETURN

PRINT

Program 2: Apple SuperFont ProDOS
Modifications

100 IF PEEK C978) < > 190 THEN

"PRODOS NOT FOUND": END
160 PRINT Dti"PR* A(300"

PRINT

Program 3: Apple SuperFont Editor
(APPLEFONTZ)

1000-
1008-
1010-
1018-
1020-
1028-
1030-
1038-
1040-
1048-
1050-
1058-
1060-
1068-
1070-
1078-

4C 53
00 05
00 07
04 03
82 00
00 00
00 00
20 85
20 09
20 00
C8 C8
A2 00
AO 80
E8 EO
85 32
8D 23

12 4C 60
05 07 08
08 00 01
OS 06 06
01 00 00
00 00 00
00 A9 00
E6 20 F6
ID AO 00
ID A2 DC
C8 C8 CO
AO 00 18
20 06 ID
EO 90 ED
A9 8A 85
10 AO 15

12 41 00
00 00 00
00 00 00
00 1A 50
00 00 00
00 00 04
85 1C A9
F3 A9 02
A2 00 18
20 03 10
84 90 ED
20 00 ID
E8 E8 E8
60 A9 FF
07 A9 AO
98 20 SB

1080- FB Aa 00 AD 23 TO 66 24

1088- 20 ED FD EE 23 10 E8 EO

1090- 20 DO FO C8 CO 18 DO E5

1098- A9 8D 85 07 60 20 56 1C

10A0- B9 00 OC CE 2D 10 30 05

10A8- ID BA 1C DO 03 3D B2 1C

1080- 99 00 OC EE 2D 10 AD 2D

1088- 10 FO 02 A9 03 20 09 ID

10C0- 18 AD 2A 10 OA OA AA E8

IOCS- AD 2C 10 OA OA A8 C8 18

10D0- 8A 20 02 1 1 20 02 11 20

10D8- 02 11 AD 2A 10 CD 09 10

10E0- 90 IF ED OB 10 90 05 CD

10E8- 09 10 BO 15 AD 2C 10 CD

10F0- OA 10 90 OD ED OC 10 90

10F8- 05 CD OA tO BO 03 20 28

1100- n 60 20 00 ID E8 E8 20

1108- 03 ID AA 08 60 AS 00 A8

1110- 99 00 OC C8 DO FA 20 56

1118- 11 60 20 56 1C 89 00 OC

1120- 3D BA 1C FO 02 A9 01 80

1128- 20 10 60 AD 2D 10 FO 02

1130- A9 03 18 6D 2F 10 20 09

1138- ID AD 2C 10 38 ED OA 10

1140- A8 A9 EO 38 ED 09 10 18

1148- 6D 2E 10 6D 2A 10 AA 20

1150- 00 ID 20 03 ID 60 AC OA

1158- 10 80 20 10 AO 00 8C 23

1 160- 10 AE 09 10 8E 2A 10 A2

1168- 00 8E 24 10 20 1A 11 20

1 170- 28 1 1 EE 2A 10 EE 24 10

1178- AE 24 10 EC 08 10 DO EC

1180- EE 2C 10 EE 23 10 AC 23

1168- 10 CC OC 10 DO D3 60 AD

1190- 27 10 FO 50 30 28 AD 09

1198- 10 18 6D 08 10 E9 00 8D

11A0- 2A 10 AD OA 10 8D 2C 10

11A8- AC OC 10 8C 23 10 20 1A

11B0- 11 20 2B 11 EE 2C 10 CE

11B8- 23 10 DO F2 FO 26 AD 09

11C0- 10 18 6D OB 10 8D 2A 10

11C8- AD OA 10 8D 2C 10 AC OC

11D0- 10 8C 23 10 A9 00 8D 2D

1 IDS- 10 20 28 11 EE 2C 10 CE

11E0- 23 10 10 F5 AD 28 10 FO

11E8- 4F 30 27 AD OA 10 18 6D

11F0- OC 10 E9 00 80 2C 10 AD

11F8- 09 10 8D 2A 10 AC OB 10

1200- 8C 23 10 20 1A 11 20 28

1208- 11 EE 2A 10 CE 23 10 DO

1210- F2 60 AD OA 10 18 6D OC

1218- 10 8D 2C 10 AD 09 10 80

1220- 2A 10 AC 08 10 8C 23 10

1228- A9 00 8D 20 10 20 28 11

1230- EE 2A 10 CE 23 10 10 F5

1238- 60 AD 2F 10 20 09 10 AO

1240- 00 A2 EO 18 20 00 ID A2

1248- 17 38 20 03 10 08 CO 20

1250- 90 EF 60 20 58 FC 20 33

1258- 10 20 1A 19 2C 52 CO 20

1260- 00 11 A9 CI 80 06 10 20

1268- QE lA 20 DA IB 20 6E 10

1270- A9 00 8D 13 10 80 27 10

1278- 80 28 10 20 7D 19 AO 13
1280- 10 40 02 80 13 10 A2 00
1288- AO 80 AO 00 00 30 08 E8
1290- DO F8 08 DO F5 10 E4 48
1298- AO 02 8C 13 10 20 70 19
12A0- 68 2C 10 CO C9 AO DO 18
12Aa- AD 21 10 38 69 00 CD 18
1280- 10 DO 02 A9 00 80 21 10
1288- A9 01 8D 22 10 20 9E 1A
12C0- 40 01 13 09 88 DO 17 AD
1208- 22 10 18 Ed 00 DO 06 AC
12D0- 21 10 89 19 10 80 22 10
12D8- 20 9E 1A 4C 01 13 09 95
12E0- DO IF AD 22 10 38 69 00
12E8- 8D 22 10 AC 21 10 89 19
12F0- 10 CD 22 10 80 05 A9 01
12F8- 8D 22 10 20 9E 1A 4C 01
1300- 13 09 07 DO 09 CE 27 10
1308- CE 28 10 40 5A 13 09 05
1310- DO 06 CE 28 10 40 5A 13
1318- 09 02 DO 09 CE 28 10 EE
1320- 27 10 4C 5A 13 C9 03 DO
1328- 06 CE 27 10 40 5A 13 09
1330- 06 DO 06 EE 27 10 40 5A
1338- 13 C9 08 DO 09 CE 27 10
1340- EE 28 10 40 5A 13 09 03
1348- DO 06 EE 28 10 4C 5A 13
1350- 09 06 DO 06 EE 28 10 EE
1358- 27 10 AE 21 10 DO 03 40
1360- 75 13 CA DO 03 40 D5 13
1368- OA DO 03 40 05 15 CA DO
1370- 03 4C 37 18 60 48 20 31
1378- 19 A9 01 8D 14 10 68 OS

1380- C4 FO 08 AD 27 10 OD 28

1388- 10 FO 47 AD 22 10 C9 03

1390- FO 14 69 FF 80 20 10 AD

1398- 07 10 8D 2A 10 AO 08 10

13A0- 80 20 10 20 9D 10 AD 07

13A8- 10 18 6D 27 10 C9 FF DO

1380- 02 A9 36 09 37 DO 02 A9

13B8- 00 8D 07 10 AO 08 10 18

13C0- 60 28 10 C9 FF DO 02 A9

1308- IF 09 20 DO 02 A9 00 80

13D0- 08 10 40 70 12 48 AE 22

1308- 10 CA DO 03 40 F8 13 CA

13E0- DO 03 4C 74 14 CA DO 03

13E8- 40 DA 14 CA DO 03 40 55

13F0- 15 CA DO 03 40 64 15 00

13F8- 20 31 19 A9 01 80 15 10

1400- 20 3F 19 68 40 70 12 20

1408- 31 19 A9 01 80 16 10 AD

1410- 08 10 CD 11 10 DO 08 AD

1418- OC 10 CO 12 10 FO 2A AO

1420- 11 10 8D 08 10 AD 12 10

1428- 8D OC 10 20 39 12 20 56

1430- 11 AD 09 10 C9 31 90 05

1438- A9 30 80 09 10 AO OA 10

1440- 09 19 90 05 A9 18 80 OA

1448- 10 AD 27 10 00 28 10 FO

1450- 22 AD 28 10 FO 05 OA OA

1458- OA OA OA 18 60 27 10 18

1460- 60 06 10 C9 AO 10 02 69

Aprin985 COMPUTEl 133

1468- 60 eg 00 30 03 38 E9 60

1470- 8D 06 10 60 20 07 14 68

1478- C9 8D DO SB 20 38 15 AD

1480- OA 10 8D 2C 10 AD OC 10

1488- 8D 24 10 A9 00 80 31 10

1490- AD 09 10 8D 2A 10 AD OB

1498- 10 8D 23 10 A9 00 80 32

14A0- 10 20 1A 11 AD 2D 10 FO

14A8- 02 38 24 18 6E 32 10 EE

14B0- 2A 10 CE 23 10 DO EA AD

14B8- 2F 10 FO 02 A9 80 6E 32

14C0- 10 00 32 10 AC 31 10 81

14C8- 1A EE 2C 10 EE 31 10 CE

14D0- 24 10 DO BO 20 6E 10 4C

1408- 70 12 20 07 14 66 C9 80

14E0- DO S3 20 38 IS AD OA 10

14E8- 80 2C 10 AD OC 10 80 24

14F0- 10 A9 00 80 31 10 AD 09

14F8- 10 80 2A 10 AD OB 10 80

1500- 23 10 AC 31 10 B1 1A 80

1508- 32 10 4E 32 10 A9 00 69

1510- 00 80 20 10 20 90 10 EE

1518- 2A 10 CE 23 10 DO EB AD

1520- 32 10 OA OA 80 2F 10 EE

1528- 2C 10 EE 31 10 CE 24 10

1530- DO C4 20 DA IB 4C 70 12

1538- AD 06 10 38 E9 AO 85 1A

1540- A9 00 85 IB A2 03 06 1A

1548- 26 IB CA 00 F9 AS IB 18

1550- 69 8A 85 IB 60 20 31 19

1558- 68 C9 80 00 04 A9 00 FO

1560- 12 4C 70 12 20 31 19 68

1568- C9 80 DO 04 A9 01 DO 03

1570- 4C 70 12 80 20 OE A9 AO

1578- A2 IF 90 00 OE CA 10 FA

1580- A9 FF 85 32 A9 11 20 58

1588- FB A9 00 85 24 AO 00 B9

1590- A7 15 FO 06 20 ED FD C8

1598- DO F5 20 eA FD BO 00 02

15A0- 9D 00 OE CA 10 F7 60 C5

15A8- CE D4 CS 02 AO CE CI CO

15B0- C5 AO CF C6 AO C3 C8 CI

15B8- D2 CI C3 04 C5 02 AO 03

15C0- C5 04 BA 80 00 48 AE 22

15C8- 10 CA DO 03 4C F8 13 CA

15D0- DO 03 4C EE 15 CA DO 03

1508- 4C 37 16 CA DO 03 4C EB

15E0- 16 CA DO 03 4C 66 17 CA

15E8- 00 03 4C El 17 00 20 31

15F0- 19 A9 01 80 15 10 68 AD

15F8- 27 10 00 28 10 FO 35 AO

1600- 27 10 18 60 OB 10 DO 02

1608- A9 01 80 OB 10 18 60 09

1610- 10 C9 38 DO 03 CE OB 10

1618- AD 28 10 18 6D OC 10 DO

1620- 02 A9 01 80 OC 10 18 60

1628- OA 10 C9 21 DO 03 CE OC

1630- 10 20 8F 11 4C 70 12 20

1638- 31 19 A9 01 8D 17 10 AD

1640- 27 10 00 28 10 FO 32 AO

1648- 27 10 18 60 00 10 10 02

1650- A9 00 80 00 10 16 60 OF

1658- 10 C9 38 DO 03 CE 00 10

1660- AD 28 10 18 60 OE 10 10
1668- 02 A9 00 80 OE 10 18 6D
1670- 10 10 C9 21 DO 03 CE OE
1678- 10 68 C9 8D DO 6A 20 70
1680- 1C AD OA 10 8D 23 10 AD
1688- OE 10 80 25 10 AD 09 10
1690- 80 24 10 AD OD 10 80 26
1698- 10 AD 23 10 80 2C 10 AD
16A0- 24 10 8D 2A 10 20 56 1C
16A8- B9 00 00 30 BA 1C FO 02
16B0- A9 01 80 2D 10 AD 25 10
1688- 8D 2C 10 AO 26 10 80 2A
16C0- 10 20 90 10 EE 24 10 EE
16C8- 26 10 AO 09 10 18 60 OB
1600- 10 CD 24 10 DO C3 EE 23
16D8- 10 EE 25 10 AO OA 10 18
16E0- 60 OC 10 CO 23 10 DO AS
16E8- 4C 70 12 20 31 19 A9 01
16F0- 8D 15 10 20 3F 19 68 C9
16F8- 8D DO 68 20 70 1C AD OA
1700- 10 80 23 10 80 25 10 AD
1708- 09 10 80 24 10 18 60 08
1710- 10 E9 00 8D 26 10 AD 23
1718- 10 80 2C 10 AO 24 10 60
1720- 2A 10 20 56 1C 89 00 00
1728- 3D BA 1C FO 02 A9 01 80
1730- 20 10 AD 25 10 80 2C 10
1738- AD 26 10 80 2A 10 20 90
1740- 10 EE 24 10 AD 26 10 CO
1748- 09 10 FO 05 CE 26 10 80
1750- C5 EE 23 10 EE 25 10 AD
1758- OA 10 18 60 OC 10 CO 25
1760- 10 DO A4 4C 70 12 20 31
1768- 19 A9 01 80 15 10 20 3F
1770- 19 68 C9 80 DO 68 20 70
1778- 1C AD OA 10 80 23 10 18
1780- 6D OC 10 Eg 00 8D 25 10
1786- AD 09 10 80 24 10 80 26
1790- 10 AO 23 10 80 2C 10 AD
1798- 24 10 80 2A 10 20 56 1C
17A0- B9 00 00 30 BA 1C FO 02
17A8- A9 01 80 2D 10 AD 25 10
17B0- 80 2C 10 AD 26 10 80 2A
17B8- 10 20 90 10 EE 24 10 EE
17C0- 26 10 AD 09 10 18 6D OB
17C8- 10 CD 24 10 DO C3 EE 23
17D0- 10 AO 25 10 CD OA 10 FO
1708- 05 CE 25 10 80 AA 4C 70
17E0- 12 20 31 19 A9 01 80 15
17E8- 10 20 3F 19 68 CS 8D DO
17F0- 43 20 70 1C AD OA 10 80
17F8- 2C 10 AO 09 10 80 2A 10
1800- 20 56 1C 89 00 00 3D BA
1808- 1C DO 03 A9 01 2C A9 00
1810- 80 20 10 20 90 10 EE 2A
1818- 10 AO 09 10 18 60 08 10
1820- CD 2A 10 DO DB EE 2C 10
1828- AD OA 10 18 60 OC 10 CD
1830- 2C 10 DO C6 4C 70 12 48
1838- 20 31 19 AE 22 10 CA DO
1640- 03 4C 63 18 CA DO 03 4C
1848- 7A 18 CA DO 03 4C 94 18
1850- CA 00 03 4C 82 18 CA DO

134 COMPUTEI April 1965

1858- 03 4C F2 18 CA DO 03 4C

1860- OC 19 00 68 CQ 8D DO OF

1868- A9 04 38 ED 2F 10 8D 2F

1870- 10 20 56 11 20 DA IB 4C

1878- 70 12 68 C9 8D DO 12 A9

1880- 01 38 ED 2E 10 8D 2E 10

1888- 20 39 12 20 56 11 20 DA

1890- IB 4C 70 12 68 C9 BD 00

1898- 16 A9 01 38 ED 30 10 8D
18A0- 30 10 FO 05 2C 53 CO BO
18A8- 06 2C 52 CO 20 DA IB 40
1880- 70 12 A9 01 8D 15 10 20
1868- 3F 19 68 C9 8D DO 30 A9
18C0- 00 8D 20 10 AD OA 10 80
18C8- 20 10 AD OC 10 8D 23 10
18D0- AD 09 10 8D 2A 10 AD OB
18DB- 10 80 24 10 20 9D 10 EE
18E0- 2A 10 CE 24 10 DO F5 EE
18E8- 2C 10 CE 23 10 DO El 40
18F0- 70 12 68 09 80 DO 12 20
18F8- 58 FC 20 33 10 20 9E 1A
1900- 20 6E 10 20 DA IB 20 OD
1908- 11 40 70 12 68 09 80 DO
1910- 06 20 1A 19 20 6E 10 4C
1918- 70 12 A9 8A 85 IB A9 00
1920- 65 1A A2 03 AO 00 91 1A
1928- C8 DO FB E6 IB OA DO F6
1930- 60 48 A2 00 8A 90 14 10
1938- E8 EO 04 90 F8 68 60 AD
1940- 27 10 00 28 10 FO 35 AD
1948- 27 10 18 60 09 10 10 02
1950- A9 00 80 09 10 18 60 08
1958- 10 C9 38 DO 03 OE 09 10
1960- AD 28 10 18 60 OA 10 10
1968- 02 A9 00 8D OA 10 18 6D
1970- OC 10 09 21 DO 03 CE OA
1978- 10 20 56 11 80 A9 00 20
1980- 09 10 AD 14 10 FO 06 AD
1988- 13 10 20 09 10 AO 07 10
1990- OA OA AA AO 08 10 OA OA
1998- A8 18 20 00 ID 8A 89 04
19A0- AA 20 03 ID 98 69 04 A8
19A8- 20 06 10 8A 38 E9 04 18
19B0- AA 20 03 ID 98 38 E9 04
19B8- A8 20 06 ID A9 00 20 09
19C0- 10 AD 15 10 FO 06 AD 13
19C8- 10 20 09 10 AD 09 10 OA
1900- OA AA AD OA 10 OA OA A8
1908- 18 20 00 ID AD 09 10 60
19E0- OB 10 OA OA AA 20 03 ID
19E8- AO OA 10 6D 00 10 OA OA
19F0- A8 20 06 ID AD 09 10 OA
19F8- OA AA 20 03 10 AO OA 10
1A00- OA OA A8 20 06 10 A9 3F
1A08- 85 32 Ag 8A 85 07 AD 06
1A10- 10 29 IF 85 24 AO 06 10
1A18- 29 60 A2 05 4A CA DO FC
1A20- 69 14 20 SB FB AD 16 10
1A28- FO 09 AO 13 10 FO 04 A9
1A30- FF 85 32 AD 06 10 20 ED
1A38- FD A9 8D 85 07 AD 17 10
1A40- FO 43 AO 13 10 20 09 10
1A48- AD OD 10 OA OA AA AD OE

1A50- 10 OA OA A8 18 20 00 ID
1A58- AO 00 10 60 OF 10 OA OA
1A60- AA 20 03 ID AD OE 10 60
1A68- 10 10 OA OA A8 20 06 10
1A70- AD 00 10 OA OA AA 20 03
1A7B- ID AO OE 10 OA OA A8 20
1A80- 06 10 4C 90 1A AD 09 10
1A88- 8D 00 10 AD OA 10 8D OE
1A90- 10 AD OB 10 80 OF 10 AD
1A98- OC 10 80 10 10 60 A9 08
1AA0- 20 5B FB A9 3F 85 32 AC
1AA8- 21 10 B9 19 10 80 23 10
1AB0- 18 69 01 38 EO 22 10 80
1AB8- 24 10 89 ID 10 A8 20 FF
1AO0- 1A A9 80 20 ED FD A9 FF
1AC8- 85 32 AO 24 10 CD 23 10
lAOO- DO 04 A9 3F 85 32 20 FF
1AD8- 1A OE 23 10 DO E8 A9 FF
1AE0- 85 32 AC 21 10 AD 19 10
1AE8- 80 23 10 A2 08 A9 20 85
1AF0- 24 20 11 IB EE 23 10 A9
1AF8- 08 00 23 10 DO ED 60 A2
1B00- 08 A9 20 85 24 B9 IF 18
1808- FO 07 20 ED FD CA 08 00
1810- F4 C8 EO 00 FO 08 A9 AO
1818- 20 EO FO CA DO FA 60 02
1820- 09 04 AO 05 04 09 04 00
1B28- 02 00 01 C3 CB 00 07 C8
1B30- 09 D4 05 00 CO OF 06 05
1838- 00 C3 08 01 D2 03 OS 04
1840- 03 00 CD CF 06 05 AO 02
1848- OF 08 00 00 OS 04 AO 03
1B50- 08 01 02 00 07 C5 D4 AO
1B58- 03 C8 CI 02 00 CO CF 01
1860- 04 AO 03 05 04 00 03 CI
1868- 06 C5 AO 03 05 04 00 05
1870- 04 09 CO 09 04 09 00 OD
1878- CF 06 C5 AO 02 CF 08 00
1B80- 02 CF D& AO D3 09 OA 05
1888- 00 03 OF DO 09 00 CD 09
1890- 02 02 CF 02 00 06 OC 09
1898- DO 00 C9 CE 06 05 02 D4
18A0- 00 C4 09 D3 DO CO 01 09
1BA8- 00 08 09 AO C2 09 04 00
ISBO- 05 D6 C5 CE AF CF 04 C4
1BB8- 00 02 01 00 AF 02 CF CO
1BO0- 00 03 CO 02 AO 02 OF 08
18C8- 00 03 CO 02 AO 03 03 02
1BD0- CE 00 03 OC 02 AO 03 05
1BD8- D4 00 A9 05 20 58 FB A9
1BE0- 20 85 24 A9 FF 85 32 AO
1BE8- 00 A9 04 20 20 10 AO 2F
1BF0- 10 DO 09 AO 04 A9 03 20
1BF8- 20 10 FO 07 AO 07 A9 03
1C00- 20 20 1C A9 80 20 ED FD
1C08- A9 20 85 24 AO OA A9 04
1010- 20 2C 10 AD 2E 10 DO 09
1C18- AO OE A9 04 20 20 10 FO
1C20- OA AO 12 A9 04 20 2C 1C
1028- AD 2E 10 60 80 29 10 A2
1C30- 00 89 3F 1C 20 ED FO 08
1C38- E8 EO 29 10 DO F3 60 C8
1C40- 02 BA AO 03 CC D2 D3 C5

April 1985 C0MPUTE1 136

1C48- D4 00 D8 BA AO C5 D6 C5
1C50- CE CF C4 C4 AO 00 AO 2A
1C58- 10 OA OA 80 2B 10 AD 2C
1C60- 10 29 07 AA AD 2C 10 4A
1C68- 4A 4A 18 6D 28 10 A8 60
1C70- AD OA 10 80 2C 10 AD OC
1C78- 10 80 23 10 AD 09 TO 80
1C80- 2A 10 AO OB 10 80 24 10
1C88- 20 1A 11 B9 00 OD CE 20
1C90- 10 30 05 ID BA 1C DO 03
1C98- 30 82 1C 99 00 OD EE 20
1CA0- 10 EE 2A 10 CE 24 10 DO
1CA8- OF EE 20 10 CE 23 10 DO
1CB0- CB 60 FE FD FB F7 EF OF
1CB8- BF 7F 01 02 04 08 10 20
1CC0- 40 80 80 AO AO AO AO AO
1CC8- AO AO AO AO AO AO AO AO
1CD0- AO AO AO AO AO AO AO AO
1C08- AO AO AO AO AO AO AO AO
ICEO- AO AO 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF
1CE8- 00 FF B7 FF 00 FF 00 FF
1CF0- 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF
1CF8- 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF
1D0O- 4C 05 IF 4C 22 IE 4C C4
1008- ID 4C F6 IE 00 00 00 00
1D10- 00 00 00 00 00 AS 1C 51
1018- 26 25 30 51 26 91 26 60
1D20- 85 45 86 46 84 47 60 A5
1028- 45 A6 46 A4 47 60 A5 10
1030- 4A 4A 4A 4C 40 ID A6 10
1D38- 4A 4C 40 ID A5 1C 4A 4A
1D40- 29 OF A8 B9 4F ID 24 1C
1048- 10 02 09 80 85 1C 60 00
1050- 1 1 22 33 44 55 66 77 08
1D58- 19 2A 3B 4C 5D 6E 7F 00
1060- 04 08 00 10 14 18 10 00
1D68- 04 08 OC 10 14 18 1C 01
1D70- 05 09 OD 11 15 19 ID 01
1078- 05 09 00 11 15 19 10 02
1080- 06 OA OE 12 16 1A IE 02
1D88- 06 OA OE 12 16 1A IE 03
1090- 07 OB OF 13 17 IB IF 03
1098- 07 OB OF 13 17 IB IF 81
1DA0- 82 84 88 SO AO CO 81 83
1DA8- 87 8F 9F BF FF FF FE FC
1DB0- F8 FO EO CO 00 2A 55 7F
IDBB- 80 AA D5 FF 22 11 77 50
1DC0- A2 91 F7 BB 08 20 20 10
1DC8- CO CO 90 03 4C B8 IF AC
1DD0- 00 ID 89 9F 10 85 30 AS
1DD8- 27 29 IF 05 E6 85 27 A5
1DE0- 47 38 EO 10 ID AA 6E 11
10E8- 10 10 17 E8 AC 00 10 20
IDFO- 15 ID CA FO 23 AO 11 ID
1DF8- 18 20 D3 F4 20 30 ID 40
1E00- EC ID CA AC OC 10 20 16
1E08- 10 E8 FO OC AD 11 10 20
1E10- D3 F4 20 30 ID 40 03 IE
1E18- A5 47 80 10 ID 20 27 10
1E20- 28 60 08 20 20 10 90 07
1E28- EO 18 90 03 4C B8 IF AO
1E30- 00 80 OE ID 8E OF ID 28
1E38- 08 90 03 EC OE 10 AS 27

1E40- 29 IF 05 E6 85 27 AO OF

1E48- 10 A2 EO 8E 12 ID AE OE

1E50- 10 8E 13 10 4E 13 ID A2

1E58- 06 90 03 69 IF 38 2E 13

1E60- ID CD 12 ID 90 06 EE 13

1E68- 10 ED 12 10 4E 12 ID CA

1E70- 00 EC 80 14 10 AE 00 10

1E78- AC 00 10 OC 13 ID DO IE

1E80- EC 14 ID 90 OB BD A6 10

1E88- AE 14 ID 3D AD ID BO 09

1E90- 80 AO ID AE 14 ID 3D A6

ie98- 10 85 30 40 EB IE 90 27

1EA0- BD A6 10 85 30 20 15 10

1EA8- 20 36 10 CE 00 ID AC OC

1EB0- ID CO 13 ID FO 06 A5 10

1EB8- 91 26 BO EO AE 14 ID BD

1EC0- AO 10 85 30 40 EB IE BO

1E08- AD ID 85 30 20 15 ID 20

1E00- 2E 10 EE OC 10 AC 00 10

1ED8- CO 13 10 FO 06 A5 10 91

1EE0- 26 90 EC AE 14 ID BD A6

1EE8- ID 85 30 20 15 ID 8E 00

1EF0- 10 20 27 ID 28 60 08 20

1EF8- 20 ID 29 OF A8 89 84 10

1F00- 85 10 4C 9B IF 08 20 20

1F08- ID 90 07 EO 18 90 03 40

1F10- 88 IF CO 00 90 03 20 B8

1F18- IF A9 01 20 10 ID FO 03

1F20- 20 3C 10 A9 03 2D OC ID

1F28- FO 07 AA 20 36 ID CA DO

1F30- FA A5 47 8D 10 ID A5 46

1F38- 8D OF ID AO 00 8C OE 10

1F40- 28 08 90 03 EE OE 10 2C

1F48- 10 ID 10 02 AO 50 50 02

1F50- AO 28 84 26 A9 08 20 10

1F58- 10 FO 06 A9 80 05 26 85

1F60- 26 AO 10 ID 29 3F A8 B9

1F68- 5F ID 85 27 AD OF ID A2

1F70- EO 8E 12 ID AE OE ID 8E

1F78- 00 ID 4E OC ID A2 06 90

1F80- 03 69 IF 38 2E 00 ID CD

1F88- 12 10 90 06 EE OC ID EO

1F90- 12 10 4E 12 10 CA DO EC

1F98- 80 00 ID A9 01 20 10 ID

1FA0- FO 03 20 30 ID A9 03 2D

1FA8- 00 10 FO 07 AA 20 2E ID

1FB0- CA 00 FA 20 27 10 28 60

1FB8- AO 00 B9 06 IF 20 ED FO

1FC0- 08 CO 19 DO F5 00 03 03

1FC8- 02 05 05 CE AO C2 CF 05

1FD0- CE C4 01 02 09 AO C5 08

1FD8- 03 05 C5 04 C5 04 80 00

Program 4: Apple SuperFont normalset

8000- 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

8008- 08 08 08 08 08 00 08 00

8010- 14 14 14 00 00 00 00 00

8018- 14 14 3E 14 3E 14 14 00

8D20- 08 3C OA 10 28 1E 08 00

8D28- 06 26 10 08 04 32 30 00

8030- 04 OA OA 04 2A 12 2C 00

8038- 08 08 08 00 00 00 00 00

8040- 08 04 02 02 02 04 08 00

136 COMPUTEI April 1985

8048- 08 10 20 20 20 10 08 00

8D50- 08 2A 1C 08 1C 2A 08 00

8D58- 00 06 08 SE 08 08 00 00

8D60- 00 00 00 00 08 08 04 00

8D68- 00 00 00 3E 00 00 00 00

8D70- 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00

8D78- 00 20 10 08 04 02 00 00

8D80- 1C 22 32 2A 26 22 1C 00

8D88- 08 OC 06 08 08 08 1C 00

8D90- 1C 22 20 18 04 02 3E 00

8098- 3E 20 10 18 20 22 1C 00

8DA0- 10 18 14 12 3E 10 10 00

8DA8- 3E 02 IE 20 20 22 1C 00

8DB0- 38 04 02 IE 22 22 1C 00

8DB8- 3E 20 10 08 04 04 04 00

8DC0- 1C 22 22 1C 22 22 1C 00

8DC8- 1C 22 22 3C 20 10 OE 00

8DD0- 00 00 08 00 08 00 00 00

8DD8- 00 00 08 00 08 08 04 00

8DE0- 10 08 04 02 04 08 10 00

8DE8- 00 00 3E 00 3E 00 00 00

8DF0- 04 08 10 20 10 08 04 00

8DF8- 1C 22 10 08 08 00 08 00

8E00- 1C 22 2A 3A 1A 02 3C 00

8E08- 08 14 22 22 3E 22 22 00

8E10- IE 22 22 IE 22 22 IE 00

8E18- 1C 22 02 02 02 22 1C 00

8E20- IE 22 22 22 22 22 IE 00

8E28- 3E 02 02 IE 02 02 3E 00

8E30- 3E 02 02 IE 02 02 02 00

8E38- 3C 02 02 02 32 22 3C 00

8E40- 22 22 22 3E 22 22 22 00

8E4e- 1C 06 08 08 08 08 1C 00

8E50- 20 20 20 20 20 22 1C 00

8E58- 22 12 OA 06 OA 12 22 00

8E60~ 02 02 02 02 02 02 3E 00

8E68- 22 36 2A 2A 22 22 22 00

8E70- 22 22 26 2A 32 22 22 00

8E78- 1C 22 22 22 22 22 1C 00

8E80- IE 22 22 IE 02 02 02 00

8E68- 1C 22 22 22 2A 12 2C 00

8E90- IE 22 22 IE OA 12 22 00

8E98- 1C 22 02 1C 20 22 1C 00

8EA0- 3E 08 08 08 08 08 08 00

8EA8- 22 22 22 22 22 22 1C 00

8EB0- 22 22 22 22 22 14 08 00

8EB8- 22 22 22 2A 2A 36 22 00

8EC0- 22 22 14 08 14 22 22 00

8EC8- 22 22 14 08 08 08 08 00

8ED0- 3E 20 10 08 04 02 3E 00

8E08- 3E 06 06 06 06 06 3E 00

8EE0- 00 02 04 08 10 20 00 00

8EE8- 3E 30 30 30 30 30 3E 00

8EF0- 00 00 08 14 22 00 00 00

8EF8- 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 7F

8F0O- 04 08 10 00 00 00 00 00

8F08- 00 00 1C 20 3C 22 3C 00

8F10- 02 02 IE 22 22 22 IE 00

8F18- 00 00 3C 02 02 02 3C 00

8F20- 20 20 3C 22 22 22 3C 00

8F28- 00 00 1C 22 3E 02 3C 00

8F30- 18 24 04 IE 04 04 04 00

8F38- 00 00 IC 22 22 3C 20 1C

8F40- 02 02 IE 22 22 22 22 00

8F48- 08 00 OC 08 08 08 IC 00

8F50- 10 00 18 10 10 10 12 OC

8F58- 02 02 22 12 OE 12 22 00

8F60- OC 08 08 08 08 08 10 00

eF68- 00 00 36 2A 2A 2A 22 00

8F70- 00 00 IE 22 22 22 22 00

8F78- 00 00 IC 22 22 22 IC 00

8F80- 00 00 IE 22 22 IE 02 02

8F86- 00 00 3C 22 22 3C 20 20

8F90- 00 00 3A 06 02 02 02 00

8F98- 00 00 3C 02 IC 20 IE 00

8FA0- 04 04 IE 04 04 24 18 00

BFAS- 00 00 22 22 22 32 2C 00

8FB0- 00 00 22 22 22 14 08 00

8FB8- 00 00 22 22 2A 2A 36 00

8FC0- 00 00 22 14 08 14 22 00

8FC8- 00 00 22 22 22 3C 20 IC

8FD0- 00 00 3E 10 08 04 3E 00

8F08- 38 OC OC 06 OC OC 38 00

8FE0- 06 08 08 08 08 08 08 08

8FE8- OE 18 18 30 18 18 OE 00
8FF0- 2C 1A 00 00 00 00 00 00
8FF8- 00 2A 14 2A 14 2A 00 00

Program 5: Apple SuperFont hrout

0300- D8 78 85 45 86 46 84 47

0308- A6 07 OA OA BO 04 10 3E

0310- 30 04 10 01 E8 E8 OA 86

0318- IB 16 65 06 85 1A 90 02

0320- E6 IB A5 28 85 08 A5 29

0328- 29 03 05 E6 85 09 A2 08

0330- AO 00 B1 1A 24 32 30 02

0338- 49 7F A4 24 91 08 £6 1A

0340- DO 02 E6 IB A5 09 18 69

0348- 04 85 09 CA DO E2 A5 45

0350- A6 46 A4 47 58 4C FO FD

Program 6: APPLEF0NT2 Checksum

100

110
120
130
140

150
160

170

180

190
200

210
220
230

a4o

250
260
270
280

"CHECK
= 8160
= 0 TO
" . " (
= 0 TO
* 64 +

THESE BLOCKS:*
TO 8191: POKE
63 :S = 0

PRINT

FOR I

FOR I

PRINT

FOR J

6 + I

READ A:S
AD = 4096

H(
AD = 4096

A2t = Ht

IF A < > S THEN PRINT

" iA1«i" TO t- iA2t I

NEXT : END

1,0: NEXT

63:S = S + PEEK £409)
J): NEXT

- 256 * INT CS / 256
* 64: GOSUB 200:A1t =

+ I X 64 t 63: QOSUB 200:

PRINT "$

H« = "":
D / 16]
DEF" ,A0
X: NEXT
DATA 33
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA

FOR K = 0 TO 3:X = INT CA
H* = MID« ("0123456789ABC
- X * 16 ♦ 1 . n + HIiAO =
: RETURN

162, 1 19, 1 ,233,214,30, 1 18
37, 152, 145, 189,208,216. 189
127, 70,70, 155, 173, 186, 120
176, 171 , 163, 153,216,210, 18
191, 187. 202, 174, 159, 187, 87, 126
41. 199, 222. 202. 111. 195. 62, 127
178, 14 5, 237, 86, 21 5, 171. 8. 97
123,137,102,120,22,29.223.142 ©

36,
80,

74,

April 19B5 COMPUTEI 137

THE WORLD INSIDE THE COMPUTER

The Home Computer Revolution
Another False Start?

Fred D'Ignazio. Associate Editor

In my recent columns
I have written about
the overselling of the
home computer, (See
"The Morning After:
Anti-Computer
Backlash And Ihe
Arrival Of The
Mass-Market Home
Computer,"
COMPUTE!, May and June 1984; and
"Is The Computer A Home Appliance?/'
COMPUTE!, August 1984.)

Now it seems that a genuine backlash
against home computers has appeared. In
publication after publication, and on TV and ra-
dio, we hear that the "home computer revolu-
tion" was a fluke. Commentators and reporters
tell us that computers are still too difficult, too
finicky, and too expensive to be a mass-market
"appliance." And, unlike the TV, the telephone,
and the toaster oven, there is no compelling rea-
son to own a computer.

There is some truth to all of these charges,
and, collectively, they have chipped away at the

Fred D'Ignazio is a computer enthusiast, the father of two
childreji, and the author of several books on computers
for young people. His books ijiclude Katie and the Com-
puter (Creative Computing), Working Robots (Hayden),
The Star Wars Question and Answer Book about
Computers (Random House), and Computing Together:
A Parents and Teachers Guide to Using Computers
with Young Children (COMPUTE! Publications).

Fred appears regularly as the "family computing"
commentator on "The Neur Tech Times," a half-hour
public-TV program on consumer electronics that airs
weekly on over 240 stations across the country.

Fred's column appears monthly in compute!.

138 COMPUTE) April 1985

glossy high-tech image that home computers
have enjoyed for the last couple of years. As a
result, the glamour has worn off the home com-
puter, and this has caused the industry to sag.

History Repeats Itself

But this is not the first time it's happened. In
1975, when the first computer kit (the Altair) ap-
peared, there was a lot of discussion in the media
about a "home computer revolution." This dis-
cussion was short-lived, however, because the
first computers were strictly hobbyist devices.
They had very little memory, almost no software,
and were not built, distributed, serviced, or sup-
ported as consumer products.

The home computer hype started again in
1977 when Apple introduced its Apple 11, Radio
Shack came out with the TRS-80 Model I, and
Commodore introduced its PET. Again we heard
claims about how computers would soon be in
everyone's homes. Unfortunately, these claims
were just as premature as they were before. Like
the machines before them, these new computers
were suitable only for hobbyists and students as
do-it-yourself educational devices.

We are now at the end of a third wave of
claims that the home computer has arrived. This
wave, like the others, has subsided and turned
sour because our computer technology is still not
mature enough to create a true, mass-market
consumer product.

There have been three false starts in launch-
ing the home computer revolution, and there are
sure to be more. Home computers are now in
five million homes, but they're used daily in only
a minority of those homes. It will be a long time
before computers appear in 100 percent of peo-
ple's homes and become a way of life like tele-
phones or TV sets.

The Digital Utiiity Center

Experts predict that a real home computer will
not appear until computers are integrated into all
aspects of people's lives, including banking,
shopping, working, communicating, and
entertainment. A real home computer will not sit
alone on a desktop and look like a typewriter
plugged into a TV set. Instead, it will be a hybrid
machine — part TV, part telephone, part video-
cassette recorder, and part stereo system. It will
be the brains of a general-purpose digital utility
center that a family operates to hear music,
watch movies and TV, make phone calls, control
household appliances, and pay bills.

The home computer of the present is made
up of awkward, ill-fitted, and confusing compo-
nents. The day its components fuse together into
a single digital utility center that is sold at dis-
count supermarkets, it will truly become a mass-
market device.

The digital utility center will come in a sin-
gle box and plug into the wall with a single cord.
The center's audio, video, and computer software
will be uniform and standardized (in some kind
of optical or magnetic format), and will play
everything — from educational games to Bruce
Springsteen to the latest Burt Reynolds movie.

All the recordings will be digital and capable
of being stored on a single, high-density storage
device. All programming will be in English and
will consist of making simple choices from a
menu of selections that appears on a screen and
are read to the user aloud by the center's syn-
thesized voice. Input will be from a keyboard,
light pen, mouse, microphone, or touch screen,
depending on the individual's preference. No
technical knowledge whatsoever will be needed
to operate the center. And the center will come
with one- to five-year warranties, full service
contracts, and modular, replaceable parts.

Like Tlie Electric Motor

When the digital utility center arrives, the home
computer will really be a mass-market appliance.
But when computers have become digital utility
centers, they will no longer be computers. To
paraphrase Joseph Weizenbaum, a digital utility
center to a computer is the same as a vacuum
cleaner to an electric motor.

Before we see consumers going wild over
digital utility centers, a lot of separate develop-
ments have to take place. Audio, video, commu-
nications, and computer hardware must evolve
much further and become more integrated, dig-
ital, compatible, and inexpensive. Software for
the separate devices has to be integrated under a
single multimedia operating system and has to
adopt a standardized storage and data inter-
change format.

In addition, the software must have a
friendly, human-like mouthpiece that deals with
us in our natural, spoken language and is not
only user-friendly but also user-forgiving. The
software will have to fill in the gaps in people's
commands, correct their typos and misspellings,
not let them make any serious mistakes, hold
their hand as they work their way through a
task, and anticipate what they will want to do
next.

Most important of all, a mass-market home
computer will require a reliable, universal
communications network that links the digital
utility center into very-high-speed satellite chan-
nels that support two-way instantaneous trans-
mission of voices, music, video images,
computer-generated pictures, text, and numerical
data. This network, too, must be standardized,
instantly available at the push of a CALL button
on the digital utility center, and invisible to the
user.

Only when such a network is in place will
the digital utility center become popular with a
majority of consumers. Only then will all the pie-
in-the-sky promises of computer enthusiasts be-
come possible.

Such a network will make it possible to do
home banking, telecommuting, shopping at
home, and attending courses and classes at
home. People will be able to purchase all the
new records, movies, computer software, and
books over the network and have them
downloaded into their local mass-storage device
or into a portable computer that they can detach
from the main unit and carry with them when
they travel.

The Computer As Translator And
Terminal

The lesson in all this is that our vision of the
home computer has been too limited, and that's
why we keep having false starts. Our vision has
been limited by the fact that we are still too close
to the computer's birth; we are still too familiar
with the computer's early stages and functions to
see what it may ultimately become.

We are only now beginning to move beyond
the image of the computer as a computing engine
that juggles numbers and processes paychecks.
But we must go much further. We must see the
computer as only a part of the digital revolution
of all human media — voice, music, art, graphics,
film, literature, and so on. As all science, art,
technology, and communications are digitized,
the computer assumes a central role as a trans-
lator among the media, and as a terminal linking
human beings to the media and to each other.

The computer should enable the average
person to enter information in any medium

April 1985 COMPUTEt 139

(pictures, voice, text, whatever) and instantly
translate it (at tlie discretion of the person) into
any other medium — or into several different me-
dia. It should then enable the person to send the
package to any other person. Likewise, anyone
who uses a computer should have instant access
to all media in any format they wish.

This sounds extremely abstract, so picture
the home computer of the future as the United
Nations Building. It will have two major func-

tions: translator and terminal. It will house all
the disparate streams of digitized information
representing all the different media, and it will
translate them back and forth at the needs and
whims of the user. And it will be plugged into
the outside world (of cultures, peoples, nations,
and institutions) and capable of vital two-way
communication with that world in any language
that is appropriate.
Next Month: Redefining Computer Literacy Q

CAPUTE!

Modificotions Or Corrections To Previous Articles

Atari Chess

Atari owners who use OSS DOS 2.20 from Op-
timized Systems Software must first select Q
from the DOS menu to quit to DOS XL, then se-
lect T to go to cartridge before attempting to load
this game from the December 1984 issue (p. 99).

Atari Acrobat

Due to a printing error in line 2030 of this game
from the February 1985 issue (p. 60), the STRIG
function to read the joystick button appears as
STPIG. Also, lines 20115, 23500, and 27035 are
too long to type in as listed. To enter these lines,
simply omit all spaces between BASIC state-
ments and variables. For example, POKE BC,14
can be typed as P0KEBC,14.

IMacliine Language Multiplication

In Part 2 of the series on multiplication in the
"Machine Language" column (p. 121, February
1985 issue), the high and low bytes of the prod-
uct are switched in the example program. The
last few instructions of the example should read
as follows:

LDA $0380

ADC $0382

STA $0380

LDA $0381

ADC #S00

STA $0381
NOADD DEX

BNE NXBIT

Thanks to Karl Schmitt, Norman Sprock, and
other readers who wrote in with the correction.

140 COMPUTB April 1985

IBM lilegal Function Errors

A number of readers have reported problems
with illegal function call errors in COMPUTEI's
graphics games for the IBM, such as "Horse Rac-
ing" (October 1984) and "Paratrooper" (January
1985). If you receive an Illegal Function Call er-
ror message in a line containing a PUT statement
(such as line 1220 of Paratrooper), it most likely
means that you have made a typing error in the
DATA statements that define the graphics dis-
played by the PUT. When you see that error
message in a line involving PUT, check all your
DATA items carefully.

Proofreading The IBM Proofreader

Many readers have had problems getting the
"IBM Automatic Proofreader" to work properly.
The program is correct as listed, but if it's not
typed in correctly, you may receive the cryptic
message Error #2. The Proofreader traps all errors,
even syntax errors. Instead of getting the usual
"Syntax error in ..." message, you get the error
number (2 is syntax error) with no hint as to
where the error might be. To help you find your
typos, change the 650 in line 140 to 0. This turns
off the error trapping so you'll get the usual error
messages if you have any errors.

Before using the Proofreader to type in pro-
grams, it's a good idea to test all the Proofreader
commands, especially the SAVE command, just
to make sure there are no bugs lurking in some
obscure place in the program. To test the Proof-
reader's SAVE command, run the Proofreader
and type in one line, say 10 REM. Now save this
test program. If you didn't get an error message,
you can safely type in a complete listing without
fear of losing all your typing due to a bug in the
SAVE command. When you think you have all the
bugs out, type BASIC to exit the Proofreader,
change line 140 back to normal, and save this
bug-free version of the Proofreader.

Computers And Society

David D. Thornburg, Associate Editor

Visual Computing, Part 1

In January 1984 Apple launched the Macintosh —
a computer that would accelerate a revolution in
computing that had already been gathering mo-
mentum for some time. This revolution was not
in the computer hardware itself, although this
certainly played a role. The revolution was in the
way we communicate with our computational
technology.

The Macintosh was the first low-cost per-
sonal computer to incorporate a primarily pic-
torial user interface. Rather than having to deal
with words and phrases to convey information or
desires to the computer, you can select small im-
ages (icons) that represent the object with which
you want to work. To edit a document with the
word processor, for example, you simply place
the cursor over the document (shown as a page
with a label beneath it) using a pointing device
called a mouse. Once the cursor is over the docu-
ment, two clicks of the mouse is all that's needed
to load the document (and the word processor!)
into the computer.

The difference between loading a program or
text file in this fashion and loading it in by
typing commands from the keyboard is subtle.
To understand the nature of this difference, and
why the visual interface appeals to some users
and not to others, we need to explore different
ways that people "think."

David D. Thornburg feels comfortable working
across the text-picture boundary, and has written a
dozen books on computing, including the KoalaPad
Book (Addison-Wesley) and 101 Ways to Use a Mac-
intosh (Random House). His most recent book, Be-
yond Turtle Graphics, describes the nongraphics
aspects of the computer language Logo. This book is
an introduction to artificial intelligence and will be
available soon from Addison-Wesley. Thornburg is
currently working on his first novel.

The Two Brains

Several years ago it was in vogue to think of hu-
man thinking style as being lateralized to the two
hemispheres of the brain. Thinking that takes
place in the left hemisphere is linear and analyti-
cal. Thinking that takes place in the right hemi-
sphere is parallel, visual, and creative. This
model of mental activity became so popular that
we found ourselves referring to artists as "right-
brained" people and to analytical thinkers as be-
ing "left-brained."

In fact, we all have the ability to think with
both sides of our brain — to be both analytical
and to be creative — to think linearly and in par-
allel. It is true that many of us spend more time
in one mode of thought than the other. It is also
true that our society seems to develop and
encourage our analytical linear thinking at the
expense of our creative mind. But it is both un-
fair and inaccurate to suggest that any individual
is purely "left-brained" or "right-brained."

When interactive computer systems were
first developed for mass production, it was de-
cided that people should communicate with these
machines through the typewriter keyboard and
that the computer should respond primarily
through a text-based display. Interestingly, the
dedicated videogame computers that were being
developed at the same time chose to use non-
keyboard devices such as joysticks and game
paddles instead of the keyboard, and to produce
colorful graphic images rather than text displays.

Anyone who remembers the fads of the late
1970s will recall that videogame consoles outsold
personal computers many times over. This ex-
tremely high ratio of game to computer sales was
not based on price alone. The fact was that
purchasers of game machines knew exactly what
to do with them as soon as they were plugged
in. The videogame was extremely easy to use —
intuitively easy, perhaps.

April 1985 COMPUTE! 141

Nothing Automatic

Personal computers, on the other hand, seemed
designed for the linear analytical mode of
thought. Nothing happened automatically — the
keyboard had to be used for everything, includ-
ing loading a program in the first place.

For example, suppose we look at the process
of starting a game with the Atari 2600 Video
Computer System and with the Commodore 64
computer. In the case of the Atari game machine,
one needs only to insert the game cartridge and
switch on the power. While this same process
applies to the Commodore 64 with cartridge
games, the story is quite different when the pro-
gram is provided on disk. You then must enter:

LOAD "*",8

RUN

to get the game into the computer.

This difference in the user interface has
nothing to do with technology differences be-
tween the two machines. The fact that the Com-
modore 64 has more RAM, or a disk drive, or
can be used with thousands of different pro-
grams, is not the issue. In fact, most personal
computer users expect to have to type strings of
textual information into their computer to make
it do something useful.

IMainly The Keyboard

For those of us who have used computers for a
long time, none of this represents any hard-
ship— it is simply "how things are done." Of
course we are happy when the interface is sim-
plified. Almost all Apple II owners, for example,
equip their computers with "autostart ROMs"
that will let a program boot from the disk auto-
matically when the computer is turned on.

But still, the keyboard has maintained its
role as the primary communication tool, even
when the information to be communicated is
nontextual.

This restriction in interface technology has
kept many people from using computers. A ma-
jor typing tutor program was promoted with the
slogan "If you can't type you can't compute." For
the vast majority of potential computer users in
the world, this amounts to disfranchisement.

Fortunately, the slogan was wrong. Typing
has nothing whatsoever to do with computing.
All that is needed is a variety of communication
tools across the man-machine interface to make
computers accessible to any who would want to
use them.

What made the Macintosh different was that
it provided another type of interface — one that
was primarily visual rather than textual.

A Step Back?

Of course, there are critics who would argue that

142 COMPUTEI April 1985

the visual interface is a giant step backwards —
that we gave up iconographic writing many years
ago in favor of building words from an alphabet
of letters. These same people might argue that
those cultures whose language is still recorded in
iconographic form are burdened with a cumber-
some writing system that has hampered their
development.

The visual computer interface has nothing to
do with how we write. I am not arguing that we
should do away with our alphabet or with words
or with writing. I am not suggesting that we
should use nothing but pictures in our next letter
to Aunt Elsinore. What I am suggesting is that,
when we are referring to the operations to be
performed by a computer, it is only a matter of
convention that we refer to these operations in
written form. The convention to build program-
ming languages from a vocabulary of English
words was completely arbitrary. It was done, in
part, because computer systems were provided
with keyboards.

In fact, the first computer programs devised
by Lady Lovelace, for Babbage's Analytical En-
gine were patterns of holes in punched cards.

Any Symbols Will Do

Because most of us don't think of programming
as a nontextual activity, it is hard for us to realize
that one can communicate information to a com-
puter in many different ways. A computer is,
after all, just a symbol manipulation tool. The
use of letters and numbers as symbols is ar-
bitrary— it could work as easily with any other
symbols we may devise.

The reason for exploring this topic at all is
simple: Without being consciously aware of it,
we have been overtaken by symbolic nontextual
programming languages and have embraced
them wholeheartedly. We have, in fact, become a
nation of programmers without knowing it.

Anyone who builds a new level of Lode Run-
ner, designs a new game with Pinball Construc-
tion Set, creates a new spreadsheet with
Multiplan, or who works with any of the myriad
construction set systems that represent one of the
best-selling classes of software that has ever ex-
isted, is, in fact, creating computer programs with
a minimum of typing. In fact, many of these pro-
grams are created by people with no typing
whatsoever.

So, it is mildly amusing to hear many of
these same construction set users suggest that
programming is a "typing" activity.

Free Choice

Again, it is not typing that is the issue. I will ar-
gue that the nature of our communication me-
dium determines the nature of the ideas we

communicate. Some of us express ourselves quite
well in linear textual form, and others of us are
more comfortable with pictures and diagrams.
There is nothing wrong with either approach to
expression. What is important is that our technol-
ogy has advanced to the point where people are
free to choose their communication form, and
even to switch back and forth between the two if
they so desire. Any choice between the two has
to be based on personal preference, not on the
assumption that there is one "right" way to
communicate.

Judging from the popularity of the visual
interface (there is even a version of a Macintosh-
like graphics program available for the PCjr!), the
development of visual interfaces is opening up
computer access to many thousands of people
who would never have otherwise been interested
in using this technology.

But, just because this new communication
mode has been made available to the general
public, this is no reason to think that we already
know all of its consequences. As I gaze into my
cloudy crystal ball, I see a future in which much
of our programming will be done without the labor
of typing — where we will write programs by
constructing flow charts that indicate graphically
what it is we want the computer to do for us.

These visual programming environments
will let us express a goal without also requiring
that we tell the computer how to achieve that
goal.

Next month we will explore a visual
programming environment in depth and compare
it to text-based programming. Our visual
programming language will be the database lan-
guage HELIX, developed by Odesta for the
Macintosh. ©

IBM Personal Computing

Donald B. Trivette

Spreadsheets For The Home

Remember when you were growing up and your
pals used a word you'd never heard before?
Were you too embarrassed to ask for a defi-
nition— to admit you didn't know what they
were talking about (and maybe even doing)? Did
you fake it as best you could?

Now that you're an adult, are you still fak-
ing? Do you really know what a spreadsheet pro-
gram is? Don't be embarrassed. There are lots of
well-adjusted, computer-literate people who have
only a vague notion of what spreadsheet soft-
ware is all about. You may have thought that
spreadsheets were something only an accountant
could appreciate and understand. Not true. Al-
though spreadsheets were bom of the accounting

world, they have dozens of uses for those of us
who have trouble balancing a checkbook. Yes,
spreadsheets can actually be fun. First we'll look
at their fascinating history, then at a typical
numerical spreadsheet, and finally at some un-
usual nonnumerical applications.

Let There Be VisiCalc

It can be argued that the personal computer era
really began with the invention of spreadsheet
software. Before then, a few personal computers
were around, but most were owned and used by
hobbyists and tinkerers. In general, personal
computer software was primitive in those days —
back in the late 1970s.

April 19B5 COMPUTEI 143

It was in 1978 that Dan Bricklin was sitting
in a classroom at Harvard Business School
watching his professor laboriously create a model
budget on the blackboard. Every time the profes-
sor changed a number in one column, all the re-
lated numbers in the other columns had to be
recalculated and changed, too. (This is a familiar
concept to those who adjust their income tax re-
turns until they fall into the lowest possible tax
bracket.)

Suddenly, in a flash (lightning striking and
all that), Bricklin imagined an electronic black-
board that would, when one number was
changed, automatically recalculate all the other
numbers derived from it. Was such a thing pos-
sible? Bricklin didn't know, but he took the idea
to his neighbor and friend Robert Frankston.
Frankston, an experienced computer programmer
and designer, was at first reluctant but finally
agreed to pursue the project along with Dan
Fylstra, a fledgling software publisher. Thus was
born VisiCalc, the visible calculator.

The first VisiCalc program was sold in January
1979; it ran on a 24K RAM Apple 11 computer.
The VisiCalc program was so useful that it
helped sell Apple computers, and Apple in turn
promoted VisiCalc — software that in essence
turned a computer screen into an electronic
blackboard for budget planning, financial
forecasting, and virtually any task involving col-
umns and rows of data. Nothing succeeds like a
best-selling computer program, and it wasn't
long before a dozen other companies were
marketing spreadsheet programs, too. (Mercifully
some are no longer with us.)

Today, there are spreadsheet programs for
virtually every business, personal, and home
computer. VisiCalc lives on in a much improved
version that is available for several machines;
Multi-plan is another favorite; and Lotus 1-2-3, an
integrated package that includes a spreadsheet, is
one of the most popular computer programs of
all time.

A Screenful Of Cells

A look at an actual spreadsheet application will
help you grasp what Bricklin hath wrought. All
spreadsheet programs start with a screen that
looks like the blank spreadsheet in Figure 1. The
columns, across the top, are lettered; the rows,
down the edge, are numbered. The maximum
size of the spreadsheet — the number of rows and
columns — depends on the program and the
amount of memory in the computer.

Each combination of a row and column
forms a cell or box where data may be entered.
Thus, the upper-left cell is referred to as Al —
column A, row 1. The current cell — the place the

144 COMPUTEI April 1985

Figure 1 : Typical spreadsheet Layout
A B C D E F

computer will put the data when you type — is
usually shown as a white box. That box is the
spreadsheet's cursor. Just like a regular cursor, it
can be moved up and down, left and right, by
the arrow keys on the computer's keyboard.

Let's create a supersimple spreadsheet for a
make-believe company. An entry in a spread-
sheet cell may be one of three types: characters,
numbers, or a formula which the program will
turn into numbers. By typing characters in some
cells, you can create headings. In other cells — B3,
B4, B5, B7 — we'll put numbers to represent sales.
As always when entering numbers in a computer
program, omit the commas. (See Figure 2.)

To get the subtotal for divisional sales, you
don't add the numbers manually and enter the
result. That would defeat the purpose of the
spreadsheet. Instead, you tell the computer to do
it for you — to always add up column B, row 3,
row 4, and row 5 and then put the total in
column B, row 6. You do that by typing the
formula — instead of a number — directly in the
cell. The exact format differs slightly from one
spreadsheet program to another, but generally
you'd type B3 + B4-hB5 in cell B6, That is, B6 is
always the sum of B3, B4, and B5. Makes sense,
doesn't it?

Figure

2: A Sample Spreadsheet

A B

C

1

2

January
Sales

February

3

Division 1 1000.00

4

Division 2 1400.00

5

Division 3 5000,00

6

7
8

Subtotal 7400,00
Mail Order 1200.00
Grand Total 8600.00

Figure 2 doesn't show the formula in cell
B6 — it only shows the value that the formula has
calculated. The actual formula for any cell may

be displayed at the top of the spreadsheet, but it
is invisible in the spreadsheet itself. A similar
formula is entered in cell B8 for the grand total.

Next, let's say you want to estimate the sales
for February through December. Just enter a for-
mula in the February cell C3. We'll project that
each of the three divisions will sell a half-percent
more than in the previous month. For example,
C3 will be B3 multiplied by 1.005. There's a way
to enter a formula so that it's automatically re-
peated for every month that remains in the year.
And there's a way to copy a formula from one
row to another, so only a few keystrokes are
needed to generate the spreadsheet in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Projecting Sales With A Spreadsheet

A B

C

1
2

January
Sales

February

3

Division 1 1000.00

1005.00

4

Division 2 1400.00

1407.00

5

Division 3 5000.00

5025.00

6

Subtotal 7400.00

7437.00

7

Mail Order 1200.00

1206.00

8

Grand Total 8600.00

8643.00

Spreadsheets As Big
As Bedsheets

There's more to most spread-
sheets than can be shown on a
screen. In our sample, the columns
for March through December will
scroll into view when we move
the cursor to the right side of the
screen; similarly, rows below the
"Grand Total" label can be
scrolled into view. The screen is
just a window onto a portion of
the spreadsheet.

Most spreadsheet programs
have commands to delete and in-
sert rows and columns, to move
entire rows and columns to other
locations, to make hardcopy
printouts, and to save the spread-
sheet on disk.

Now, here's what makes
spreadsheets so wonderful; To
see how the numbers change
when Division 2 sales increase,
all you have to do is move the
cursor to B4 and enter a new
number. Instantly, the subtotal in
B6 and the grand total in B8 are

recalculated and replaced in the spreadsheet.
Since a change in B4 alters some of the numbers
for February through December, the spreadsheet
automatically recalculates those values, too.

This is a typical numerical spreadsheet. But
spreadsheets can also be useful and fun even for
those who hate math. I know one woman who
uses a spreadsheet to record her family tree. Each
cell represents one of her ancestors; each column
is a generation. Her spreadsheet has no formulas
or mathematical calculations — just lots of names
and dates. (See Figure 4.)

Some folks use spreadsheets in place of
word processing programs. My architect friend
uses Lotus 1-2-3 to compose and print the sched-
ules on his blueprints. He says it's much faster
and easier than using a word processor. Once the
schedule is entered, he prints it on a transparent
film instead of paper and then sticks it to the
drawing. He does schedules for doors, hardware,
electrical fixtures, plumbing fixtures, and even
shrubbery. Figure 5 shows part of a shrubbery
schedule.

You could use a schedule like this to keep
track of when you fertilized your plants, and
what kind of fertilizer you used. Or to keep an
inventory of your wine cellar. Or to record the
expiration dates of your magazine subscriptions
(especially if, like me, you think the magazines
are always wrong). In fact, spreadsheet programs
are ideal for any situation where you need to or-
ganize and record data in lists or tables.

Figure 4: Family Tree Spreadsheet

A

B

C

1

2

Helen

3
4

(1840-1841)

John Smith

John, Jr.

(1810-1880)

(1850-1865)

5

m. Mary Jones
(1820-1860)

6

Tim

John Mason

(1860-1930)

(1885-1914)

7

m. Betty Mason

m. Sara Penny

(1865-1925)

(1890-1964)

Figure 5: Shrubbery-ScheduUng Spreadsheet

D

1

Plant Name

Q'

uantity

Height

Remarks

2

Pittosporum tobria

24

6'0"

Plant on centers shown

3

Juniperus conferia

30

12' 15"

Plant on 3' centers

4

Yeddo-Hawthorne

10

6'0"

Furnished by owner

5

Yucca gloriosa

15

24' 30"

Transplant from corner

April 1985 COMPUTEI 145

MLX

Machine Language Entry Program For VIC-20

Charles Brannon, Progrom Editor ^^hb^^^^^^^^^i^^^^^^

MLX is a labor-saving utility that allows almost
fail-safe entry of machine language programs pub-
lished in COMPUTE!. You need to know nothing
about machine language to use MLX — ^I'f was de-
signed for everyone. At least 8K expansion memory
is required.

MLX is a new way to enter long machine lan-
guage (ML) programs with a minimum of fuss.
MLX lets you enter the numbers from a special
list that looks similar to BASIC DATA state-
ments. It checks your typing on a line-by-line
basis. It won't let you enter illegal characters
when you should be typing numbers. It won't let
you enter numbers greater than 255 (forbidden in
ML), It won't let you enter the wrong numbers
on the wrong line. In addition, MLX creates a
ready-to-use tape or disk file.

Using MLX

Type in and save the appropriate version of MLX
(you'll want to use it in the future). When you're
ready to type in an ML program, run MLX. MLX
asks you for two numbers: the starting address
and the ending address. These numbers are
given in the article accompanying the ML
program.

When you run MLX, you'll see a prompt
corresponding to the starting address. The
prompt is the current line you are entering from
the listing. It increases by six each time you enter
a line. That's because each line has seven num-
bers— six actual data numbers plus a checksum
number. The checksum verifies that you typed
the previous six numbers correctly. If you enter
any of the six numbers wrong, or enter the
checksum wrong, the computer rings a buzzer
and prompts you to reenter the line. If you enter
it correctly, a bell tone sounds and you continue
to the next line.

MLX accepts only numbers as input. If you
make a typing error, press the INST/DEL key;
the entire number is deleted. You can press it as
many times as necessary back to the start of the
line. If you enter three-digit numbers as listed,
the computer automatically prints the comma
and goes on to accept the next number. If you
enter less than three digits, you can press either
the space bar or RETURN key to advance to the
next number. The checksum automatically ap-
pears in inverse video for emphasis.

To simplify your typing, MLX redefines part
of the keyboard as a numeric keypad (lines
581-584):

146 COMPUTB April 1986

U I O 7 8 9

H J K L become 0 4 5 6

M , . 12 3

MLX Commands

When you finish typing an ML listing (assuming
you type it all in one session), you can then save
the completed program on tape or disk. Follow
the screen instructions. If you get any errors
while saving, you probably have a bad disk, or
the disk is full, or you've made a typo when
entering the MLX program itself.

You don't have to enter the whole ML pro-
gram in one sitting. MLX lets you enter as much
as you want, save it, and then reload the file from
tape or disk later. MLX recognizes these commands:

SHIFT-S: Save

SHIFT-Lt Load

SHIFT-N; New Address

SHIFT-D: Display

When you enter a command, MLX jumps
out of the line you've been typing, so we recom-
mend you do it at a new prompt. Use the Save
command to save what you've been working on.
It will save on tape or disk, as if you've finished,
but the tape or disk won't work, of course, until
you finish the typing. Remember what address
you stop at. The next time you run MLX, answer
all the prompts as you did before, then insert the
disk or tape. When you get to the entry prompt,
press SHIFT-L to reload the partly completed file '
into memory. Then use the New Address com-
mand to resume typing.

To use the New Address command, press
SHIFT-N and enter the address where you pre-
viously stopped. The prompt will change, and
you can then continue typing. Always enter a
New Address that matches up with one of the
line numbers in the special listing, or else the
checksum won't work. The Display command
lets you display a section of your typing. After
you press SHIFT-D, enter two addresses within
the line number range of the listing. You can
abort the listing by pressing any key.

VtC MLX: Machine Language Entry

100 PRINT"[CLR}{PUR3";CHR$(142);CHR$(8);

:reni 181

101 POKE 788, 194: REM DISABLE RUN/STOP

;rem 174
110 PRINT" {RVS} {14 SPACES]" ; rem 117
120 PRINT" [RVS] {right] {0FF3g*l£tRVSj

{right] {RIGHT}{2 SPACES] i*I{0FF]E*3
£{rvs}£{RVS] " :rem 191

130 PRINT "TRVS] [right] EG3{ RIGHT]

{2 RIGHT] {0FFj£{RVS}fg*3{0FF]g*l
{RVS] " :rem 232

140 PRINT" [RVS] {14 SPACES]" : rem 120

200

210

220

225
230

240

250

260

300
310

320

390

400
410

415

417

420

430

440

450

455

457

460

470

480
490
500

510

515
520

530

540
550
560
570
580
581
585

590
600

610

620
630
640
650

PRINT" {2 DOWN} t PUR} {BLK}A FAILSAFE MA
CHINE": PRINT "LANGUAGE EDITOR {5 DOWN}"

:reni 141
PRINT"{BLK}[3 UP} STARTING ADDRESS ": IN
PUTS:F=1-F:C?=CHR$(31+119*F) : rem 97
IFS<256ORS>32767THENGOSUB3000:GOTO210

: rem 2
PRINT: PRINT: PRINT: PRINT : rem 123
PRINT"{BLK} {3 UP}ENDING ADDRESS" ;INPU
TE:F=1-F:C?=CHR$(31+119*F) : rem 158
IFE<256ORE>32767THENGOSUB3000:GOTO230

:rem 234
IFE<STHENPRINTC$; " [RVS} ENDING < START
f2 SPACES} " :GOSUB1000: GOTO 230: rem 176
PRINT: PRINT: PRINT ; rem 179

PRINT" {CLR}";CHRS (14) :AD=S : rem 56
PRINTRIGHT$( "0000"+MID5 ( STR$ (AD) , 2 ) ,5
);";"; :F0RJ=1T06 : rem 234

GOSUB570 : IFN=-1THENJ=J+N ; GOTO320

:rem 228
IFN=-211THEN 710 : rem 62

1PN=-204THEW 790 ; rem 64

IFN=-206THENPRINT: INPUT" [D0WN}ENTER N
EW ADDRESS ";ZZ : rem 44

IFN=-206THENIFZZ<SORZZ>ETHENPRINT"
{RVS}OUT OF RANGE ":GOSUB1000:GOTO410

:rem 225
IFN=-206THENAD=ZZ : PRINT : GOT031 0

:rem 238
IF No-196 THEN 480 : rem 133

PRINT :INPUT"DISPLAY: FROM" ;F: PRINT, "TO
"r :INPUTT :rem 2 34

IFF < SORF > EORT < SORT > ETHENP RI NT "AT LEAS
T";S; "(LEFT}, NOT MORE THAN" ; E:GOT043
0 :rem 159

F0RI=FT0TSTEP6 : PRINT : PRINTRIGHT? ( " 000
0"+MID5(STR$(I),2),5);":"; :rem 30
FORK=0TO5 :N=PEEK( I+K) : IFK=3THENPRINTS
PC (10); :rem 34

PRINTRIGHT? ( "00"+MID5 ( STR? (N) , 2) , 3 ) ; "
, "r srem 157

GETA$ :IFA$> " "THENPRINT: PRINT:GOTO310

:rem 25
NEXTK;PRINTCHR$( 20) ; : NEXTI : PRINT: PRIN
T:GOTO310 : rem 50

IFN<0 THEN PRINT:GOTO310 : rem 168
A(J)=N:NE}<:TJ :rem 199

CKSUM=AD-INT{AD/256 )*256 : F0RI=1T06 ;CK
SUM=(CKSUM+A(I) )AND255:NEXT : rem 200
PRINTCHR? ( 18 ) r : GOSUB570 : PRINTCHR? ( 20 )

:rem 234
IFN=CKSUMTHEN530 : rem 255

PRINT: PRINT "LINE ENTERED WRONG": PRINT
"RE-ENTER" : PRINT tGOSUB1000 : GOTO310

:rem 129
GOSUB2000 :rem 218

FORI =1T06 : POKEAD+ I -1 , A ( I) : NEXT : r em 80
AD=AD+6:IF AD<E THEN 310 : rem 212
GOTO 710 :rem 108

N=0:Z=0 :rem 88

PRINT"E+3",- :rem 79

GETAS:IFAS=""THEN581 :rem 95

PRINTCHR? (20); :A=ASC(A5) : IFA=130RA=44

ORA=32THEN670
IFA>128THENN=-A: RETURN
IFAO20 THEN 630
GOSUB690:IFI=1ANDT=44THENN=-
{ LEFT } { LEFT } " ; : GOTO690
GOTO570

IFA<4BORA>57THEN5a0
PRINTA$; :N=N*10+A-48

;rem 229
: rem 137
: rem 10
:PRINT"
: rem 172
:rem 109
: rem 105
:rem 106

IFN>255 THEN A=20 :GOSUB1000 :GOTO600

:rem 229
660 Z=Z+1 :IFZ<3THEN580 : rem 71

670 IFZ=0THENGOSUB1000:GOTO570 : rem 114
680 PRINT", "; :RETURN : rem 240

690 S%=PEEK{209)+256*PEEK(210)+PEEK(211 )

srem 149
692 FORI=lT03:T=PEEK(S%-I) : rem 68

695 IFT<>44ANDT<>58THENPOKES%-I,32 :NEXT

:rem 205
700 PRINTLEFT5("{3 LEFT} ", I-l );: RETURN

: rem 7
710 PRINT" {CLR} {RVS}*** SAVE ***(3 DOWN}"

;rem 236

720 INPUT" {DOWN} FILENAME ";F$ : rem 228

730 PRINT:PRINT"{2 DOWN} { RVS }t{ OFF} APE OR

ErVS}D[0FF}isK: (T/D) " i rem 228

740 GETA$ :IFA$<>"T"ANDA$<> "D"THEN740

;rem 36
750 DV=1-7*(A$="D") :IFDV=8THENF$="0: "+F?

:rem 158

760 T$=P$;ZK=PEEK(53)+256*PEEK{54)-LEN(T$

):POKE782,ZK/256 : rem 3

762 POKE781 , ZK-PEEK( 782 ) *256 : POKE780, LEN(
T5) :SYS65469 : rem 109

763 POKE7B0,1:POKE781,DV:POKE782,1:SYS6 54
^6 :rem 69

765 POKE254,S/256:POKE253,S-PEEK(254)*256
:POKE7B0,253 : rem 12

766 POKE782,E/2 56:POKE7ai,E-PEEK(782)*256
:SYS65496 : rem 124

770 IF(PEEK( 783)AND1)0R(ST AND191 )THEN780

: rem 111
775 PRINT" (doWN}DONE. ": END : rem 106

780 PRINT" {DOWN) ERROR ON SAVE. (2 SPACES }T
RY AGAIN. ":IFDV=1THEN720 : rem 171

781 OPEN15,8,15:INPUT#15,El$,E2S:PRINTE15
7E25:CLOSE15:GOTO720 : rem 103

782 GOTO720 :rem 115
790 PRINT" {CLR} {RVS}*** LOAD ***{2 DOIVN}"

:rem 212

800 INPUT" (2 DOWN} FILENAME" ;F? :rera 244

310 PRINT:PRINT" [2 DOWM} f RVS JT{ OFF } APE OR

{RVS}d[0FF}isK: (T/D) " ~ :rem 227

820 GETA9:IFA$<>"T"ANDA$<>"D"THEN820

: rem 34
830 DV=1-7*(A?="D") :IFDV=8THENF$="0:"+F?

:rem 157

840 T?=F$:ZK=PEEK(53)+256*PEEK(54)-LEN(T$
):POKE782,ZK/256 : rem 2

841 POKE78 1 , ZK-PEEK ( 78 2 ) * 2 56 : POKE780 , LEN (
T$):SYS65469 : rem 107

845 POKE780,1 :POKE781,DV:POKE782,l :SYS654

66 : rem 70

850 POKE780,0:SYS65493 : rem 11

860 IF(PEEK(783)ANDl)OR(ST AND191 )THEN870

; rem 111

865 PRINT" {DOWN}DONE. ":GOTO310 : rem 96

870 PRINT" {DOWN} ERROR ON LOAD . { 2 SPACES }T

RY AGAIN. {down} ":IFDV=1THEN800 ~

:rem 172

880 0PEN15,8,15:INPUT#15,E1$,E25;PRINTE1$

;E2?:CLOSE15:GOTO800 : rem 102

1000 REM BUZZER : rem 135

1001 POKE36878,15:POKE36874, 190 : rem 206

1002 FORW=1TO300:NEXTW ; rem 117

1003 POKE36878,0:POKE36874,0:RETURN :rem 74

2000 REM BELL SOUND : rem 78

2001 FORW=15TO0STEP--1 : POKE36878 , W: POKE368
76,240:NEXTW : rem 22

2002 POKE36876,0: RETURN : rem 119
3000 PRINTC$; " {RVS}N0T ZERO PAGE OR ROM":

GOTO1000 :rem 89

Apfil 1985 COMPUTE! 147

COMPUTEI's Guide
To Typing in Programs

Before typing in any program, you should famil-
iarize yourself with your computer. Learn how to
use the keyboard to type in and correct BASIC
programs. Read your manuals to understand how
to save and load BASIC programs to and from
your disk drive or cassette unit. Computers are
precise — take special care to type the program
exactly as listed, including any necessary
punctuation and symbols. To help you with this
task, we have implemented a special listing
convention as well as a program to help check
your typing — the "Automatic Proofreader."
Please read the following notes before typing in
any programs from COMPUTE!. They can save you
a lot of time and trouble.

Since programs can contain some hard-to-
read (and hard-to-type) special characters, we
have developed a listing system that spells out in
abbreviated form the function of these control
characters. You will find these special characters
within curly braces. For example, (CLEAR) or
{CLR} instructs you to insert the symbol which
clears the screen on the Atari or Commodore ma-
chines. A symbol by itself within curly braces is
usually a control key or graphics key. If you see
{A}, hold down the CONTROL key and press A.
Commodore machines have a special control key
labeled with the Commodore logo. Graphics
characters entered with the Commodore logo key
are enclosed in a new kind of special bracket. A
graphics character can be listed as [<A>]. In this
case, hold down the Commodore logo key as
you type A. Our Commodore listings are in
uppercase, so shifted symbols are underlined. A
graphics heart symbol (SHIFT-S) would be listed
as S. One exception is {SHlFT-SPACEj. Hold
down SHIFT and press the space bar.

If a number precedes a symbol, such as {5
RIGHT), (6 S), or {<8 Q>], you would enter five
cursor rights, six shifted S's, or eight Com-
modore-Q's. On the Atari, inverse characters
(printed in white on black) should be entered
with the Atari logo key. Since spacing is some-
times important, any more than two spaces will
be listed, for example, as: {6 SPACES). A space
is never left at the end of a line, but will be
moved to the next printed line as {SPACE}.
There are no special control characters found in
our IBM PC/PCjr, T1-99/4A, and Apple program
listings. For your convenience, we have prepared
this quick-reference key for the Commodore and
Atari special characters:

]AB COMPUTEI April 1985

Atari 400/800/XL

b#ien ytsu see

Type

S>o

tCLE«?>

ESC

SHIFT <

n

Clsar Scrseti

tUPJ

ESC

CTRL -

t

Cursor Up

{DDMN}

ESC

CTRL -

+

Cursor Down

CLEFT}

ESC

CTRL +

<-

Cursor Ltft

CRIQHT>

ESC

CTRL «

■*

Cursor Right

(BACK S}

ESC

DELETE

4

Backspace

tDELETEJ

ESC

CTRL DELETE

CI

Delete character

tINSERTJ

ESC

CTRL INSERT

U

Insert character

(DEL LINE}

ESC

SHIFT DELETE

□

Delete line

tlNS LINE}

ESC

SHIFT INSERT

□

Insert line

<TAB>

ESC

TAB

►

TAB key

CCLR TAB}

ESC

CTRL TAB

□

Clear tab

{SET TAB}

ESC

SHIFT TAB

□

Set tab stop

CBELL}

ESC

CTRL 2

a

Ring buzzer

CESC}

ESC

ESC

t

Escape key

Commodore PET/CBM/VIC/64

When You When You

Read: Press: See:

i clr) i shift i
Ehohe}

tUPl

[down]

M

♦ CRSRJ IG3

ILEFT) j 5H1FT ♦CRSr"^ I 1

(RIGHT) J^-CH-JR-^

iRVS)

lOFF)
IBLK]
(WHT)

[red)

(CYN)
iPURl

CTRL '

0

CTRL

1

CTRL

2

CTRt. j

3

CTRL

4

n

EM

k

tead:

Press:

GRN)

CTRL 6

BLU!

CTRL 7

YEL]

CTRL 8

Fl)

(I

F2!

11

F3)

(3

F4)

f4

F5]

f5

F6)

ft>

lF7)

f7

lF8)

f»

•«

«-]

1

SHIFT

♦

u

SO

The Automatic Proofreader

Also, we have developed a simple, yet effective
prog/am that can help check your typing. Type
in the appropriate Proofreader program for your
machine, then save it for future use. On the VIC,
64, or Atari, run the Proofreader to activate it,
then enter NEW to erase the BASIC loader (the
Proofreader will still be active, hidden in
memory, as a machine language program). Press-
ing RUN/STOP-RESTORE or SYSTEM RESET
deactivates the Proofreader. You can use SYS 886
to reactivate the VIC/64 Proofreader, or PRINT
USR(1536) to reenable the Atari Proofreader. The
IBM Proofreader is a BASIC program that lets
you enter, edit, list, save, and load programs that
you type. It simulates the IBM's BASIC line editor.

Using Ttie Automatic Proofreader

Once the Proofreader is active, try typing in a
line. As soon as you press RETURN, either a
number (on the Commodore) or a pair of letters

{Atari or IBM) appears. The number or pair of
letters is called a checksum. Try making a change
in the line, and notice how the checksum
changes.

All you need to do is compare the value pro-
vided by the Proofreader with the checksum
printed in the program listing in the magazine. In
Commodore listings, the checksum is a number
from 0 to 255. It is set off from the rest of the
line with rem. This prevents a syntax error if the
checksum is typed in, but the REM statements
and checksums need not be typed in. It is just
there for your information.

In Atari and IBM listings, the checksum is
given to the left of each line number. Just type in
the program, a line at a time (without the printed
checksum) and compare the checksum generated
by the Proofreader to the checksum in the listing.
If they match, go on to the next line. If not,
check your typing: You've made a mistake. On
the Commodore and Atari Proofreader, spaces
are not counted as part of the checksum, and no
check is made to see that you've typed in the
characters in the right order. If characters are
transposed, the checksum will still match the list-
ing. Because of the checksum method used, do
not use abbreviations, such as ? for PRINT. How-
ever, the Proofreader does catch the majority of
typing errors most people make. The IBM Proof-
reader is even pickier; it will detect errors in
spacing and transposition. Also, be sure you
leave Caps Lock on, except when you need to
enter lowercase characters.

Special Proofreader Notes For
Commodore Cassette Users

The Proofreader resides in the cassette buffer,
which is used during tape LOADs and SAVEs,
Be sure to press RUN/STOF-RESTORE before
you save or load a program, to get the Proof-
reader out of the way. If you want to use the
Proofreader with tape, run the Proofreader, then
enter these two lines exactly as shown, pressing
RETURN after each one:

A$="PROOFREADER.T":B$="{10 SPACES}"
:FORX = 1T04:A$= A$ +B$:NEXT

FORX =886X01018: A$ = A$ + CHR$(PEEK(X))
:NEXT:OPEN l,l,l,A$:CLOSEl

Then press RECORD and PLAY on a blank tape,
and a special version of the Proofreader will be
saved to tape. Anytime you need to reload the
Proofreader after it has been erased, just rewind
the tape, type 0PEN1:CL0SE1, then press PLAY.
When READY comes back, enter SYS 886.

IBM Proofreader Commands

Since the IBM Proofreader replaces the comput-
er's normal BASIC line editor, it has to include

many of the direct-mode IBM BASIC commands.
The syntax is identical to IBM BASIC. Com-
mands simulated are LIST, LLIST, NEW, FILES,
SAVE, and LOAD. When listing your program,
press any key (except Ctrl-Break) to stop the list-
ing. If you enter NEW, the Proofreader will
prompt you to press Y to be especially sure you
mean yes.

Two new commands are BASIC and
CHECKr BASIC exits the Proofreader back to
IBM BASIC, leaving the Proofreader in memory.
CHECK works just like LIST, but shows the
checksums along with the listing. After you have
typed in a program, save it to disk. Then exit the
Proofreader with the BASIC command, and load
the program into the normal BASIC environment
(this will replace the Proofreader in memory).
You can now run the program, but you may want
to resave it to disk. This will shorten it on disk
and make it load faster, but it can no longer be
edited with the Proofreader. If you want to con-
vert a program to Proofreader format, save it to
disk with SAVE "filename",A.

VIC/64 Proofreader

100 PRINT" {CLR} PLEASE WAIT . . . " :FORI=886TO10

18 : READA : CK=CK+A : POKE I , A : NEXT
110 IF CK017539 THEN PRINT" (DOWN J YOU MADE

[SPACE}AN ERROR" :PRINT"IN DATA STATEMEN

TS. ":END
120 SYS886:PRINT"{CLRj {2 DOWN} PROOFREADER A

CTIVATED. ":NEW
886 DATA 173,036,003,201,150,208
892 DATA 001,096,141,151,003,173
898 DATA 037,003,141,152,003,169
904 DATA 150,141,036,003,169,003
910 DATA 141,037,003,169,000,133
916 DATA 254,096,032,087,241,133
922 DATA 251,134,252,132,253,008
928 DATA 201,013,240,017,201,032
934 DATA 240,005,024,101,254,133
940 DATA 254,165,251,166,252,164
946 DATA 25 3,040,096,169,013,032
952 DATA 210,255,165,214,141,251
958 DATA 003,206,251,003,169,000
964 DATA 133,216,169,019,032,210
970 DATA 255,169,018,032,210,255
976 DATA 169,058,032,210,255,166
982 DATA 254,169,000,133,254,172
988 DATA 151,003,192,087,208,006
994 DATA 032,205,189,076,235,003
1000 DATA 032,205,221,169,032,032
1006 DATA 210,255,032,210,255,173
1012 DATA 251,003,133,214,076,173
1018 DATA 003

Atari Proofreader

100 GRAPHICS 0

110 FDR l = 153i TO 17£I0:READ A:POKE I

, A: CK=CK+A: NEXT I
120 IF CK<>1<?072 THEN ? "Error in DA

TA Statements. Check Typing, ":E

ND
130 A=USR(1536)
140 ? :? "Automatic Proofreader Now

Activated- "

April 1986 COMPUTE) M9

1561 E

1536

1542

1548

1554

1560

1566

1572

1578

1584

1590

1576

1602

160B

1614

1620

1626

1632

1638

1644

1650

1656

1662

166S

1674

1680

1686

1692

1698

ND

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

104. 160
201 , 69,
192, 34,
169, 74,

169. 6. 1
0, 187, 0

6.232. 2
169, 93,
6,141,7
4, 228, 1
6, 173, 5
141 , 96,
203, 96,
93, 6, 24
124, 241
0,0,0,0
246, 8, 2
20 1 , 32,
101 , 203
96, 72, 1
160, 0, 1
200, 192
203, 74,

105. 161
165
161
133

240
208
153
53,
, 22
24,
141
9,6

203
200
203

104, 40,

6, 1
247
4,
,76
,32
01 ,
240
, 13
52,
69,
, 40
74,
, 16
, 41
, 14
, 10
96

185, 26
, 7, 200
,243,9
,26,3,
26, 3, 1
8. 157,
16, 208

^ / 8 • t} a

,24, 17
1,141,
8, 105,
69,0, 1
38, 1
41 , lis
, 205, 2
,62
155, 24

-7 -7 •->

r ' J ■■ ^ 5
3, 203,
72, 138
128, 14
, 20S, 2
74,74,
0,3,14
. 15, 24

5, aa, 1

4. 170,

, 200

6, 2 00

200

62

74

, 245

169

95
0

33

25, 241
,241
8, 0

0,13
24

104, 40
M 72
5, 88
49, 165
24

5, B8
, 105
69.0
104. 168

IBM Proofreader

10 'AutcDmatic Proofreader Version 2,00 (L
ines 270,510,515,517,620,630 changed f
rom VI. 0)
100 DIM L*<500) ,LNUM< 500) -.COLOR 0,7,7:KEY

OFF:CLSsMAX=0:LNUM(0}=6S536l
110 ON ERROR GOTO 120: KEY 15,CHR$ (4) +CHR*

(70); ON KEY (15) GOSUB 640: KEY (15) ON

:GOTD 130
120 RESUME 130

130 DEF SEG=S<H40:W=PEEK(ScH4A)
140 ON ERROR GOTO 650: PRINT: PRINT"Proo-f re

ader Ready. "
150 LINE INPUT L*:Y=CSRLIN-INT(LEN<L*)/W)

-1: LOCATE Y, 1
160 DEF SEG=0:POKE 1050, 30: POKE 1052, 34: P

DKE 1054,0:POKE 1055.79iPOKE 1056,13:

POKE 1057, 28: LINE INPUT L«:DEF SE6: IF
L«="" THEN 150
170 IF LEFT«(L*,1>=" " THEN L*=MID« (L*, 2)

sGOTO 170
180 IF VAL<LEFT4(L*,2))=0 AND MID*<L*,3,1

)=■■ " THEN L«=MID*<L«,4)
190 LNUM=VALCL«) : TeXT'$=MID«<L*,LEN<STR« (L

NUM) )+l)
200 IF ASC(L«)>57 THEN 260 'no line numbe

r, therefore command
210 IF TEXT«="" THEN GOSUB 540: IF LNUM=LN

UM<P) THEN GOSUB 560: GOTO 150 ELSE 15

0
220 CKSUM=0;FOR 1=1 TO LEN (L*) : CKSUH= (CKS

UM+ASC<MID«(L«, I) ) *n AND 255: NEXT; LO

GATE Y, 1:PRINT CHR* (65+CKSUM/16) +CHR*

<65+<CKSUM AND 15))+" ■'+L«
230 GOSUB 540: IF LNUM(P>=LNUM THEN L*(P)=

TEXT*: GOTO 150 'replace line
240 GOSUB 580: GOTO 150 'insert the line
260 TEXT*="":FOR 1=1 TO LEN (L*) : A=ASC<MID

«(L*, I) ) :TEXT*=TEXT*+CHR*CA+32*<A>9&

AND A<123) ) ;NEXT

270 DELIMITER=INSTR(TEXT«, " " ) : COMMAND*=T

EXTt:ARG*=""; IF DELIMITER THEN COMMAN

D*=LEFT«(TEXT«,DELIMITER-1) ;ARG*=MID«

<TEXT*,DELIMITER+1) ELSE DELIMITER=IN

STR(TEXT«,CHR«<34)) :IF DELIMITER THEN
COMMAND*=LEFT« ( TE X Tt , DEL I M I TER- 1 ) : AR

G«=MID« (TEXT*, DELIMITER)
280 IF COMMAND«<;>"LIST" THEN 410
290 OPEN "scrn;" FDR OUTPUT AS #1
300 IF ARG*="" THEN FIRST=0;P=«AX-1 : GOTO

340
310 DELIMITER=INSTR(ARG*, "-") :IF DELIMITE

R=0 THEN LNUM=VAL(ARG*) : GOSUB 540: FIR

ST=P;60T0 340
320 F I RST=VAL ( LEFT* < ARG* , DEL I M I TER > ) ; LAST

=VALCMID*(ARG*,DELIMITER+1) )
330 LNUM=FIRST:GOSUB 540;FIRST=P:LNUH=LAS

T; GOSUB 540: IF P=0 THEN P=MAX-1
340 FOR X=FIRST TO P: N*=MID* <STR* (LNUM ( X >

),2)+" "
350 IF CKFLA6=0 THEN A«="":eOTO 370
360 CKSUM=0:A«=N«+L*(X) :FOR 1=1 TO LENCA*

) ; CKSUM= ( CKSUM+ ASC ( M I D* ( A* , I ) ) « I ) AND
255: NEXT: A*=CHR* (65+CKSUM/ 16) +CHR* (6

5+<CKSUM AND 15))+" "
370 PRINT «1,A*+N*+L«(X)
380 IF INKEY«<>"" THEN X=P
390 NEXT : CLOSE #1;CKFLAG=0
400 GOTO 130
410 IF COMMAND«="LLtST" THEN OPEN "Iptl:"

FOR OUTPUT AS #1:G0T0 300
420 IF C0MMAND*=" CHECK" THEN CKFLAG=1:GGT

0 290

430 IF Ca«MAND*<>"SAVE" THEN 450

440 GOSUB 600: OPEN ARG* FDR OUTPUT AS #1:

ARG*="";GOTO 300
450 IF CDMMAND*<>"LDAD" THEN 490
460 GOSUB 600; OPEN ARG* FOR INPUT AS #1:M

AX=0:P=0
470 WHILE NOT E0F<1):LINE INPUT *tl,L«:LNU

M (P) =VAL <L*> ; L» (P) =MID* <L*, LEN (STR* < V

AL<L*) > )+l ) :P=P+1:WEND
480 MAX=P: CLOSE 4(1: GOTO 130
490 IF COMMAND*="NEW" THEN INPUT "Erase p

rogram - Are you sure";L«:IF LEFT«(L*

,l)="y" OR LEFT*<L*,1)="Y" THEN MAX=0

1 GOTO 130: ELSE 130

500 IF COMMAND*= "BASIC" THEN COLOR 7,0,0:

ON ERROR GOTO 0:CLS:END
510 IF COMMAND*<>" FILES" THEN 520
515 IF ARG*="" THEN ARG*="A; " ELSE SEL=1;

GOSUB 600
517 FILES ARG*: GOTO 130
520 PRINT"Synta>; error" :GOTO 130
540 P=0: WHILE LNUM>LNUM(P) AND P<MAXsP=P+

1: WEND: RETURN
560 MAX=MAX-1:F0R X=P TO MAX: LNUM (X )=LNUM

< X-:- 1 ) : L* ( X > =L* ( X + 1 ) ; NEXT : RETURN
580 MAX=MAX+1:F0R X=MAX TO P+1 STEP -1:LN

UM(X)=LNUM(X-1):L*(X>=L*(X-1):NEXT:L*

( P > =TE X T« : LNUM < P ) =LNUM : RETURN
600 IF LEFT*{ARG*, 1)<>CHR*(34) THEN 520 E

LSE AR6*=MID*(ARe*,2)
610 IF R1GHT*(ARG*, 1)=CHR*<34) THEN ARG*=

LEFT* ( ARG* , LEN < ARG* ) - 1 )
620 IF SEL=0 AND INSTR <ARG*, " . " ) =0 THEN A

RG*=ARG*+".BAS"
630 SEL=0: RETURN
640 CLOSE «l:CKFLAG=0:PRINT"Stopped. ":RET

URN 150
650 PRINT "Error «"; ERR: RESUME 150

150 COMPUTE! Apfill985

AATARI^ ofo"'»'«'^s/^'<^ COMMODORE

^ ■ ^ *m I *»■% ■ 630 Leiter Oual S1559 Pfowrller S3D9 INTERFACES DISK DRIVES

600XL CALL

800XL CALL

S JM4 Atari, Inc., All rights reserved.

INTERFACES

Axiom B46 . . , Call

Ape Face Call

Atari 850 (In Slockl . . J169

Interlast 1 $150

Mlcrobils1150 Call

R-Verter Call

DIRECT PRINTERS

Axiom AT-100 J195

Atari 1027 $269

Axiom 550 AT $259

Axiom 700 AT $469

Atari 1025 Call

DIRECT MODEMS

Microbits 1000C SI09

DISK DRIVES

Rana 100C , S239

Asira 2001 . . 5549

Indus GT S29B

TrakAT.D2 $329

TrahAT-1 $319

TrakAT-D4 CatI

Astra 1620 1 Duall ...$499

Percom Call

Atari 1050 1249

MEMORIES

Microbits 64K (XL! , . S115
Mosaic 46K (4001 .... $98
Mosaic 64k (400/800) Call

Mosaic a2K $6a

Atari 64K(600XL) Call

OTHER ATARI

400 Keyboard Call ATR-8000 (64K| $489

Koala Pad $67 ATR-SOOO (16K) S3S9

Ctialkboard Pad $75 Alien Voice Box $98

Bi[-380 Column $228 1010 Recorder .555

ATARI SOFTWARE

DIABLO

630 Letter Oual
SILVER REED

EXP 400 Ur Oual S28a

EXP 50C Ltr Oual $355

EXP 550 Ltr Oual $419
EXP 770 Ur Dual . sa^
STAR

Gemini 10X $239

Gemini 15X $355

Delia 10 $339

Delta 15 $449

Radix 10 $498

Radix IS $5ea

Power Type S319

TOSHIBA

1340 S739

1351 S1249

NEC

3510 $1215

3530 $12!5

3550 $1498

7710/7730 S164S

CITOH

Prowriter $3D9

Prowriierll $498

Starwfiler $909

Printmaster $1189

OKI DATA

82A $298

84P $669

92 , . . - $368

93 $579

OAISYWRITER

2000

MANNESMANN

160L

Spirit

JUKI

6100 $389

630Q Call

$965

$559
$267

PANASONIC

t090

1091

1092

$228
$286
$439

MISCELLANEOUS

Syn Calc (D) $4B

Syn File (0) $4a

Syn Trend (0) $48

Syn Com (D| S29

Syn Chron (D) $29

Decattilon (R) $29

Drols (D) $23

Gyruss (R) S31

Heisl (D) $23

Bruce Lee |C/D) $27

Universe (D) Call

Quesiron (DJ $34

Koala Coloring I , . $20
Koala L090 Design . , $27
Bumble Games (D) $27
Miles Accounting . . Call
World Gist. Baseball - $23
Gridrunner (R) $20

Sargon II (C/D| $23

Milliorjaire (D| $34

Castle Wolfen5tein(D) $20
Odesta Chess (0) .... $46
Financial Wizard(D| . . $41
Ultima 111(D) $39

ADVENTURE INTL

Ultra Disassembler(D) $33

Dis)(ey(D) $33

Adv- 1-12 (each) (C) ... $18
Saoa 1-12 (each) (D) .. $27
ATARI

Atari Writer (R) $68

Paint (D) $30

Microsoft Basicll(R) .$64

Visicatc(D) $139

HomeFiteMgr(Dl ... $36
Assembler Editor (R) . $44

Qix (R) - $32

Dig DuglR) $32

Atari Logo (R( $72

Ms Pac Man (R) $33

Joust |R) S33

Donkey Kong Jr. (R) $35
Computer Chess (R) $24
AVALON HILL
Tefengard . (C)$16(D)$19
Close Assault (C) 20(D) 23

TAC(D) $27

BRODERBUND

Arcade Machine (D) ..$39

Bank St. Writer {01 ... $43

Oper. Whirlwind (D) .. $27

ChoDlifter . (D)$23(R1$29

CBS SOFTWARE ... Call

CONTINENTAL

Home Accountant (D) $44

Tax AdvanlagB(D) ...$45

COUNTERPOINT SW Call

DATASOFT

Pooyan (C/D) $20

Teletalk(O) $33

Graptiic Master (D) . . . $23

MiGropainl6r(0) $23

Zaxxon(C;DJ $27

EASTERN HOUSE
Monkey Wrencti II ... $51
EDUCATIONAL SW

Tricky 1,2.3 or 4 $15

Tricky 5-13 $22

EPYX

Dragon Riders (C(D) . . $27

Temple APS (C(D| $27

JtjmpmanlCJO) - $27

FIRST STAR

Boulder Osh (CD) 20 (R| 27

Bristles (C/D) $20

Flip Flop (C/D) $20

GAMESTAR

Football (C(D| $21

Baseball (C/D) $21

INFOCOM

ZorkI, llorllKD) $27

Deadline(D) $34

StarcrQss(D) $27

Suspended (D) $34

Witness (D) $34

Planetfall(Dl $34

Enchanter (D) $34

Infidel (D) $34

KRELLSAT Calt

INTELL. STATEMENTS

Prof. Blacklack(D) ... $46

LJK

Letter Perfect (D) .... $58

Data Perfect (D) $74

Spell Perfect (D) $56

Letter Perfect (R) $74

MICROPROSE

Solo Flight (D) $23

Hellcat Ace (CD) $20

MONARCH

ABC Compiler (D) $55

OPTIMIZED SYSTEMS

Action (R) , . $65

Basic XL(R) $65

Mac 65(0) $58

0-65(0} $58

Bug 65 (D) $23

PARKER BROS

Astrochase(R) $33

Death Star(R) , , $33

QBart(R) S33

Popeye(R) $33

QUALITY SW

Return of H e rcu les { D) $22

AliBat)a(D) $22

RESTON

Moviemaker (0) $45

SCARBOROUGH SYS.

Mastertype(D(R| $25

Songwriter (0) 52!)

SCHOOL WIZWAHE Call
SIERRA ON-LINE
Homeword (D) ,,,..., $46

Ultima II (D| $39

Dark Crystal (D) $26

WIz. & Princess (0) . . $22

SPINNAKER

Snooper Troop 1.2 (Dl $30

Most Amazing (D| ... $27

Kids on Keys (01 $20

Trains(D) $27

Delta Drawing (R) $27

Aerot)ic5(Dl $34

STRATEGIC SIM.

Broadsides (D) $27

Carrier Force (D) S39

Combat Leader (0) ... $27

Rails West (D| $27

Epidemic (D) S23

Eagles (D) $27

Cosmic Bal lor 11(0) , . $27

SUBLOGIC

Flight Simulator II (01 . $3fi

Pirball(aD) $20

SYNAPSE

File ManagerlR) $54

Fort Apocalypse (CfD) $23
Dimension X (C/D) ... $23

Blue Max (C/D| $23

Encounter [0/Rl . . , $23

Zepplin(QO) $23

Pharoah's Curse (CD) $23
TRONIX

S.A.M. (D| $39

P.M. Animator (D| ... $29

Juice(C/DI $20

Chatlerbee(D) . ... $27

AMDEK

V300 G

V300 A

V310 G (IBM)

V310 A (IBM)

Color It

Color U +

Color III

Color IV (IBM)

PRINCETON GRAPHICS

MAX 12 (Amber)

HX 12 (RGB)

SR 12 (RGB)

SUPER 5

lOOA (Amber)

SOOG (IBM with till)

600A (IBM with tilt)

MONITORS

SAKATA

$119 SCI 00 (Colorl $239

$139 lOOOG (Green) $99

$155 TAXAN

$159 100 Green

$269 105 Amber

$399 210 HGB/Composile

S349 400 RGB MedRes

$699 415 RGB Hi-Res

420 RGB Hi-Res,(IBM)$449

S17B NEC

$449 JB1260(Grn)

$595 JB 1201 (Grn)

JB 1205 (Amber)

$99 ZENITH

$126 Green $85

$126 Amber , $95

$115
$125
S2S9
$296
$429

$99
$145
$145

MODEMS

NOVATION

JCat $99

Apple Cat II $259

D-Cat $149

HAYES

Smarlmodem . ,
Smarlmodem 1200
Micromodemll
Micromodem IJe .
PROMETHIUS
Promodem 1200

$199
$469
$259
$225

COSMIC
COMPUTERS

727 BREA CANYON RD., SUITE 16
5 WALNUT, CA 91789

i (800) 626-7642

£ PLEASE FOR ORDERS ONLY
S SORRY, NO COD'S

c;uF.(714) 594-5204

FOR TECHNICAL INFO, ORDER INQUIRIES,

AO(J 52,50 sfiiDDing ofif SOllware order in cgnlmeniai U S AOd Si OQ
snipping per sol!ware order lor AJ< Hi FPD APO Add JIO 00 oM5*/j
iwfKCfiever IS greateri per solfware order for non. j s Call lor co^t ol
la'Oware sriiaping Calif resioenis add ev;'-^ sales tax Casriiers
cnecks or mongy offlers triied witnm ?4 nou's tor ilems m $!«*(
Pe'sonai cfiecKs 'cauJi'e -i weeks lodea' MasierCarp ana Visi OK lor
SDtlwareoniy witnincornlmenlatj S aofl J*': surcnarge inciudecard
no hpiratton Qate ard signature Due too^r oa jinces all sales are
final All detective Tetums musl nave a ^etiiin auThan^tion numoer
Please can ip optain one Detore relurning goMS W repiacern&n! cr
repair Pnc« & avaisaDii'iy suDtecT to t-a^^e

INTERFACES

Ttre Connection $85

Bus Card $13a

CardcoG-i- - .:$e5

CardcoB Call

MSD(IEEE) $98

Cardco 5 Slot $48

Grappter C D $109

DIRECT MODEMS

Hesmodem $53

1650 Automodem . $99

1600 Modem Call

WestriCqe Moflem Call

80 COLUMN BDS

Batteries 80 Col ... $138
VicJeo Pakeo -. $129

DISK DRIVES

MSD(170K) $309

MSD{Oual|(170Kx2) . $498

Indus GT Call

Laser ( 1 70K) $325

Commodore 1541 . . . $239

RECORDERS

Cardco Recorder , $48

1530 Commodore Call

Cassette Interlace $29

Ptionemark Hec $37

DIRECT PRINTERS

MPS 801 $219

Commodore 1526 . , $288

Cardco LO/I $498

1520 Color Printer . . . $129

64

SOFTWARE

64

MISCELLANEOUS

MAE Assembler (D) . . $47
VIP Terminal (D) $38

Star Wars (R| S33

Super Base 64 (D) . . S68
Doodle City (D) S27

Summer Games (D) $27
Pitlall II (D) $Z5

Decattilon (D) $25

50 Mission Crustl (D) $27

IFR (C/D) $20

Master Composer (0) . $27
Donkey Kong (R) , . . . S29

Bruce Lee (D) S23

Pro Football Stat. (D) . $56
Seastatker (D) $27

Koala Coloring I . $20
Koala Logo Design , $27
Rockys Boots (0) . , $33
Bumble Games (D) . $27
Beyond Wollenstein . $23
Peachtree Account Call
Odesta Ctiess(O) — $46

Ultima lll(D) $39

Prol. Blackjack (D) ... $46

Homeword (D) $46

Pers. Accountant (D) .$23

KaraleOevils(D( $27

Final Fligtil(Dl $22

Diskev(D) $33

Barrens Sat (D) $59

Millionaire(D) . $39

Sargon II (D) $23

B-Graph(D| $59

Castle Wollenstein (D) $20
ACCESS SOFTWAflE

Beached (D) $24

Neutral Zone(C(D) . . $24
Spritemaster(D) ... - $25
AVALON HILL

NukeWaf(C) $12

Androm. Conquest (Q $14
Midway Campaign (CI $13
Computer Football (C) $13
Telergard . (C)$16(D)S19

Flying Ace(C) $15

Moon Patrol (C) $17

BAHERIES INCLUDED

Paper CtipID) $59

Consultant (D) $64

Paper Clip w/SpelUO) $?9

Spell Pack (D) $34

OrganiierSeries(Ea) . $22
BLUE SKY

CalG Result Adv. $99

Calc Result Easy $57

BROOERBUND

Bank St. Writer (D) . . $43

Operal. Whrlwnd(D) .. $27

CnoplHter(R) $27

Lode Runner . (D)23(R)27
CBS SOFTWARE
Success with Math(D) $17
Wbstr Word Game (D) $20
COMMODORE
Simons Basic (R) $29

Magic Desk (R) $48

Logo (D) . $50

Assembler 64 (Dl S36

Easy Script 64 (D) . $52
CONTINENTAL S.W.
Home Accountant (D) $44
Tax Advantage (D) - . . $45

FCM (O) $34

COUNTER POINT SW
Early Games (Ea| ... $20
CREATIVE SOFTWARE

MoQndust(B) $23

Save New york(R) ... $23

Pipes(Ft) $23

Househid Fi nance (C) $20
DATASOFT

Pooyan (OD) $20

Moon Shuttle (D) $20

ENTECH

Studto64(C/D) $28

Database 64(D) $45

EPYX

Temple of APS (C(D) .. $27

Jumpman(C/0> $27

Dragonriders(C(D) ... $27
Gateway to APS (R) .. $27

FUTURE HOUSE

Comp- Pers. Account. $56
HES

Omniwriter(Dl $45

Hesmon (D) $27

64Forth(FI| $39

MultlplanlO) $65

TurtleGraphics(R) ... $39
INFOCOM

Planet Fall ID) $34

Enchanter (D) $34

Infidel (Dl S34

JINSAM

MtniJini(R) $75

MiCnOSORWARE INTL
Practicalc64 . (C) 34(D) 36
Spreadsheet . (C)49(D|52

Practifile 64(D) $36

MIRAGE CONCEPTS

Data Base (D| $6B

WordProcessor(D) . . $68
MICROSPEC

Database (D) $44

Mailing List (D) $32

Checkbook Mgr(D) . . . $47

G/L(D) $44

WP(0) $47

A/R{D} $47

PARKER BROS

0-Bert(R| $33

Popeye(R) $33

Frog9er(R) $33

PROFESSIONAL SW
WordPro W(Spell(D| . . $68

SpeilrighKD) $45

QUIKTEX

Quick Br. Fox (R) $49

RAINBOW

File Assistant (D| $46

Writers Assistant (D) . $46
Spreadstil Assist, (D) . $56
SCARBOROUGH

Mastertype(D;R) $27

SongWriler(Dl $27

SOFTSMITH

Touch Typing (C/0) ... $21
SOUTHERN SOLUTIONS
Businessman (D) .,..$48

BillPayer(D) $48

BillCollector(D} $48

PaymaslertD) $48

SPINNAKER

Snooper 1 or 2(0) .... $27

Aerobics ID) $34

Kids on Keys (0) $20

Most Amazing (D) .... $27

Kindercomp(O) $20

Alphabet Zoo (D) 20

Trains(D) $27

Delta Drawin9(R) ... $27

SUBLOGIC

Flight Simulator 11(D) . $36

Pinball(CiD) $22

SYNAPSE

Ft.Apocalypse(DDl . $23
Necromancer(C/D) , . , $23

Zaiixon |D| $23

Blue Max (D| $23

Pharo3li'sCurse(C/D) $23

SSI

Combat Leader(C;D| .$27

Computer Baseball (D) $27

Eagles (D) $27

Ringside Seal (Dl ... $27
Tigers In Snow (C(D) ., $27
eat1leNormaridy(C/D) $27
TIMEWORKS

Dungeons ol Alg. (C/D) $17
Robbers Losl (C/D) ... $17
Money Mgr. (C/D) . , . $17

Wall SIreet (C/D) $17

Data Manager (C/D) ..$17

Elec. Checkbook (C/0) $17

TOTL

Toll Text , (C)$32(D)$34

Label (C)$15(D)$t7

Time Mgr . 1C)$24(D)$27
RsrcllAssl. |C)$24(D)$27
TRONIX

S.A.M.(D1 $39

Juice(D) $23

Chatterbee(D) $27

Li;co Computer Marketing & Consultants
TOLL FREE 800-233-8760

COMMODORE

Scarborough

Songwriter $2

Picturewrit $2

PhiBetaF $3

Mastertype $2

Run f Money S3

NetWonh S5

Microprose

SoloFlight $2

NATO $2

Spitfire $2

F-tSSIrike S2

Air Rescue $2

SSI

Baseball $2

Questron $2

Germany 1985 S3

50 Missions $2

Spinnaker

Alphabet SI

Slory Machine SI

Kids on Keys $1

Grandma ..SI

Snooper Troop S2

Brocferbund

BankSI. Writer $4

Bank St. Filef SA

Bank St. Mailer SI

Bank St. Spell Si

Mask of Sun $2

Print shop 3:

Lode Runner $2

Graphics Tablet

800XL COMPUTER . .

1050 DRIVE

1010 RECORDER-.-.

1020 PRINTER

1025 PRINTER

1027 PRINTER

1030 MODEM

MONKEY WRENCH II.
HOME ACCOUNT D..
TAX ADVANTAGE

... CALL

... CALL
. . $55.00
. . $59.00
$169.00
$249.00
$59.00
$52.75
. . $44-75
.$35.75

Supersketch .

Kolala

SUB LOGIC

Flight Simulator II C-64 ....32.75
FlightSimulatorllAlari ...32.75
FligbtSimulalor II Apple . . . 32.75

Trillium

Shadowkeep $26.75

Fahrenheit 451 $26.75

Amazon $26.75

Synapse

Synlile $48.95

Syncalc $46.95

Syncomm $29.95

SynUend $48.95

Graphics Tablet

Supersketch $32.95

Kolata $69.95

THE ILLUSTRATOR . $99 95
SPIDER EATER. $22 50

SPEEICOPTER $27 75

BUSINESS

LETTER PERFECT R 59 00
DATA PERFECT . $89 75

FILE MANAGER $69 75

HOME FILE MGR $69.75

DEADLINE $34.75

ENCHANTER $34.75

INFIDEL $34.75

PLANETFALL $34. 75

STAR CROSS $34 75

SUSPENDED..... $34.75

WITNESS $34.75

ZORKI $26.75

ZORKII $26.75

Scarborough

Songwriter $24.75

Net Worth $49.95

Masterlype $24.75

Runf Money $24.76

Microprose

Solo Flight $22.75

NATO $2275

SpiHire $19.95

F-1S Strike $22.75

AirRescue $22,75

SSI

Baseball $22.75

Questron $26.75

50 Missions $21.75

Spinnaker

Alphabet

Story Machine .
Kids on Keys . .

Grandma

Snooper Troop

Broderbund

Bank St. Writer

Spellmaker

Mask ol Sun ...

Choplilter

Lode Runner . . .

COMMODORE

C64 COMPUTER CALL

SX 64 COMPUTER CALL

C1541 DISK DRIVE . . $239.00

CI 526 PRINTER $269.00

MPS801 PRINTER ,...$21500

CI 702 MONITOR $249,00

C64 IDS LOGO 64 $45.00

064106 PILOT 64 $35,00

SIMONS BASIC $29.00

SSI

Baseball $22.75

Germany 1 984 $32.75

50 Missions $21 .75

PERSONAL
PERIPHEIALS

Super Sketch-Atari 32.95

Super Sketch-C-54 37.95

Super Sketch-TI99/4A . . . 37.95

Super Sketch-Apple 52.95

Super Skelch-IBM PC . . . 52.95

Timeworks

Inventory $32.75

Sales-..: $32.75

Accts. Rec $32.75

Accts, Rec $32.75

G. Ledger $39.75

DataMgr $14.75

Checkbook $14.75

Star Bailie $14,75

Cave ol Word $ 1 8.75

CARDCO

C/01 Write Now 29.95

C/02 Write Now -64 ... 39.95
D/01 Mail Now -64 .... 29.00
D/04 Spell Now ■ 64 . . . . 29.00

D/02 Utility Desh 19.95

CSD-1 DiskDrlvefnewl . . . CALL

MOD-1 Modern (newl ... CALL
D/03 Tax Payer (new| ... 27 95
D/07CalcNow/64(new)... 27.95
D/08 SU per Pri nter Utility .....
D/U8 Super Phnter

Utility 27.95

CK/1 Numeric Key Pao. . 34,95
DC/1 Data Cassette .... 39.95
CB/5 5 Slot

Board C-64 54.00

CR/1 Light Pen 29.75

CE/1 Cassette Interface. . , 29.75
CB/3 3 Slot

Board Vic-20 .....24.95

CB/6 6 Slot

Board Vic-20 65.00

Scarborough

Songwriter $24.75

PhiBetaF S29.95

Masterlype $24.75

Run t Money $24.75

NetWonh S49.95

Batteries Included

Paperclip $59.95

Spell Pak J3495

Consultant $64.95

Paper Clip with

Spell Pak j7g 95

Home Pak J34 gg

BUS CARD tnofm

■ $79.95

■ $34.95
$139.95
$109.95

*■ IMONITORS

TAXAN

210 Color RGB

.. 255

100 Green

.. 115

105 Amber

..125

400 Color RGB

.. 295

410 Color RGB

.. 349

420 Color IBM

. . 449

121 Green IBM . ,

.. 145

122AmberlBM

.. 149

ZENtTH

ZVM 122A Aml)ar

.. 86

ZVM 1236 Green.

.. 82

ZVM 124 Amber- IBM ..

.129

ZVM 131 Cotot

.. 275

ZVM 133 RGB

-, 389

ZVM 1 35 Composite ...

. 449

ZVM 136 Hi Res Color .

.- 589

GORILLA

1? Green ^

B3fir

. S 88,00

AMDEK

300 Green

300 Amber

310Amber-IBM ..,,..

Color 300-Audio

Color 500-Compasite . .

Color 600

Color 70O

Colnr 710

NEC

JB 1 260 Green

JB1201 Green

JB 1205 Amber

JC 1215 Color

JC1216RGe

JC 460 Color

SAKATA

SC-100 Color

STSI Tinstand

SO 1000 Green

SA lOOQ Amber

MODEMS

MICROBITS

NOVATION

J Cat

Cat

Smart Cat 103/

$89 00
SI 29 00
SI69 00

Smart Cat 103/212 $38900

AutoCat
212 Auto Cat
Apple Cat II
212 Apple Cal
0pleCat212
(Upgrade!
Smart Cat Plus

$209 00
S 539 00
S239 00
S439 00
S249 00

Hayes

Smartmodem 300 S199.00

Smarlmodem 1200 $469,00

Smartmodem 1 200b $399.00

MicromocJem lie. S249.00

Micromodem 100 $289.00

Chroiogiaph $179.00

ANCHOR

Volksmodem $55 99

Marl! VII S95 99

(auto ans/dial)
Mark VII S259 00

( 1 200 bandl

TELELEARNING

CM-250Commodore64 . . . CALL

AP-250 Apple CALL

113-250 IBM CALL

80 Column Board — $109.95

Microprose

Solo Flight $22.75

NATO $22.75

Spitfire $19.95

F-15Strike $22.75

Air Rescue $22.75

ADVENTURE

Diskey 32.95

Ultra Disassembler 32.95

HES

HES Games 84 22.95

Omni Writer/Spell 34.95

HESMon64 23.95

Microsoft Multipian 55.00

Type N Write 19.95

Turtle Graphics II 23.95

Cell Defense 22.95

Paint Brush 12.95

Tri Malh .; 22.95

Graphics Basic 27.95

HES Kit 29.95

Millionaire 23.95

64 Forth 24.95

HES Writer 64 24.95

Westridge C-64 ...Call

Total

Telecommunications

C-64 Call

MiteyMoC-64 ... Call

AMERICA'S MAILORDER HEADQUARTERS

LYCO COMPUTER

WORLD'S LEADER IN SALES & SERVICE

TO ORDER ,
CALL TOLL FREE

800-233-8760

in PA1 717-327-1824

Lyco Computer

P.O. Box 5088

Jersey Sliore, PA 17740

^^ 0^0r

Li;co Computer Marketing & Consultants

"PEOPLE WHO KNOW WHAT THEY WANT AND KNOW HOW TO USE IT RECEIVE THE LOWEST PRICES AT LYCO'

SAVE ^^ PRINTERS

GEMINI 10X

$229 •

MANNESMANN
TALLY

SPIRIT ao

MTL-160L
MTL-ieOL

.S255.00
S649.00
S739.00

JUKI

Juki 6 100.
Tractor KM

Epson

RXSO

S229

RX80FT

S269

RX10Q

S369

Fxeo

S369

FXtOO

S555

JX80

S1089

Cttoh

ProwriterSS 1 OA

6510BC2

8510BP1

8510SP ^

8510SR ...:W.

8510SCP

esioscR

1550P

1550BCD

A10-Z0P

F1040PUorRDU-.,.
F1055PUorRUD ..--

BLUE CHIPS

5339 M12010

■ •,,„ M12010C-64

1^°^ OKI DATA

■'^'^ OklmatetO CALL

LO1500P(includeskit), . . S1 149
LQ1 500S(includes kit). . . . S529

I cf^cMn uorona

DIGITAL 880 S22900 LP300 Laser Primer.... 2

KP-...A.-.-. ^°° 5229.00 200361 Toner Cartridge...

DEVICES 1000 ..S279

16Kprintefbufler 99.7S 1200 CALL Nct,

32K printer buHer 119.75 1500 CALL NEC 8025 S

64K printer bufler 169.95 1081 CALL NEC 8027 S

NOW STOCKING CITIZEN & OLIVETTIC PRINTERS

ipe CARDCO

' *^^ LQ1 Printer 379.00

^^''^ LQ3 Printer 299.00

■•■■ *^^^ C/?6 C-64 Graphics .... 65.75

•■ 51389 C/7BC-64 39.75

f^ C/?AT Atari 55.00

CALL Smith Corona

. 299,00 Faslexiao 189.00

. . . . S549 D1 00 21 9.00

S649 D200 399.00

S3S9 D300..; 519.00

S569 LI 000 339.00

_ Corona

IJ LP300 Laser Printer .... 2699.

$229.00 200361 Toner Cartridge ... 89,

■:.:^ NEC

.... CALL NEC 8025 S699

...-CALL NEC 8027 S359

STAR
MICRONICS

Gemtn) lOx. . .
Geminp 15)(,-. ,
Delta 10 . ..
Delia 15

RadiK 10

Radu 15 ..
Powertype .
Sweet P 100 .

PANASONIC

PANASONIC
1090 $219

OVER 2000 SOFTWARE TITLES IN STOCK

COMPUTER
CARE

PRINTING
PAPER

DISKETTES

IBM-PC

COMPATABLE

BIB

DISK DRIVE

CLEANER., i...S12,75

COMPUTER CARE KIT S 1 9. 75

NORTRONICS

DISK DRIVE

CLEANER

with software for

IBM-PC, Atari, Vic,

DISK ORtVE CLEANER with
software (or IBM-PC. Atari, Vic.
Apple. Tl $29 75

DISK CLEANER

REFILL S14 7S

CASSDRIVECLEANER S9 95
MEDIABULKERASER S46 75

NEC

PCesOl Portable S429

NECB1 64K Computer

System SI 049

NeCB2 128 K Computer

Syslem .$1?99

PC82 2 1 Thermal Printer . $ 139
PCe2018KRAMCtlip S 99
PC820632KRAMCart i 299
PC300 Modem - S 65

PCSeoi MSDOS

1 6 Bit Card S 339

3000 SHEETS

FANFOLD -- S42 7S
1000 SHEETS

FANFOLD SI 9 75

1000SHEETLETTER 521,95

200 SHEETS LETTEH $8.99

ISO RAG STATIONARY $1099
MAILING LABELS dm.),, $9.9S
14 X 11 lOOO

FANFOLD $24 75

INNOVATIVE
CONCEPTS

FLIP-NFILE 10 $3 75

FLIP-N-FILE 15 $895

FLIP-N-FILE 25 $18 95

FLIP-N-FILE 50 SI 7 75
FLIPNFILE

(ROM HOLDER) $17 ?5

DRIVES

MSD

SD! DRIVE ,
SO? DRIVE .

. S2S9,00
.5475,00

INDUS
GT Atari .... 269

GT Atari 269

GT Commodore CALL

GT Apple w/controller .... 219
GT Apple 169

SKC-5SSD SI 2,99

SKC-SSDD 315,99

SKC-DSDO S18,99

ELEPHANT

(Box lOt

S'.'SSSD S14.99

5'-"SSDD S16.99'

S'.-DSDD S21 99

MAXELL

{Box 10)
5'«"M0-I $17,95

IBM-PC

SOFT-WARE

Scarborough

Songwriter $24,75

Picturewrite S32 75

™S«'^'' $32,75

Maslertype 532 75

Run f Money 53275

Net Worth $54^75

Spinnaker

Alphabet 518.75

Kids on Keys S19,75

Grandma S19.75

Kindercomp si 7.75

Facemaker $19,75

Kidwriter $19,75

CORONA

PPC22A

Portable 2S6K-Amber , St 995
PPC22G

Ponabte 256K-Green , , $1995
PPCXTA

Portable 256K-10Meg $3295
COR128K 128K RAM S 159

Zenith

Columbia Data

Televideo

Leading Edge

PC Compatable Call

Microprose

Solo Flight , $22,75

NATO $22,75

Spitnre $22,95

Graphics Tabiet

Supers ketch

$49,95

Kolala

$99,95

Illustralor

$99,95

Logo Design

$27,95

Grams Spell

$27,95

TOLL FREE 1-800-233-8760

M«t«ca«*) TO ORDER »««•

.t^ . v.- .-.-■■■- - or send orOer to

800-233-8760 Po°B^orso8B

Customer Service 1-717-327-1825 Jersey Shore PA i 7740

RISK FREE POLICY

in-stock item shipped within 24 hours ol order. No deposit on CO.D,
orders. Free shi pping on prepaid cash orders within the Continental Lf ,S.
PA residents add sales tax, APO. F PC. and Internalional orders add $5,00
plus 3% for priority mail service. Advertised prices sliow 4% discount lor
cash, add 4% tor Master Card or Visa, Personal checks require 4 weeks
clearance before shipping. All items subject to change witt^out notice.

, 1 .. •"'jr

TAKE THE FEAR OUT OF USMG
THE TOOLS OF MODERN MAN.

You're a modern person who wants to use a com-
puter. But primitive training methiods don't fill your
needs. You need a solid training system ttiat stiows
you, in ttie privacy ot your own hiome, office. . .
or cave, how to get the most out of your computer
and software.

INTRODUCING COMPUTUTOR "

CompuTutor, developed by Chase
Scientific, is o remarkable series of plain
language computer training programs
on videocassette. By providing real life
personal computing applications,
CompuTutor gives you an immediate
hands-on experience. The method is
simple. Using your TV and video
cassette recorder side by side
with your personal computer,
you set the pace. Start and
stop the video program at
any point. Skip sections you
already know and review
others as many times as
you want. Within min-
utes you'll begin to

use your computer with ease and confidence.

As entertaining as they are informative, CompuTutor
hardware and software training systems are de-
signed specifically for your IBM*-PC. . .Apple® lie. . .
TRS-80* Model 4 and many compatibles. Popular
software like Lotus'" 1 -2-3 '"...d BASE ll®..dBASE III™
.. .WordStar®. .SuperSCRIPSIT™ and VisiCalc®
perform even better because CompuTutor
makes them easier to understand, through
state-of-the-art video technology— with a
warm, human touch.

Start learning today. . .Start using tonight, with

CompuTutor from Chase Scientific. And put

the tools of modern man to work for you.

Order CompuTutor Now. For Visa and
MasterCard orders Call Toll Free:
(In California) 1 (800) 528-2554.
(Outside California) Call Collect:
1 (213) 395-7884. Or, if more conve-
nient fill in the order form below.

ORDER FORM

PLEASE SELECT PROGRAMS:

Title Qty

Using Your Machine

Using VTSICALC

Using WORDSTAR

Using SuperSCDIPSIT

[for TRS-60, Model 4 only)

Using dBASE II

(for Apple lie only)

Using dBASE III

(For IBM PC only)

Using LOTUS 1-2-3

(for IBM PC only)

Video Format: D VHS n BETA

Your Computer: D IBM-PC D Apple lie DTRS-SOModeU
(Call About Compatibles)

CompuTutor Programs at S69.95 each (Please add S5 stripping and

handling for eacfi Item. California residents add 6% sales fax.)

Total enclosed S

G I om interested, but send furttier Information:

fPropfam Titles)

□ Check D Money Order D Visa □ MasterCard
Cfirrl *

Exn. Dale

tslnmn

AfinrHM

City State
SiQnrrtiirfi

.. .Zip

Send Check oi Money Order Payable To;

CHASE SCIENTIFIC 1311 Colorado Ave., Santa Monica, CA 90404

(Dealer ond DistnDuIor inquiries Welcpme) Allow d-6 weeks tor delivery

CompuTutor Is a
trademark of Ctirase
Scientific Inc. IBM-PC
is a registered tfode-
mork of infernqfionai
Business Machine
Corporallon. Apple
lie Is a rsglstererd
trademork of Apple
Compufer Inc. TRS-BQ
Model 4 is o regis-
tered trademark ond
SuperSCRiPSIT is a
trademark of the
Tondy Corporation.
Lotus anij 1-2.3 ore
trademarks ol Lofus
fJevBlopment Corpo-
ration. dBASE 11 IS a
registered trademark
of AsWon-Tote. dBASE
III Is a frademark of
Ashton-Tate. WORD-
STAR Is o registered
trademark of Micro
Pro international inc.
VisiCalc Is □ regis-
tered trademork of
Software Arts, Inc.
?;. 1985 Chase
Scienlilic Inc.

NOW! YOU CAN GET

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To get more out of your ATARI, whether
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The perfect modem package for eweryone,
it has all the necessary software built right
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IMEW!

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TTie suggested retail value is SI99.95 MY PRICE IS ONLY S79.95
Send rne numtJer of packages at S 79.95 per package to:

Rease make c^leck paj^ble to ADD-ON Systems,
rtiyment enclosed D check l"l money order
Bill fry n rwastercard I I Visa

Credit Card Orders Only Call Toll Free
800 227 1617X133
800 772 3545 X133 (inside CA)

California residents add 6''.'% safes tax.
i^^. Add shipping charges of S2. 75 per modem,

Canadian residents please send U.S. dollars • Allow 2-4 \A«el« for delrvery
• Prices subjea to change without notice - Delivery subjea
to availability.

Send coupon to:

ADD-ON Systems

524 2nd St.

San Francisco. CA 94 107

Your Computer's

Worst Enemy Lives

In Your Wall

p^

©

piwer OutiDli Send n&rmi<ji Sc'-fl5 And
Surges Tn Voui tauiDinBn! BiqM NowVouf
Eaurpmenl l!i Being QorriiigQcI M4l>4 *
Cittn BiAik. Jon The C1«an Fimity Una SlOO Thit D«maQ« Todiv

Cornptmii ThTee SrtQft Surg^ Suiopratatoo Orecl From W«"jt*CTu*»f —
No MKfdlmman EiCftCOn*! Vilo* Don I Sp«nd Mor» And <J*I L*k»

CLCAH MACHINE — Ccnvarli Wl OnTlai. To
S^ Protnctaa OullBl!!.
SAVE S^no (3 01 More StS'SS Ei.1

EXTRA ClEAK MACHINE - Ssm» As Alwva
Wrih T^ese Eitra FeaTutt*
CWI iCorred W-nng lrid-C*'or
101 (Inlarral Ovari^Md fnOhCAtoO
SAVE S600 13 cr Mots T1 IT 95 E* I

CLfiAH STfliP - Si* PiOTeclena OuHtft* On A
Strip indiCllor LiQPii. OWOH S*ilch
1i Am;] Qrcuil B<^«A'kfrf
SAVE 19 00 (3 or M»>n S?fig& Ea)

$1 6.'' EA

$29." E».

V Vou Cft'i Alfoid To

DataTech

DISKETTES

Value Priced DiskeTTesI
Lifetime Warranty! Hub Rings' 100% £rrof-Ff$e'
5V^" Oi9k«ll»s Soft or Kord S actor — Boxed

SSSD > .99 Each*

SSDD »l,20Eech*

DS DD , SI. 45 E«ch"

RDDIFIippvl S2. 19 Each-
Similar savings on 8". quad der\sitv 3^d
spscial format dislcettes.

Butk DiskBttas. with snvslopes

d9duct 5C per diskatta.

Minimum order — 50 Diskettes

QuBntity Discounts Available

Ml Residents, add 4% Sales Tax.

Shipping & Handling 13 00 'J 00 Disltettes.

TO ORDER: Call or Write...

Precision Data Products

P O- Box S367

Grand Rapids. Ml 49508

16161 452.a457

Michigan l-BOO 632 24S8

Outside Mich- 1 800 268 0028

P

d

Ts*.,

C.O.D.

Qj

USE YOUR HOME COMPUTER TO TRACE
YOUR FAMILY ROOTS WITH

MICflC^flOOTS

7411 Riggs Road, Suite A 104
Adelphi, MD 20783 • 301-4600754

* The bimonlhfy newsleiler for the personat^home
micro computer user * Oelails cost, source and
availability Of 57 genealogical pro-
grams & features for 21 ditlerenl
personal/home compuiers.

* Articles written by other users
an<l professionals. • Clearing
house for g&nealogical Remote
Bulletin Board Systems (BBBS)

* Questions answered, problems
solved, infomnaiion and experi-
ences shared. • Ideat newslet-
ler/journaj for the tjser at any
level including beginners.

Cui out pMca in an *iir*fofw sttii mail ro:

I MKROt^^OOTS

I 7411 Riggs Hoad, Suite fl 504 Adelphi, Maryland 207f
I Yes. enclosed is my check or money order (or S24.95
I Please send me a su Dscription lor M Ic roroots.

. Name — .,

I Addresl ^ . — . ^

I C.ly

- Iv .

--A

156 COMPUTEI April 1P85

Jom Oti' Family Now Oui OMnTcrs Are Waitiig For Ycuf Cal
2A H(y\^i O'dar Lifh^ — t-8OO-?53-4O0l

iiiitiiOiina ona fo' In'oimalion ^05?43 1559

Or Sena l>Bti'/Monpy Ordsf To

InnovBtlv* Tschnology Ltd.

TAPE WORLD

U 1-800-245-6000 3

mexBll. ^Dysm

«0-l ., 5W. SSDD.. 1.69 104/10 .. iV, SSOO ., 1 «9

IID-? -..S-i". DS00...2.3S lM/20 . , Sil" DSOD . . 2 69

FB-L..., J", SSOD..., !.6S 37W/10 . . I". SSDO , 3 69

FD-2 .... « ■. OSDD .... l.n 37tO/2D . , f, OSDO . 3.:9

MEMOREX IBM

5H" SSDO 1.79 5Vi" SSDD \M

K~ DSDO 2.39 Si'l " DSDD !.S9

BASF SCOTCH

SV.-SSOD H9 SVi'SSDD 1.69

Sv," DSDD 1.99 SWDSDD ; 39

VERBATIM ELEPHANT

5". "SSDD 169 SVi'SSOD l.S)

. !.19

SU'DSDO 2,39 5''."DSDD.

WE WILL BEAT ANY PRICE BY 3%

Sold in 10 Packs, Shipping 3,75 any size order.'
Pre-paiii, COD, or credit cafd, COD add 1.95
SCHOOLS S GOVT, ON PO,
Also, TDK, and Maxell audio and video cassettes.
220 SPRING ST. BOX 361 BUTLER, PA 16001
412-283-8621 M-Fri. 8:30-5:00

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE LTNDER-
SOLDfl Call Free (800)235^137

for prices and information. Dealer
inquiries invited and CO.D.'s
accepted

PACinc

EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd
San Luis Obispo. CA
9.3401 In Cat call
(800)592-5935 or
1805)543-1037

31^ Diskettes
Lifetime Warranty

Think you're getting the best price
on 3M Diskettes?

You're right ... BUT ONLY IF . . .
You're buying from
NORTH HILLS CORP.
We will beat any nationally adver-
tised price' or give you a 15 disk
library case FREEf

Call us last— TOLL FREE— for our
best shot every time.

I-800-32B-3472
Formatted and hard sectored disks in
stock.

U alt-r jTiqu fries invjted COD's and chorc;e cards
(irrppl^d, Ali orders shipped from stock within 7A
hOLJts Why wall 10 days to be shipped^

aM

n{

North Hills Corporation

•■,.:i fl,,|i|r..., Vi.'w Dr

Willi.; Bear l..iic>- WN Sbl!;

M.*J CjU Cnlle.- I 6ii 770 0-io-

liable, san^e product, same qiiantities

maxell disks

LIFETIME WARRANTY

Think you're getting the best price
on Maxell Diskettes?
You're right . . . BUT ONLY IF . . .
You're buying from
NORTH HILLS CORP.
We will beat any nationally adver-
tised price* or give you a 15 disk
library case FREE!

Call us last— TOLL FREE— for our
best shot every time.

1-800-328-3472
Formatted and hard sectored disks m
stock.

r^.ilpr in^iuirips invited. COD'ti and charge carxis
ii-r*.pted All or(K.rs shipp».vi Irciir! 5tot-|c withm 2A
licur:? Why Wiiit 10 d,iys lu 15*. shipped?

AM

w

North Hills Corporation

fitA pnllir.ij V,i:w :''r

While Bear Late MtJ 55iU

MN Call CoUect i 61 J 770 CH8S

% Dysan

^CORPORATION

Solve your dl«c probienw, buy 100% wiface
tested Dv«an (lbkeite& Ail order* »h|pped
fanDm stock, u4thln 2\ houra. Call toU FREE
[800) 23S4137 lor prices and Infomutlon.
VI94 9Ttt^ Masts' Card accepted. AU ordeiv
Mcit poctage paid.

PACIFIC
EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.
San Luis Obispo. C A
93401 (InCal call
(805) .543- 1037)

Now, the lowest
prices ever on

3M Scotch'

7 DISKETTES

$153

I QTY 20

5'4 SSDD

5 'A- SS0D.96TPI — S2.29 ea. 5'.- DSDD-96TPI — S2.B5 ej
SOFT SECTOR ONLY! MINIMUM ORDER: 20 DISKETTES
These ate (acid ry.lrssN 3M ais ketws packed in boxes o( 1 0 with
Tyvek sleeves, reinlorced hjhs, identificaliDn labels and wnte-
protect tabs

3.5-MICRO-OISKETTES-SS135TPI — S2.89ea
LIFETIME WARRftNTYQN All 3M SCOTCH DISKETTES!

for orders onuy; information 4

1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois l-312-944-27ee) 1-312-944-2788

HOUBS 8AM-5PM Central Time, Monday-Fnday

WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE

ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

Stiite 4806 . 30 Enst Huron Street • Chicago Iflinos 60611

DISK AuthwUKl DWittutsr

Intuni^liiiii fr..|i .i-.i. III

WORLD! "^^

FANTASTIC LOW PRICES ON

. BASF ^

^ QUALIMETRIC F™
DISKETTES!

n41a= „$-|59
Qty, 20 ggDo I Qly 20

PACKEO IN PLASTIC LIBRARY CASES!

BASF QUALIIvlETRIC DISKETTES liaye a LIFETIME WAR-
RANTY an* are cacked in PLASTIC LIBRARY CASES wiib Tyvek
sleeyes, reinlofced hubs, user itfentilication labels and write-
proieci tabs

son SECTOR ONLY! MINIMUM ORDER 20 DISKETTES
BASF 3 5" MICRO-FLOPPIES BASF 5'rHIGH DENSITY

FOR IBM PC-AT
SSDD 135 TPI-S3.02ea DSDD-HD -S4.72ea

for orders only: informations

1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

ilnlllincis 1-312-944-27B8} 1-312-944-2788

HOURS. 8AM-5PM Central Time Monaay-Friday

WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE

ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!

niXK Aulhorlied Reseller

*"*»" infonraition Processing W .DA CP

WORLD! "*«"^

Incredible value!

Nashua.
Diskettes

■ -ii«-i.i.,i-«,f.>.i.T:..i».«

UIUO SV, SSDD $115^^

loiy.50 5V4-OSDD I Qty 50

These are poly-bagged diskeltes packaged with Tyvek sleeves,
reinforced hubs, jser identificalion labels and wrile-protect tabs.
IWSHUA Corporation is a hall-billion dollar corporation and a
recognized leader in magnetic raedia

SOFT SECTOR ONLY! Sold m multiples ol 50 only
FOR ORDERS ONLY: INFORMATION &

1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois 1-312-944-27861 1-312-944-2788

HOURS- 8AM-5PM Central Time, Monday-Friday

WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIO HAL LY ADVERTISED PRICE

ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!

DISKWORLDMnc.

Suile 4806 .30 East Huron Slieet» Chicago. Illinos 60611

DISK 'MSHUA

WORLD!

Save 20% to 60%
Or More

On all your
OFFICE & COMPUTER SUPPLIES!

Now. yoo can enioy DISK WORLD' savings on more Itian
21 ,0D0 of lice and computer supply products! You nams it. we got
It ..at tremendous savings

Everyltiing Irom Scotch" Tape to Post-It Notes ' to paper clips
and rubber bands .and thousands of computer products as well'

Our catalog is huge , . more than 700 pages, lisling more than
21.000 Items.

We have to charge lor it: 510.00 to be exact.

But we include a SSO.OO wortb of discount coupons that you
can use on future prders

Now. Its DISK WORLD! for every cflice or computer supply
need. ..and always at tremendous savings!

This oSler supercedes all prior catalog offers
Not responsible lor typographical errors

for orders only; inforf^ation 4

1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois 1-312-944-2786) 1-312-944-2788

HOURS 6AM-5Pf.fl Central Tine Mnnday-Fntlay

WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE

ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QOANTITIESI

DISK WORLD], Inc.

Stiite 4806 • 30 East Hi,'ron Stifii;! •Chicago Illinos 60611

DISK
WORLD!

DISK WORLD!

Ordering & Shipping
Instructions

Shipping: 5'.- & 3 5" DISKETTES-Add S3.00 per each iOO or
lewer disketles. Other Hems: Add shiopmg charges as shown in
addition ;o other shipping charges Payment: VISA and MASTER-
CARD acceoled. COD Orders: Add additional S3 00 Special Han-
dling charge APO, FPO, AK, HI * PR Drdtrs: Include shioping
charges is shown and aodilional 2-3 of total oraer amount to
cover PAL and insurance. Taxes: '■" nois residents only, add 8^;
sales tax.

Prices subject to change without notice.
This ad supercedes all other ads

Nol responsible for typographical errors

minimum total order: s35.00

for orders only: information*

1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois: l-3l2-9'(4-2788) 1-312-944-2788

HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time

fJonday-Fnday

WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE

ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

Suite 4806' 30 Easi Huron Slteel -Chicago, lllmos 60611

DISK
WORLD!

AIHANA

DISKETTES
The great unknown!

99

Qty 50

$109

5V,-0SDD-| O'^50

You ve used these diskettes hundreiJs of
times... as copy-protected originals on some of
ttie most popular software packages. They're
packed in poly-bags of 25 with Tyvek sleeves,
reinforced hubs, user identification labels and
write-protect tabs.

LIFETIME WARRANTY!

SOFT SECTOR ONLY! Sold in mulliples

of 50 only.

for orders only: information »

1-800-621-6827 inquiries;

(in Illinois: l-312-9<4-2788) 1-312-944-2788

HOURS" 8AM-5PM Central Time, Mondsy-Fiicay

WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE

ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

Suite 4806 • 30 Eas! Huron Sireet • Chicago. Iliincis 60611

DISK
WORLD!

ATHANA
AuHwrindDuMbulor MAGNETIC

DISKETTE
STORAGE CASES

AMARAY MEDIA-MATE SO: A REVOLUTION
^^ IN DISKETTE STORAGE

^^^L . Every once in a while, someone takes the

HjVWy simple and makes li elegant' This unit holds

^^ 50 5V." diskettes, has grooves lor easy

f stacking, mside nipples to keep diskettes

Irom slipping and several olfier features. We

likei!' cm Qi; * ^200

<]> IU.9J ei Bt^png

DISKETTE 70 STORAGE: STILL A GREAT BUY.

^^■r Dusi-free storage for 70 S'.i" diskettes.
^■{1 Six dividers included. An excellent value,

^Jlf *\diskcaddies*'''^^ ^"p^

Jl^L^^ The onginal fho-up iioldei lor 10 5'i'
■TTj^^^diskeites Beige 0' grey only Ci CC

*•' • SOcsrij™

FOR ORDERS ONLY; INFORMATION g

1-800-621-6827 tNQumiES:

(In Illinois I-312-944-2788.I 1-312-944-2788

HOURS 6A1.1-5PM Central Time, f.londay Fnilay

WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE

OH THE SAME PRODUCTS AND OUANTITIESI

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

Suile 4305 -SO East Huron Slreet«Chicaqo, Illinos 60611

DISK
WORLD!

PRINTER
RIBBONS:

at

extraordinary
prices!

Brand new ribbons, manufactured lo Original Equipment
Vanufaiturer's specifications, in housings, (Not re-mked or

spools jnly 1

LIFETIME WARRANTYI

Epson MX-70/80 . . S3.58 ea. -i- 25C Shpng.
Epson MX-10D . . . .S4.95 ea. + 25c Shpng.
Okidala IVIicro83 . . S1.48 ea. + 25c Shpng.
Okidata Micra84 . . S3.66 ea. + 25c Shpng.
for orders only; information*

1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(in Illinois 1-312-944-2788) 1-312-944-2788
HOURS 8AM-5PM Central Time. Monday-Frijay
WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE
ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!
DISK WORLD!, Inc.
Suile 4606 • 30 East Huron Slreel • Chicago, illinos 60611

Thanlwlaadwin I DISK

Ao.«c.«oHe. I WORLD!

PAPER:
Save 50% or more!

We buy paper by the TRUCKLOAD from the
t'wo biggest mills in the country.

Therefore, we charge a lot less than you've
been paying!

For the complete DISK WORLD paper
catalogs and price lists, call 1-312-944-2788 or
write us. (Please do not use the "800" line for
paper catalog requests, unless you are also
placing an order.

Don't spend more than you have to for top-
quality computer printer paper. Call DISK
WORLD' today.

INFORMATION & INQUIRIES:
1-312-944-2788

HOURS: SAfkl-SPM Central Time
Monday-Friday

WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE
ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

Suite 4306 • 30 East Huron Street -Ctiicago, Illinos 6061,1

DISK
WORLD!

Whwe paper
Costs less!

STOP

SOFTWARE
PIRACY . . .

...with one of our new,
sophisticated copy
prevention products.

for Disk Security

• SAFEGUARD DISK*

for IBM PC/Compatibles

• SAFEGUARD 64 DISK*

for Commodore 64

■Renders Bit and Nibbler Copiers
Ineffective Software is encrypted and
protected on each disk.

for Data Security

• DATA PADLOCK

• PC CRYPT

for Telecommunication
Security

• PRIVATE TALK

Why should your valuable
data or useful software
program become available
in the Public Domain?

Coll or write (or
more informalion.

GLENCO

ENGINEERING INC.

3920 Ridge / Arlington His., IL 60004
(312)392-2492

<^fcHfr(WfrW>***fc****** ****'*'***** **********

PRICE

BUSTERS

; 0 fTwTr e * books * supplies

f 0 r
apple ** atari " canrodore ** itm-pc *• pc-jr
games ' education ' hone i^nageient
business * utilities * systans

on
disks cartridges cassettes
Our prices are 2Si to SCR or rnore below retail .
He have tJxxisands of different caiputer itans.
Please call or write for our current price list.

*<sb**ti*Ajm*iL***********«***********^*'****** ***'**'

>CODE for this PRICE LlST<
A-tople 11+ [)=Atari Disk OC/64 Disk J=IBMpc
B=A)ple lie E'Atari Cart H</W Cart K=PCjr
C-%ple HE F=Atari Tape K/64 Tape
e = Educational h = Itme Use r = Recreational

Type of Store Our toe of

Coirputer: Price Price Program/Item

.ECD..G..JK
ADCO..G. JK
ABC.E..H.J.
ABCO. .G. Jk
ABa]..G..JIC
AaCD..G.lJK
AB.DEFGHIJ.
ABCU..G..JK
ABCO.-G.... -. ..

JK S150 h S99

ABC...C.... S70 h $33
.D J. S70 h $45

SSOh $35
S50r S3Z
S35 r 516
S35e $23
$50 n $35
550 r $35
S35 r$23
S35 r $25
$75 h $49

ABCDe.UH.JK $33 e $23 Alphabet Zoo (Spinnaker)
ABCD..G..JK $40e$26 Agent USA.4ek( Atari $221
AEa)..G..JK $40 r $28 Archon (Electronic Arts)
AECD.,G.-.. $40 r $28 Archon II: Adept (E.Art)
AaC...G.... $35 r $23 Bejond Castle Vtolfenstein
A8CD..G.,.. $40 r $26 Bruce Lee. 48k
ABCO. .G. .J. $30 r $20 Castle Wolfenstein (3a)
ABC.E..H.J. $35 r $16 Centipede (lEM $21)

Cjt !• Paste *rd Process
Oeadl ine ( Infocon)
Dorkey Kong ( IBH $21)
Early (^jes-Voung Oilct-n
Financial Cookbook
night Siimlator II
Frogger (Cartridges S30)
Hard mt ^ac (Elec.Arts)
HaiE fleet. (Arr^ys/Cont)
Hone /tct.Plus lAiray/Cl
rtjnskora (Sierra Cn Line)
,._ ., ,.. Hojevord {Sierra Cri Line)
ABCilE.ai.J. CALL ti CALL Koala Pad t Software
ABCO.-ai.JK $35 r $23 Lode Runner (Cart.$27)
ABCO. .G. .JK $40 e $26 Masterlype ( Scartxjrougl))
ABC...G..JK $50 e $32 Math Blaster (Davidson)
ABCD.FG.I.. $25 e $18 Mmory Bl* '.Concentration

...D..G $40 r $28 M.u.L.E {Electronic Arts)

ABCO. -G CALL e CALL tappet Learning Keys

ABCO. .G..JK $40 r $28 Mjrder l>i the Zindemeuf
ABCO, .G. JK $40 r $28 Mjsic Construction Set
ABCO..G.JK $40 r $28 1 on 1: L.Bird * J.Erving
ABC.. ..H.J. $35 r $16 Pac t*n (IBM $21)
ABCD. .G.JK $40 r $28 Pinball Construction Set

ABCO..G $50 h 532 Print 9iOi; (Brcderbundl

AB..E..H.J. $35 r $19 RctOiTOn ( IBH S21)
ABCO.FG.L. S20 r $15 Sargon II (HayfJen)

ABC...G..JK 550 r $32

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ABC $10r$2B

ABC...G.,JK $70 e $45
AfiCO..G..JK S40e $26
ABCD..G..JK 540 e $26
ACC...C..JK $40 r $26
ABCO. .G. ..JK S60 r $39
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JK $100 h $65

ABCO. .G. JK $40 r $26

Sargon III (Mayden)
SAT: Barron's Stiiijy Prog.
7 Cities of Gold (64k.)
Sky fox [Electronic ^rts)
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Suimer Ganes (Epyx)
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Your Personal ttt iJorth
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* THE FM PRIHT *
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This ad *as sitmitted on January 10th, therefore,

Price/Availabilty subject to change. In case of

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FAMILY DISCOUKT
COMPUTER PRODUCTS

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Phone: (619) 489-1040

nnTEO fi FQgsmvKs i geuamuTY

' * R E B A T E $ I.

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NOTE; iWf CARRY A FUU LlNf Of AJDO VIMO, AWD COMPUTCRS

IN £VE!?V MAJOR BRAhD THIS ir5TINC 15 iLfST A SMALL SAMPLE IN

OUR ^10.000,000 INVENTOt?V PLEASE CALL U5 TOLL FREE OR WRITE

TO US FOR PRICES OfJ ITEMS NOT LIFTED IN T>HiS AD

2S PARK ROW, DEPT C4, NYC, NY 10058

HpWrOO»D( 8 M*j. t

f-^i.-!" DONOrtBOLUJH

FREE QIAHT CATAtOGS: ^i^T

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WHAT IS THIS GIRL DOING?

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04

■^ou can now have your computer speak tn you . . . with the inevitable
"Kilobaud Monster." This remarkable breakthrough in engineering is now-
being offered to the general public by Computet, and is made possible at a
fraction of the cost you'd expect to pay anywhere else. You will also learn
how computers speak, what speeeh synthesis is. and the basics behind
phonemics. It's a great educational tool for the individual and for the
institution alike!

The Kilobaud Monster is a revolutionary item for the hobbyist, because
now you can have many new resources available for experimentation. No
longer is this field of science limited to the lab, and no longer is its cost
limited to governmental research projects. You can make your computer
speak with little effort, a lot easier than you think!

The quality of speech pronunciation is excellent. Anything imaginable
may be spoken, from scientific thru slang words — we include detailed
instructions showing you exactly how to do this. You can now have all
the satisfaction of doing this yourself, at a fraction of the cost, and having
something really useful to show for your efforts! _

Devant

V/&4'

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mioB^

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YOUR COMPUTER WILL
TELL YOU! DON'T THEY
ALL NOW "SPEAK?". . .

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m regular price ^^rflr

Infvu^^ii/afi^rtr naf^L-an^ in/« li irtcLD auaruthEnn unii noaH tn naf otart^Hl ^* ^^K

Introductory package includes everything you need to get startedl

SAVE— Compute/ members only $ 7.95.

* Complete instructions included!

User-programmable vocabulary
of virtually unlimited size!

• Program it to say
anything you want!

• Guaranteed to

hold your interest

and delight for hours!

The Kilobaud Monster is the basis of a series of projects that can make
your computer talk, and is necessary for later projects. The Kilobaud
Monster will set you up with everything you need to know in order to
attach it to your computer and enable it to speak words. All additional
information is included with this beginner's package. The built-in editor
in the Wordmaker enables you to easily "fine tune" every word you create
to make it sound e.xactly as you wish. Or you can set up a "word bank"
with the Message Talker that includes all the phrases and statements
that you'll ever need! The Artificial Intelligence accessory will permit
your computer to produce totally random sentences, following all the rules
of correct grammar within a pre-defined vocabulary-set, all day long!

If you're new to the computer field, or if you're an oM-time "hacker,"
you'll want to subscribe to our publication "Computel," ivhich covers
everything that YOU want to sec! Encompassing the subjects of Com-
puters, Electronics, and Telecommunications, this publication gives you
a "new meaning" of the free enterprise system and the monopoly of
existing organizations. You'll need to become part of this international
hobbyist phenomenon really soon. SAVE S2.00 on EACH ITEJI you buy
if you subscribe to Computel now! And this is IN ADDITION to the
total package price for the Complete KILOBAUD MONSTER Collection—
you'll SAVE OVER $18. Dealer and educational institution inquiries
invited. Circle our Reader Service Number for additional information.

You may order these products from us by sending a check, money order,
postage or cash in U.S. negotiable funds only, to the address indicated
below. Or you may charge your order to your Visa or Master Card. Please
include $2.00 shipping and handling on all orders. California residents
please add sales tax. Allow three weeks for delivery. Add S.'i.OO for
next-day shi-pment by U.P.S. ; 515.00 for next-day delivery by U.S.P.S.
We guarantee your satisfaction for 90 days with our products, and offer
a money-back guarantee if not fully satisfied during that period.

COMPUTEL PUBLISHING SOCIETY

6354 VAN NUYS BLVD., SUITE 161 / VAN NUYS, CA 91401-2696

YES, I'm interested in making my computer
talk, Please send me the following items:

D INTRODUCTORY PACKAGE $9.95

n WORDMAKER $19.95

DMESSAGE TALKER $14,95

D ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE $ 24.95

D COMPLETE COLLECTION SET <sa^e sio, $ 59 50
DOne year subscription to Computel,. $ 14.00
G including all Kilobaud Monster items $65.50

PLEASE ADD SJ 00 SHIPPING * HANDLING TO YOUR ORDEH-

C2

CREDIT
CARD_

EXP.
. DATE.

NAME.

ADDRESS.
CITY

. STATE.

.ZIP.

Your Computer —

SEND ALL PAYMENT IN U.S. FUNDS DRAWN ON US- BANXS • SORRY. NO C OD.'S

Make checks payableto: COMPUTEL PUBLISHING SOCIETY
Post Office Drawer 7765 / VAN NUYS, CA 91409-7765

Advertisers Index

Reader
Service
Number

Advertiser

102 Abacus Software

103 Abacus Software

104 Abacus Software

105 AB Computers .

106 Access Software Incorporated

107 ADD ON Systems , , ,

108 American PEOPLE/LINK
Apropos Tecfinology
Batteries Included

109 Cardco, Inc. . ,
CBS Software ,

1 10 Chase Scientific
Commodore . ,

1 T 1 CompuServe ,
ComputAbility

112 Computel Publishing Society

113 Computer Mail Order

1 14 Cosmic Computers

115 Davidson St Associates, Inc. .

1 16 DesignWore, Inc

Disk World!

Eastman Kodak Company ,

1 17 Family Discount Computer

Products

1 18 General Electric

1 19 Glenco Engineering Inc. , . ,
Happy Computers, Inc

120 Harmony Video & Computers

121 Indus Systems

122 inforunner Corporation

123 Innovative Technology Ltd. .

124 Insight

ITT Systems, Inc

125 J 8c R Music World

Joson-Ranheim

126 Legend Peripheral Products .

127 Lyco Computer

!28 Micro Roots

129 Mimic Systems, Inc

130 Mindscape, Inc

131 Nibble Notch Computer Products

Page

58
65

110

39

35

155

99

. 13

, 37

IBC

2,3

154

,BC

. 29

. 51

159

88,89

151

, . 4

. 7

157

14,15

Reader
Service
Number

Advertiser

52

. 158

. . 21

. 158

, 114

. 126

. . 47

IFCl

. 156

. , 62

. , 27

. 158

. , 94

. . 87

153

156

. 23

. 41

128

North Hills Corporation .
North Hills Corporation .

NRI Schools

Oberon International , .
Ortho Information Services
132 Pacific Exchanges ....

132 Pacific Exchanges ....

133 Precision Data Products

1 34 Protecto Enterprizes . . .

1 35 Protecto Enterprizes . . .

1 36 Protecto Enterprizes . . .

1 36 Protecto Enterprizes . . .

137 Protecto Enterprizes , . ,

138 PSi

139 Quinsept, Inc

140 SubLOGIC Corporation ,

141 Tape World

142 Timeworks, Inc

143 Witt's End

Page

. 156
. 156
, . 39
. . 31
. . 19
. 156
. 156
. 156
66
67
-81
83
85
11
65
45
156
. 9
94

68

COMPUTE! Back issues 96,97

COMPUTE! Books 55

COMPUTE! Commodore Collection . . 49
COMPUTEI's First, Second & Third Book

of Commodore 64

COMPUTEI's Programming the VIC . . 53
COMPUTE! Subscriber Services ..... 65

160 COMPUTE) April 1985

PLUG INTO COMPUTE !
AND TURN ON THE POWER.

SAVE
32%
'OFF
THE
'COVER
.PRICE!^

City_

z

Accomplish more — enjoy more — with less effort!
That's the beauty oi your computer and COMPUTE!,
the leading magazine of home, educational and
recreational computing, iilled with up to 30 games and
programs each month.

D Enjoy 1 year (12 issues) for only $24. Save 32% off the
cover price!

U Save even more! Enjoy 2 years (24 issues) for only $45.

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Address-

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G Payment enclosed D Bill me later 354101

Indicate make and model of computer you use:
APPLE Dot ATARI n 02 54 [I' 03 V!C20Do4 IBM Cos

TEX INS n 06 OTHER 99

PLEASE ALLOW 4-6 WEEKS FOR DEIIVERV OF VOUK FIRST ISSUE FOREIGN AND CAfWDWN
PLEASE ADD S6 (US) PEB VEAB POSTAGE. OFFER SUflJECI TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTTCE.

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sw»?iB«-?w^-ag-av?<^^

COMPUTERS APPLE APPLICATIONS ISSUE

D Volume 1 $3.95
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P I would like to order the companion
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(Add Si. 00 shipping/handling Inside U.S. Add S2.00 shipping/handling outside U.S.) All orders must
be prepaid. To order send In ttiis card withi your payment or cai! toll-free 1-800-334-0868.

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The Editor's Feedback:

Computer; D PET D Apple D Atari D VIC-20 D Commodore 64
D TI-99/4A n Timex/Sinclair D Radio Shack Color Computer
n Otiier n Don't yet hove one . . .

Are you a computei Subcriber? D Yes n No

would like to see:

Just

Just

More

Right

Fewer

More

Right

Fewer

D

D

D

Specific applications

D

D

n

Gomes.

programs.

D

D

n

Reviews of game

D

D

D

BASIC programs

software.

D

D

D

Machine language
programs.

D

D

D

Reviews of business
software.

□

D

D

Tutorials.

D

D

n

Reviews of educational

a

D

D

Educational articles.

software.

□

D

□

Detailed explanations
of programs.

D

D

o

Reviews of hardware,

What do you like best about coMfvrii?

What do you like least?

4 a 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 C

Place

Postage

Here

COMPUTE! Magazine

P.O. Box 5406

Greensboro. NC 27435-0406

l..l.lt...l.l.,l..ll„M.II....I..III,...ll..l.l.,l

COMPUTEI's

FREE Reader Information Service

Use these cards to request FREE information about the products ad-
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Oniy one card shouid be used per person, Circie the numbers that
correspond to the l<ey number appearing in the advertisers index.

Send in the card and the advertisers v^/iii receive your inquiry. Ai-
though every effort is made to insure that oniy advertisers wishing to
provide product information have reader service numbers, computei
cannot be responsible if advertisers do not provide iiterature to
readers.

Please use these cards only for subscribing or for requesting product
information, Editoriai and customer service inquiries shouid be ad-
dressed to: COMPUTE!, P.O. Box 5406, Greensboro, NC 27403, Checl<
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Use these cards and this address only for computei's Reader Infor-
mation Service. Do not send with payment In any form.

COMPUTE!

107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115

^2i 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

141 142 143 144 14S 146 147 148 149

ISB 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166

175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183

192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200

209 21D 211 212 213 214 215 216 217

226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234,

237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 246 249 260 251

Circle 101 for a one year new US, subscription to computei: you will be billed for S24,

101

102

103

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118

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135

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152

153

154

156

166

157

169

170

171

172

173

174

186

187

188

189

190

191

203

204

205

206

207

206

220

221

222

223

224

225

116

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133

134

150

151

167

168

184

165

201

202

218

219

235

236

252

253

Please let us know. Do you
own: plan to buy:

Apple

Atari

n

270

D
272

D
274

D

276

D

278

D
280

Commodore
IBM

TI-99/4A
Other _

(specify modeO

D

271

D

273

a

275

n

277
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□
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Interest to our reoden. K you prefer not to receive sucf\ moHlnas, [please cl>ecl( ttiis MX O 3541 04

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COMPUTE!

P.O. Box 914
Farmingdale, NY 1 1 737

CARDCO "NOW" SOFTWARE

. . . available now for your Commodore-64' "and more!

A fine line of software developed by CARDCO for your
Commodore-64 computer vwfh all the features you should
expect in much more costly software. CARDCO's "NOW"
Series provides many unique and exclusive features and are
packaged for easy reference, simple storage, instant
recognition.

"WRITE NOW" . . . WORD PROCESSOR SOFTWARE ... An

excellent time saver, CARDCO offers the "Write Now" C/ (E
v«>rd processor program with built-in 80 column display. You
see exactly what will print. All special codes can be
transmitted to printers maintaining Justification. Easy full-screen
editing; works with any printer.

"MAIL NOW" . . . MAIUNG UST SOFTWARE . . . CARDCO's
D/ pi "Mail Now" quickly (in memory) sorts by zip, category,
name and state; fully compxatibie with "Write Now". Other fine
features include: user-oriented; menu-driven operation; each
disk supports 600 entries. Format can print single, double or
triple labels across.

■■SPEU. NOW" . . . Cardware D/ (M ... a fine program
designed as a spell checker for use with "Write Now" on the
Commodore-64. A 34,000 word dictionary with two additional
user constructed dictlonorles. IVIenu-driven operation for ease
of use. And "Spell Now" allows you to see each misspelled
word in the context of your document for correction.

"FILE NOW" ... D/ jK ... is a totally integrated, menu-driven
database software package which interfaces with both the
"Write Now!" for the 64 and the "Spell Now." 40K of working
storage space is available with "File Now". "File Now*'

appears on the screen as index cards for easier
manipulation of your data base; you see 5 index cards at a
time. Cards are user deftneable. i.e., user determines what
goes where on the "index cards" and can sort by any given
field. Every card has a general topic field which allows for
quicl< sorting through cards.

"GRAPH NOW" INCLUDING . . . "PAINT NOW" . .. D/ p6

. . . This disk- based graphic/logo generator is totally menu-
driven. Altows for the development of pies, charts, bar
graphs and other vivid graphic illustrations. Also has the
ability to design, and print logos and high resolution
pictures, "Commodore-ready"; interfaces with CARDCO'S
"Write Now" Word Processor. "Mail Now". "Spell Now" and
"File Now".

Write for illustrated literature and prices or see CARDCO
Computer Accessories and Software wherever Computers
are sold.

cordco, inc.

300S.Topeko Wichita, Kansas 67202 (316)267-6525
"The world's largest manufacturer of Commodore accessories."

Commoclote '" is a registered IrocJemofk o( Commodore Business Syslems, irtc.

!l!l!i

ill

III
jlilj a

■* ^^i^ifmrmff^f^fm.f^^^^^^.f^^fm^^'^

IT'S NOT HOW MUCH YOU PAY.

MM

IT'S HOW MUCH YOU GET.

; The computer at the top
has a 64K memory.

It has the initials I, B, and
M, And you pay for those
initials.

The Commodore 64™ has
a 64K memory.

But you don't pay for the
initials, you just pay for the
computer. About one third the
price of the IBM PCjr™

The Commodore 64
also has a typewriter-type

keyboard with 66 typewriter-
type keys. (Not rubber chicklet
keys like the IBM PCjr)

It has high resolution
graphics with 320 x 200 pixel
resolution, 16 available colors
and eight 3-dimensional sprites.

It has 9-octave high fidelity
sound.

The Commodore 64 is
capable of running thousands
of programs for home and
office. And if you add a printer

or color monitor, disk drive and
a modem— all together it just
about equals the price of the
IBM PCjr all alone. With no
peripherals.

So you can buy a computer
for a lot of money

Or buy a lot of computer
for the money

COMMODORE 64:

IT'S NOT HOW LITTLE IT COSTS,
IT'S HOWMUCH you GET